Overview of Aldehydes and Ketones

Sep 10, 2024

Introduction to Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

Channel Introduction

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Section: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids

  • Aldehydes: CHO group, nomenclature "-al"
  • Ketones: CO group, nomenclature "-one"
  • Carboxylic Acids: COOH group, nomenclature "-oic acid"

Similarity in Carbonyl Group

  • Aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids all contain a carbonyl group.
  • Predominantly in electrophilic substitution.

Nomenclature and Characteristics

  • Nomenclature: The method for naming all three is generally the same.
    • Aldehydes: Always in terminal position.
    • Ketones: In the middle, never at the end.
  • Similarity: Many reactions of aldehydes and ketones are similar.

Uses and Special Information

  • Formalin: 40% solution of formaldehyde, used for preserving biological samples.
  • Acetone: Used in nail polish remover, first member of ketones.

Structure and Hybridization

  • Carbonyl Group: One sigma and one pi bond.
  • Hybridization: sp2, trigonal planar structure, 120° angle.

Structural Details

  • Carbonyl carbon in aldehydes: With one alkyl/aryl group and one hydrogen.
  • Carbonyl carbon in ketones: With two alkyl/aryl groups.

Important Notes

  • Hybridization of the carbonyl group in aldehydes and ketones is sp2.
  • Structure is trigonal planar.
  • Examples of formaldehyde and acetone.

Other Information

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Conclusion

  • Today's introductory session; the main part will begin in the upcoming lectures.