Hello? DJMa10 Para sa ano lang Yungg mga Maga jeep na hindi makarinig Maga jeep na hindi makarinig Maga jeep na hindi makarinig Maga jeep na hindi makarinig Maga jeep na hindi makarinig Maga jeep na hindi makarinig Maga jeep na hindi makarinig Maga jeep na hindi makarinig Maga jeep na hindi makarinig Maga jeep na hindi makarinig Maanong para po. Isa pa, isa pa. Ito yung mas mga ukay-ukay.
Dibaba? Yungg mga terminal. Yungg mga malapit.
Yungg pagpasok mo palang no. Asim na. Diba ba may ganung ukay-ukay? Yungg pagpasok mo, aasim yung...
Mausic Okay, today we are going to start or continue our discussion in the fundamental chemistry concepts. So this will be our part 2 of Atomic Theory. Inside to home Ayan, may music para hindi kayo antukin. I fell for you Because I know that chemistry is too boring. But for me, it's not.
I fell for you Ayan, dying inside sa anak. Okay, now, atomic theory. So, the question is, guys, when, saan ba nagmula ang concept ng atom? Dibaba, basta na lang ba yan nakita ng mga tao?
Basta na lang ba yan na... na isip nila ng mga Greek people, no? Ng mga scientist.
Siryempre, hindi naman. Nag-ugat yan sa isang theorem, no? Sa mga hakahaka noon hanggang sa inag-experiment na sila.
Tapos yun, pak, may atom pala. So, start muna tayo sa kauna-unahan which is the, yung theory. ni Democritus. That atoms is actually composed of very small indivisible particles. Naniniwala ba kayo doon?
So later, makikita natin if atoms are really indivisible particles. So later, we are going to further discuss if tama ba yung mga pinagsasabi nila kung ang atoms ay isang indivisible. Indivisible ba ang atoms?
Sirya na ba yung pinakamaliit? O baka naman may mas maliit pa. Okay, now the first concept of atoms comes from, came from Democritus.
Sabi ni Democritus, yung matter daw, composed siya ng mga indivisible particles which is atoms, in Greek. That is atomos. So, wala pa silang concept kung ano ba talaga yung atoms.
It's just an idea that all matter, all matter that has space and has mass is made up of atoms or atomos. Then, further, nadevelop ang theory. Bak, nadevelop.
It was stated by John Dalton that matter is composed of indivisible atoms. So, spherical lang siya. Okay? Ganun pa lang yung concept ng atoms, no?
Spherical pa lang. And sabi nila, dinify nyo yung sinasabi nating element which I've already discussed in the previous lecture video. That element is a type of matter composed of only one kind of atom.
Ibig sabihin lang neto, guys, yung element, isang atom lang yun. Okay? Yungg ibang atom, kunyari, eto, iba ang element, iba ang atoms ng hydrogen, iba ang...
atoms ng carbon, ibang atoms ng oxygen sa isa't isa. Okay? And yung mga kaparehas niyang atom, same.
Carbon din. Kaparehas niyang atom, hydrogen din. Kapaya lang, kapag ibang atom yun, iba rin yung properties nila. Okay?
Maagkakaiba sila sa isa't isa. And that is what we call elements. Kaya meron tayong periodic table of elements. Okay?
Composed only of one kind of atom. And his third statement, he also discussed the meaning of compounds, which are basically compounds of atoms of more than one element. So, concomitantly, we can already understand, no? The, syempre, compounds made up of two or more.
elements. Dibaba? At ang isang element composed of isang kind lang ng atom.
Okay? Maagkakaiba sila. And lastly, the law of conservation of mass, which states that a chemical reaction does not result in their creation or destruction.
This is just the same in the law of conservation of energy. Dibaba? Na energy is neither created nor destroyed.
So, further, na-develop ang mga Isa sa mga pinaka-importanting law is the law of conservation of mass. So we are going to discuss this further when we go to balancing chemical reactions. But this is the governing principle of chemical engineering, no? Because lahat ng pinapasok, Lahat ng pinapasok ay, kung ano yung pumasok, yun din ang lalapa.
Okay, batama naman, di ba? Yungg ang pinasok mo ay, Ganito. Tapos, lumabas siya.
O, diba? Pak. Pak. Ganyan pa din.
