all right we made it to the last topic review of unit 4 now don't worry if you've been loving unit 4 there is still the unit 4 summary video in which I review every concept from the unit all in one video so you'll still have another opportunity to learn and review the concepts in this unit but before you go and get the study guide take the practice quizzes and watch the full unit review video let's first review emotion the last concept from unit 4 now emotion which is also known as affect is a complex psychological state that involves a variety of physiological responses a person's emotions are impacted by internal factors such as bodily changes a person's thoughts and memories as well as external factors such as environmental situations social interactions and sensory stimuli now people have been trying to better understand emotions for a long time we can see a variety of early 20th century theories that sought to shed light on emotions some theories such as the James Lang theory proposed that physiological changes such as an increased heart rate happen first followed by a cognitive experience which results in emotions such as Joy or fear so emotions occur as a result of a physiological reaction to an event or stimulus here the person encounters a stimulus that causes their nervous system and body to become alerted this physiological response then causes the mind to interpret the physiological changes as in Emotion now other theories had a different take on emotions theories such as the Canon Bard Theory which believed that physiological and cognitive experiences occurred simultaneously instead of happening in a sequence say for example your friend scares you when this happens your heart will race and you will get scared all at the same time this is unlike the James Lange theory which stated that your heart would raise first and then you would get scared there was also some theories such as the Shatner 2 Factor Theory which took a different approach emphasizing that individ ual experience emotions due to physiological arousal and cognitive labeling here when a person encounters a stimulus it triggers them to become physiologically aroused which then engages the person's cognitive system resulting in an emotional experience for instance a person encounters a spider and starts shaking they then interpret their shaking by thinking I must be scared which then leads to the experience of fear shifting gears a little we also need to review the facial feedback Hy hypothesis which states that facial expressions can influence the emotional experience for example smiling might lead an individual to feel happier while frowning might increase feelings of sadness essentially when you smile those muscle movements send information to the brain which then is interpreted as the emotion happy the facial feedback hypothesis supports that idea that physiological reactions might shape a person's understanding of how they feel but I should note that there has been mixed results with with this hypothesis with some evidence supporting the hypothesis and some contradicting it again just highlighting how complex are emotions are so we can see that many of these early 20th century psychological theories of emotion focused on the distinction between the physiological and cognitive experiences of emotion another theory that we need to look at is the broaden and build theory of emotion but before we do that I want to remind you that if you do need more help practicing with the theories of emotion make sure to check out my practice quiz located in my ultimate review packet that way you can make sure you truly understand all of these different concepts so the broaden and build theory of emotion states that positive emotions will expand an individual's awareness opening their mind to new ideas actions and possibilities but negative emotions on the other hand will close a person's mind to New Perspectives experiences and narrow a person's Focus the broaden and build Theory looks at how emotions and affecting a person's awareness and behavior the first part of this theory is broaden which focuses on positive emotions that increase a person's cognitive flexibility emotions such as happiness encourage people to think more creatively try new activities and take chances hence the name broaden positive emotions broaden your perspective to include new ideas the next part is build which focuses on how emotions help construct personal resources essentially positive emotions not only broaden an individual's mindset they also help build new opportunities for an individual such as new support networks knowledge and even coping strategies all of which an individual can use later on in life for example an individual who regularly experiences positive emotions is often more willing to try new experiences and take more chances which often results in them meeting new people and developing stronger social connections now on the other hand let's say a person has more negative emotions well this often ends up narrowing a person's Focus negative emotions can result in an individual limiting their exposure to new ideas and decrease the likelihood that the individual will want to engage in new experiences and while this can be a bad thing it can also be helpful for example when you are experiencing the emotion of fear you will often narrow your focus to direct your attention to the immediate threat or problem which can help you find a solution quicker at the end of the day we can see that the broaden and build theory of emotion highlights how positive and negative emotions do more than just make us feel good or bad we can see that our emotions also help us grow learn develop and can even help us problem solve now I realize this theory is a little different compared to the others so I created a separate practice quiz that focuses on this Theory to help you prepare for your next class quiz unit test or that AP exam just click the link in the description below once you're done with this video now we've talked about a bunch of different theories of emotion but we still need to talk about how culture influences emotion we can see that some research has pointed towards the idea that emotions are commonly experienced across different cultures emotions such as anger disgust sadness happiness surprise and fear are commonly recognized across different cultures for example a smile is a smile around the world now how people smile will differ depending on your culture but people can identify a person smiling and translate that into they are happy regardless of where they are from now some research has been mixed on the universality of emotions with some studies confirming that the six common emotions are universally recognized and some studies finding that cultural differences can influence the recognition and interpretation of those emotions speaking of culture and emotions we also need to talk about different display rules and elicitors of emotional expression ression display rules are set by the culture these are social guidelines that tell an individual when where and how it's okay to show certain emotions each culture has different display rules some cultures might encourage open displays of emotions While others might discourage it for example in some Asian cultures modest display rules state that individuals should show modest emotional displays focusing on group Harmony instead of the individual standing out with stronger displays of emotional reaction actions but in many Western cultures emotional expression is considered more acceptable with people often displaying stronger emotional reactions in public spaces now it isn't just the overall culture that changes display rules different groups and individuals within a culture often have different display rules that are applied to them for example it's common that children often are allowed to have more displays of emotion in public compared to adults emotional outbursts are often more accepted or expected by others in society we can also see that a person's sex also impacts what display rules are put on them for instance some cultures discourage men from showing sadness or crying in public but are okay with women showing sadness or crying even a person's socioeconomic status can change what display rules are put on them with many societies changing display rules based on a person's socioeconomic class display rules also often change depending on the situation for example what's acceptable when playing video games with your friends is definitely not acceptable in the classroom now the last concept we need to talk about which connects to displaying emotion is elicitors of emotion which are events situations or stimuli that trigger an emotional response from an individual just like display rules elicitors are also impacted by a person's culture sex age and socioeconomic status we can see that situations and stimuli that elicit an emotional response will vary from person to person for example let's say a dog is is running towards two people person one feels joy and excitement assuming that the dog wants to play but person two feels panicked and fear assuming that the dog is going to attack them here we can see that the dog elicits different emotional reactions from the two people this is most likely due to Prior associations and experiences that each individual has with dogs which highlights that emotions are not just about the event itself a person's history personality traits and cultural background All In fluence and shape how an elicitor shapes a person's emotional response and just like that we are done with unit 4 now remember you still need to go watch the unit 4 summary video which can be found in my ultimate review packet the video covers every single concept from this unit and it comes with a study guide answer keys and a bunch of practice quizzes to help you prepare for your upcoming test or that AP National exam you can go to the packet by clicking the link down in the description below as always thank you so much for watching I'm Mr s and I'll see you next time online