Antifa is a decentralized far-left network of militant anti-fascist groups that opposes far-right extremism through a wide range of confrontational tactics. The movement includes anarchists, communists, socialists, and some social democrats united by anti-authoritarian, anti- capitalist, and anti-state views. Antifa uses digital activism, doxing, harassment, vandalism, and physical violence, often organizing in black blocks, masked all black clad groups. The name and logo showing anarchist and communist flags trace back to Germany's 1932 Antifasica, a militant group founded by the Stalinist Communist Party of Germany. Antifa gained attention in the US after confronting neo-Nazis in Sacramento in 2016 and violently protesting Donald Trump's election and events like the 2017 Berkeley speech by Milo Yiannopoulos. Actions included Molotov cocktails, smashed windows, and over $100,000 in damage. The group also clashed with alt-right demonstrators and used bricks and incendiary devices. In Charlottesville 2017, Antifa members used clubs and dyed liquids during clashes at the Unite the Ride rally. In 2019, William Van Bronson, an armed Antifa supporter, attacked an IC facility in Tacoma. In 2020, self-identified Antifa member Michael Rhyl, shot and killed a Patriot Prayer member in Portland. In Europe, Antifa is fragmented with factions like anti-Zionist and even anti-German groups. German authorities have linked it to terrorism since the 1980s and categorized it as part of the violent extreme left. The EU parliament has proposed listing it as a terrorist group. Notable incidents include the violent 2023 Budapest attacks and several unprovoked assaults in Germany where civilians were selected at random or by their clothing believing them to be neo-Nazis resulting in several severe injuries. Antifa is also accused of using death lists, targeting politicians like members of Germany's AFD party and encouraging attacks through doxing. Critics argue its tactics suppress free speech and cross into domestic terrorism. The conspiracy of fire nuclei or SPF is an urban gerilla group with connections to insurrectionary anarchism that emerged in Greece in 2008. It's known for a wave of bombings and arson attacks. In its first year, it claimed responsibility for around 40 attacks, mostly within Greece. The group began with firebombings of luxury car dealerships and banks in Athens and Tessaloniki. Later targets included the far-right Golden Dawn Party and the home of a Pakistani community leader. Monthly arson attacks followed to show solidarity with imprisoned anarchists. In November 2010, SPF sent at least 14 letter bombs to foreign leaders and European institutions aiming to promote its anti-state ideology to replace democratic systems. In 2011, two members were involved in a shootout with Athens police. Later in 2024, four members were arrested with explosives and linked to a bombing at the Labor Ministry in Athens. The group remains active and was designated a terrorist organization by the United States. The Informal Anarchist Federation or FAI is an Italian insurrectionary anarchist organization founded in 2003. It rejects capitalism, nationalism and Marxism and operates through a horizontal network of autonomous cells worldwide. Closely aligned in ideology and tactics with Greece's conspiracy of fire nuclei, the two groups often act in solidarity. FAI first drew attention in 2003 with a bomb campaign targeting EU institutions. In 2010, it sent a letter with a bullet to Italian Prime Minister Sylvio Bellowoskonei and claimed responsibility for parcel bombs at the Swiss and Chilean embassies in Rome. In 2011, a mail bomb to Deutsche Bank's CEO was intercepted and another exploded at Swiss nuclear's headquarters, injuring two. In 2012, FAI members shot the CEO of Ansaldo Nuclear, Indones. In 2013, the group sent an explosive device to La Stampa newspaper. And in 2020, the group sent multiple bombs across all of Italy. While originally from Italy, the FAI name has since been used by anarchist cells globally to claim bombings, shootings, and arson attacks in Russia, Argentina, Indonesia, Bolivia, Mexico, and the UK. Routa was a German radical left-wing feminist gorilla group active from the 70s to the '90s. It targeted institutions and individuals seen as promoting sexism, patriarchy, anti-abortion laws, genetic engineering, nuclear power, and exploitation of women. emerging in 1977 as the feminist wing of the radical left terrorist organization revolutionary cells. They later split to emphasize their anarchist leanings over Marxist ones. The group was notorious for the bombing of the federal constitutional court and the German medical association. It later carried out arson attacks in Cologne, bombings against zemens, the Philippine embassy, a shipyard in Breamman, and a foreign labor recruitment agency. Never formally dissolved, the group became inactive in the '9s. Individualistas tendo alo salv short IT is a radical eco anarchist group founded in Mexico in 2011. It opposes modern civilization and technological progress which it views as unnatural and harmful. Inspired by Ted Kasinski, the uni bomber, its promotes a return to primitive existence through violent resistance, including targeting scientists they associate with technological advancement. The group began its activities with mailbomb attacks against university professors and has claimed responsibility for numerous bombings across Mexico, resulting in severe injuries. In 2014, its merged with other eco anarchist groups and expanded its operations to Chile and Brazil. Since then, the group has claimed responsibility for murders, arson and vandalism. Notable incidents include the 2017 shooting of pilgrims near El Marquez and arson attacks that resulted in two deaths and major property damage. Revolutionary Struggle, or EA, is a Greek anarchist and anti-Imperialist urban guerrilla group responsible for