Wala na bag. So, ganon din dito. No law of conservation of past.
Ibig sabihin lang nun, kung anong pinasok namin sa field, dapat paglabas niya, ganon pa din. Okay. Same lang yung mass na nadaramass because it is always conserved. Okay.
For example, here in this figure, you would see 16 hydrogen atoms partnered with 8. oxygen atom. So if the ratio is 2 is to 1, meaning to say there are 2 hydrogen atoms per 1 oxygen atom. Yungg ganun ang ratio nila sa isa't isa, therefore, the number of water molecules is 18 also. And this 8H2O is proportional to the number of hydrogen atoms that was formed during the reaction and the number of the oxygen atoms that was utilized in the reaction. Okay, utilize para sila ginamit para ma-produce ito.
Okay? So, it is always conserved. Walang natatapon dyan. Yungg meron man, nandito pa rin sila sa product side. So, i-discuss pa natin ito pagdating natin ng balancing.
But another type of a law that is very important for us is the law of definite proportion. So, medyo mahirap intindihan ng law of definite proportion. Pero paikliin lang natin siya. So, basically, different samples of the same comp- So guys, ano yung Wilkins? Ano yan?
Maalamang tubig, di ba? Now, ano ang composition ng Wilkins? Water being its property, therefore, its chemical formula is... H2O. Okay.
So, H2O din ba kapag meron tayong summit? Yes, H2O din. So, yun lang yung sinasabi ng Law of Definite Proportion. Kahit ihi pa yan, basta merong water dun sa ihi na yun, that ihe will always be H2O.
Water pa rin yan. Dibaba? Kaya ang safe inumin ang... Ah, diba minsan may umiinom ng mga ano? Ng mga...
kaulapan, alam nyo yun? Yungg mga, yung mga tubig ulan, diba? Eh, ulan diba saan ba galing? Na-evaporate ng water from different bodies of water, sa mga kung ano-ano, diba?
Ang ihe, kung saan-saan, kanal, eh bakit merong, bakit walang diring-diri sa ulan, diba? Wala naman. Kasi, alam nyo, different samples, kahit magkaiba sila ng sample, basta same constituent, no?
yung nag-contribute doon sa sample na yun, yung elements nila, kung 2 is to 1 to, guys, kahit ano pang mangyari, kahit ibang sample pa yan, tubig dagat pa yan, 2 is to 1 pa rin ang ratio ng hydrogen at oxygen. Hindi mababago yun. However, ito is with, this was formulated by Joseph Protons. Okay? Kasi maangot siya doon.
Pag ganit siya sa... Okay. Now, next, let's go to law of multiple proportion. Yungg kanina...
Law of definite, ibig sabihin, kahit anong pang sample, definite na proportion ko. Maag-i-stay yan as the same. Okay? Sa law of multiple proportion, iba na yung sinasabi niya. So, if you can see, if two elements can combine for more than one compound of masses of one element in the palm of whose mass in the ratio of small...
Ano na yung sinasabi niyan? Guys, yung sinasabi lang neto, kapag meron tayong ibang... Kapag nag-iba na yung ratio, nila, ng... hydrogen at oxygen molecules.
Isang compound na yun. For example, nagkaroon ako ng to here. Is this water?
No. It is now already hydrogen peroxide. Okay.
Agwa-oxinada na yan. Hindi na yan. Hindi na yan.
Tubig pa din. Maasama na yan pag ininom. Okay.
So, yun lang sinasabi ng different. So, let's discuss. Dibafferent, ito pinadaling ano ko lang to ha, pinadaling meaning, pero yun talaga yung meaning niya. But most likely ang lalabas sa mga exams is yung meaning na nasa libro, okay?
But if you are going to understand, different compounds, magkaibang compounds ang water at hydrogen peroxide, right? But made up of the same elements. Gawa ba sila sa same elements?
Yes, merong hydrogen, merong oxygen. Dibaffer in the number of atoms. of each kind that you combine. Ito, ang ratio, 2 is to 1. Dibato, 2 is to 2 or 1 is to 1. Okay? Maagkaibang compound yun.
Kahit sabihin mo na same element yung nagkocontribute sa kanya. So, parang yung mga ganitong lo, guys, ay parang common sense lang. Maalamang, kapag iniba ko na, yung dami ng atoms ko, na ma-partner ko doon sa kabilang atoms, malamang ibang compound na yun.
