Introduction to Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

Channel Introduction

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Section: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

• Aldehydes: CHO group, nomenclature "-al"
• Ketones: CO group, nomenclature "-one"
• Carboxylic Acids: COOH group, nomenclature "-oic acid"

Similarity in Carbonyl Group

• Aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids all contain a carbonyl group.
• Predominantly in electrophilic substitution.

Nomenclature and Characteristics

• Nomenclature: The method for naming all three is generally the same.
  • Aldehydes: Always in terminal position.
  • Ketones: In the middle, never at the end.
• Similarity: Many reactions of aldehydes and ketones are similar.

Uses and Special Information

• Formalin: 40% solution of formaldehyde, used for preserving biological samples.
• Acetone: Used in nail polish remover, first member of ketones.

Structure and Hybridization

• Carbonyl Group: One sigma and one pi bond.
• Hybridization: sp2, trigonal planar structure, 120° angle.

Structural Details

• Carbonyl carbon in aldehydes: With one alkyl/aryl group and one hydrogen.
• Carbonyl carbon in ketones: With two alkyl/aryl groups.

Important Notes

• Hybridization of the carbonyl group in aldehydes and ketones is sp2.
• Structure is trigonal planar.
• Examples of formaldehyde and acetone.

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Conclusion

• Today's introductory session; the main part will begin in the upcoming lectures.