numerous armed attacks, primarily targeting Greek government institutions, banks, and the US embassy in Athens. Their operations have resulted in several civilian injuries. The group gained prominence through a series of bombings, and in 2010, Greek authorities arrested several members. Later that year, a possle bomb meant for a Greek politician exploded inside the ministry, killing one person. Revolutionary struggle has been officially designated as a terrorist group by Greece, the European Union, and the US. The Redneck Revolt is an American anti- capitalist, anti-racist, and anti-fascist group founded in Kansas in 2009. Focused on organizing among working-class communities, the group supports gun rights and members openly carry firearms using armed presence as a deterrent. The Redneck Revolt rejects political labels like liberal or leftist. Instead, embracing a mix of anarchists, communists, libertarians, and even Republicans. Though their goals align with those of Antifa, they do not identify as part of the movement. members support movements like Black Lives Matter and defend the rights of Muslims, immigrants, and LGBTQ people. They view racial and economic injustice as interconnected and advocate fighting both simultaneously. At the 2017 Unite the Right Rally in Charlottesville, Redneck Revolt chapters provided armed security and medical aid to counter protesters. While supporters view the group as a necessary defense against fascism, critics label it a vigilante group due to its armed tactics and revolutionary rhetoric. The Earth Liberation Front is a decentralized ecore anarchist network responsible for numerous acts of arson and sabotage against organizations they accuse of environmental destruction. Originating in the United States and United Kingdom, the ELF is now active in at least 17 countries. They view property destruction and economic sabotage as necessary direct action in defense of the planet. Notorious attacks include the 1996 arson of the Oakidge Rangers Station in Oregon. National attention followed after the group torched the Veil Ski Resort in Colorado in 98, causing 12 million in damages. They later set fire to the Michigan State University, resulting in another $1 million in damages. Their actions escalated in the early 2000s with arson attacks on SUV dealerships, sabotage of power lines, and the destruction of a logging company headquarters. Although no fatalities have been directly linked to ELF attacks, the high risk for human life has led to sharp criticism. The FBI officially classifies them as a domestic terrorist organization. The Red and Anarchist skin heads, short rash, is a militant anti-fascist anti-racist skin head movement founded in the United States in 1993. Rooted in the original multithnic workingclass culture of the skin head subculture. Created as a response to the rise of far-right and neo-Nazi infiltration of the skin head scene, Rash actively promotes anarchism, libertarian communism, and Marxism. It considers these frameworks the only political paths that defend workingclass interests. Rash has chapters on every continent and is known for its commitment to direct action and physical confrontation in defense against neo-Nazis, police repression, and fascist organizing. Members take an openly militant stance against capitalism, nationalism, and state institutions while promoting internationalism, anti-atriotism, and globalist values. They often collaborate with anti-fascist groups such as ARRA, AFA, and Sharp. The Galianisti were a group of radical Italian anarchists in the United States who followed Italian immigrant Luigi Galani. Galani and his followers saw bombings, poisonings, and assassinations as not only justified, but necessary to overthrow capitalist systems. Their targets were judges, police, politicians, and capitalists. An early action occurred in 1916 when an attempt to poison 100 businessmen with arsenic laced soup at a banquet in Chicago was narrowly averted. In 1917, a bombing at a Milwaukee police station killed nine officers and a civilian. The Galianisti were suspected in numerous other bombings culminating in the 1920 Wall Street bombing which killed 38 and injured hundreds. Though never solved, the bombing is widely attributed to Galani's followers. These events helped trigger the first Red Scare and led to mass arrests and deportations under the Palmer raids across the US. Even after Galani's deportation, the Galianisti continued their campaign with bombings in 1927 against court and prison officials. The Angry Brigade was a British anarchist group active in the 70s, responsible for over 25 bombings targeting banks, embassies, conservative politicians, and media institutions in protests of capitalism, imperialism, and the Vietnam War. Their attacks caused property damage, but no deaths. However, two assassination attempts were made. In 1972, several members were arrested and tried in the high-profile Stoke Newington 8 trial. CNT FAI was a significant anarchist organization during the Spanish Civil War. The CNT a large anarcho syndicicalist labor union and the FAI its radical wing ensured the alignment of the union with anarchist principles. During the Spanish Civil War, they played a key role in organizing armed resistance against Franco's fascists while also collectivizing a land, factories, and urban services. The group formed militias, engaged in violent confrontations, and sometimes executed clergy, landowners, and fascist collaborators, which sparked both admiration and criticism. Some viewed their revolutionary actions as necessary for liberation, while others saw them as chaotic and extreme. The group also faced criticism for its militarism, but it's still active today. Narodna Vla, a revolutionary socialist organization in 19th century Russia, was heavily influenced by Russian nihilism and anti-authoritarianism. Their tactics, including small clandestine cells, rejection