Okay? So, that is law of multiple proportion. Okay?
So, ano lang sa saulo? Gagawin nyo dyan, law of multiple proportion. Maultiple proportion.
Isang sample, or ibang compound, na mayroon same elements, magkaiba na rin yung proportion nila sa isa't isa. Kasi hindi na sila same type of compound. Okay? Now, what is the answer here?
So, ano kayang sinagot nyo dyan? O, anong sinagot niyo niyan? Nakalala ko nung ano, nababas ako ng pulo, may nangihihintay sa akin ng pamasahin.
Sabi ko, sabi niya, Hey kuya, pahigin naman ang pamasahin. Hindi sabi ko, Sirge kuya, magkano? Sirnunod ko, magkano?
Sabi niya, 60 po. 60? Akala ko maraming sampang piso. Ano ang sagot niya dito? Dahil ito yung sa Tome Curie.
That's your answer there. So later, nakikita natin yun. Okay? Now, let's proceed on the discovery of electron.
So, guys, kung meron electron, we all know that electron is smaller than an atom, right? So, if the electron is smaller than an atom, therefore, mali yung letter B. Why? Because, sabi ng letter B, it's extremely small and indivisible. Eh, guys, meron pang electron, meron proton, meron nucleus, no?
So, therefore, atom talaga ay hindi siya yung pinakamaliit. Okay? There are other subatomic, ang tawag sa kanya is subatomic particles, no?
That is actually extremely small and indivisible compared to an atom. And the discovery of electrons started in what we call the cathode ray experiment. Now, the cathode ray experiment actually tells us that it was observed, no? This is a fuel cell.
So, guys, this is a cathode. So, cathode here contains the negatively charged terminal. Ito yung red.
Dibaba, kapag may mga wire kayo, merong red at black. Yungg red doon, yun yung negative. Then, this blue one is the positive side, no? Or the anode. So, we are going to discuss this when we go proceed to electrochemistry.
Okay? Now, this is a vacuum pipe. Okay?
So, ang ginawa nila, dito nila kinokontrol yung pressure na nasa loob nung at nung tube na to. Okay? Now, what happens is that kapag daw ang nasa normal presyo yung gas, walang transfer of electrons from one terminal to another. Bakit sir, kakaroon ng transfer ng electrons? So electrons are just heat.
Pag heat yan, guys. Nagmumove yan from a region of high to low. And that's what the movement of electrons in organic reactions came in. The high electron density moves to the lower ones. Kasi meron tayong equilibrium na tinatawag.
Dibaba sa diffusion, yung higher concentration, magmumove siya sa region, mas mababa yung concentration. Palaging high to low. Because low to high would...
you need some energy to do that because that is not spontaneous. Kaya lang, ito, ng mga ganito experiments, spontaneous dapat kapag merong mas mataas yung negative energy, pag pinagdikit mo sila, negative energy. Pag merong mas mataas yung na negatively charged particles na electrons, magmove siya sa region na mas mababa yung electrons.
And this is the anode. Okay? However, at normal pressure, hindi daw nagmove. Now, what happens is that if you decrease the pressure to 0.001 mmHg, nagkaroon ng ilaw.
Ibig sabihin, there is such a potential difference between the negatively charged and the positively charged particles. So, basically, nireduce nila si pressure, napansin nila na merong high potential difference. And the two non-numinates of the battery have a potential difference of 10 kV to 20 kV.
So, if there is a... large potential difference. Yung yung magdadrive ng movement of electron from one electron to another. Okay?
Ngayon, napansin nila na merong, kapag ganun kababa yung pressure, merong movement ng electron. Okay? Maerong tumawid na rin from cathode to anode. And, so, hindi nila alam kung ano ba itong tumatawid na ito. Nakita na lang nila.
Until, nung naglinapet yung positively charged, what happened is that the ray attract on that positively charged. And, nung naglapit sila ng negatively charged, nag-reflect siya. So, what does it tells us?
That this ray is actually negatively charged particles because it is attracted on the positively charged. Nag-reflect eh. Nag-deflect siya, di ba? So, basically, ayaw niyo sa negative. Or, either, kauri niya yun.
Okay? So, ganun lang niyo. And, that's how electrons was discovered by Jj Thomson. No?