of state power and political violence as propaganda of the deed were deeply aligned with anarchist principles. The group sought to overthrow the autocratic sarist system through assassinations of government officials. They saw dead revolutionaries as modders and heroes, justifying violence as a legitimate method for sparking revolution. Their most significant action was the successful assassination of Sar Alexander II in 1881. While the group was socialist, they opposed Marxism and supported an ideal of anarchist self-government. The group's actions inspired and influenced later revolutionary and anarchist movements. The Bono Gang, a French criminal anarchist group active from 1911 to 1912, became infamous for the first use of cars in numerous robberies and bank raids where they murdered several civilians. Initially known as the auto bandits, the gang's notoriety grew after one of their leaders, Juul Bono, died in a shootout with the French police. The gang's actions were seen by some anarchists as part of a broader revolt against state power and they became symbols of resistance for some while others criticized their violent methods. The Black Army or Magnoffsi was an anarchist military force formed by Ukrainian peasants and workers during the Russian civil war. Led by Neestor Magno, the army defended the libertarian socialist zone known as the Magnavs China where they tried to build a free society based on social independence, collectivized land and solidarity. Numbering in the tens of thousands, the army fought a brutal guerilla war against German occupiers, Ukrainian nationalists, the White Army, and eventually the Red Bullshiks. The group was known for assassinating commanders but sparing innocent soldiers and they built widespread support among rural populations. After aiding the Boleviks in defeating the whites, they were betrayed and attacked by the Red Army in 1920. A fierce resistance followed. But by 1921, they were militarily defeated. Despite the collapse of their organized army, surviving Magnavists continued underground resistance and some even later fought against the Nazis. Los Solidarios was a Spanish anarchist gerilla group active in the 1920s against state repression and employer sponsored violence formed in response to the rise of pistolarismo hired gunmen used by employers to assassinate union leaders and the betrayal of labor by yellow unions. Los Solidarios emerged as a direct action unit of the broader anarco syndicicalist movement. Following the 1923 assassination of Salvador Sigi, a major anarchist trade union leader, Los Solidarios launched a series of retaliatory assassinations targeting police, employers, clergy, and political figures linked to repression. The group financed its operations with armed robberies to stockpile weapons and establish an exile safe house in Paris. Despite their efforts to resist the 1923 military coup that ushered in the dictatorship of General Primo de Rivera, they failed to prevent its success. The group then attempted jailbreaks and plotted the failed 1924 uprising to overthrow the dictatorship in Spain. The campaign was defeated on all fronts and the group dispersed. Arditi del Popo was a militant Italian anti-fascist group formed in 1921 to confront the growing violence of Mussolini's black shirts. The organization sought to stop fascism through direct confrontation and armed resistance. They engaged in street battles, organized paramilitary units, and defended workingclass neighborhoods against fascist raids. Anarchists were a key force within the group, but they were not anarchist indoctrine. One of their co-founders, Gino Luchetti, would later attempt to assassinate Mussolini in 1926. At their peak, they boasted around 20,000 members. Their most iconic success came during the barricades of Parma in August 1922 when just 350 Arditi fighters repelled a fascist assault by a force of 20,000. Backed by the local population, this was one of the few decisive defeats suffered by fascist forces before Mussolini's rise to power. Despite their early strength, they were ultimately abandoned by mainstream socialist and communist parties. By 1924, they were crushed by fascist repression. Many leaders were killed or imprisoned. The International Working People's Association was a revolutionary anarchist group formed in London in 1881 and later established in the US. It promoted a militant form of anarchism grounded in workingclass struggle, social revolution, and direct action. The American wing became the most prominent, uniting anarchists like Albert Parsons and August Spece, who were central to the labor movement and later implicated in the hay market bombing in 1886. That incident occurred during a mass rally in Chicago advocating for the 8-hour workday. As police moved to disperse the crowd, an unknown individual threw a homemade bomb, killing one officer and leading to a violent exchange of gunfire that left seven officers and at least four civilians dead with at least 70 wounded. Eight anarchist leaders were arrested and charged with conspiracy despite no evidence linking them directly to the bombing. The trial and eventual execution of four of them including Parsons and SPE became a global symbol of both state repression and martyrdom within anarchist and labor movements. The invisible committee is a secretive French anarchist and ultralleftist militant group whose influence has reached far beyond France. Best known for their 2007 manifesto, the coming insurrection, the committee advocates for an open rebellion to resist all hierarchical authority, state, capitalist, or ideological through sabotage, subversion, and collective refusal. In 2008, nine members were arrested in the village of Tarnak in France, accused of sabotaging high-speed train lines, which French authorities treated as terrorism. They're divisive for their secrecy and elite vibe, but inspired many anarchist movements.