O yan, ang lak na ulo niyo, no? Pag ano? Diba ba ganyan yung mga matatalino? Maalalapado yung ulo.
Eh, bakit ako? Hindi, bobo naman. Tiyan.
O, ano to, Jj Thompson. So, na-discover niya yung tinatawag nating Plum Pudding Maodel, which is the electrons are scattered, no? Kalat-kalat lang siya sa atom.
Yung lang, yun lang na-discover niya. There's nothing else. Okay? He just discovered that atoms are uniform spheres of positive...
Tiyan. Harry Potter. Oh, how to uniformly charge particles spears, okay, of positively charged matter in which the electrons are embedded like a plum pudding. Like a plum here, no?
So, you can see the scattered electrons. Kaskatter lang siya sa atom. There is no concept.
Ito yung ginagawa niya yung Cato Ray experiment. Okay? Maakita niya yung mga tao nung unang panahon.
Maga wala silang magawa sa buhay. Ito yung unang experiment nila. But you can see, Those experiments that they have done during those times, nag-boom sa nagagamit natin ngayon. Now, further, there is no concept of electrons. Wala pang concept ng iba't iba pang subatomic particles.
Electronss pa lang. So, na-further evolve yan ni Ernest Rutherford. Why? Ano meron kay Ernest Rutherford if you remember in your high school? So, discovery of the nucleus.
Dibaba? Kapag Rutherford model, ang maalala mo agad, that is nucleus. Dibaba?
Now, in here, you can see that this is a gold particle. No? Tapos, dapat, ang assumption dapat, si alpha particle, no, tatagos dapat siya.
Okay? Ngayon, ang nangyayari, pagdating dun sa gitna, hindi siya tumagos. Okay? Nag-deflect siya sa iba't-ibang ray. Maeaning to say, there is a some particle that is in the middle of the gold foil experiment.
Of the gold foil na nagmix alpha particle. Tama? What is alpha particle? What is alpha particle? Alpha particle is what?
What element in the... What do you think is the element there? Ano element yan sa periodic table, ang alpha particle?
Alpha particle is actually a helium atom. Okay? Helium atom yan, yung alpha particle niyan.
So, most likely, this alpha particle ray, dapat tatago siya. Kaya, ano nangyari? Nag-deflect siya sa iba't iba.
So, meaning to say, at the center of the porn, there is something that lies within that gold foil. And that subatomic particle is what we call the nucleus of an atom. Now, the nucleus of an atom is actually very dense.
It's the central core of an atom. And the nucleus, sabi niya, is composed of positively charged particles. Ang tawag niya doon ay protons.
Okay. Now... Sirnce nag-deflect doon, bakit magda-deflect? Kasi na-positively charged si alpha particle.
Okay? Nag-deflect siya doon. So, na-realize niya na pero pala sa gitna pala na merong positively charged.
Kasi nag-deflect doon yung positively charged eh. Okay? Hindi siya na-absorb or tumagos. Okay?
Na-scatter siya. Okay? Eh, kung most of the alpha particles naman is na-pass straight through. Bakit siya nag-deflect pagdating doon sa gitna? Yung yung na-discover ni Ernest Rutherford.
that there is actually subparticles that is inside of the central core of an atom. And that subparticle is nucleus. Now, he discovered that the mass of the nucleus actually contributes to the 99.5% of the mass of an atom. So basically, yung mga electrons na yan, parang buhok na lang yan sa pagkakadiscover ng nucleus.
Kasi actually, the mass of the... proton is actually 1,800 times heavier than the mass of the electrons. Now, according to the Rutherford model, most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in this marble here based on the reference. Diba ba sabi nila baseball, tapos ang nasa gitna daw ay yung marble based on the reference.
So, according to there, most of the mass of atom is actually in the nucleus. And the most interesting fact is that if the mass of this full baseball field is concentrated at the middle of the nucleus. This is very dense, right?
Imagine ninyo yung bigat ng buong baseball field na yan makakoncentrate sa maliit na ganito. Okay? Diba ba, that's very interesting, no? On how much energy that this nucleus gets.
Kasi kaya niyang i-hold yung ganong klaseng mass in such a very small space na hino-occupy niya. So basically, If you would imagine, so ganyan ka siksik ang nucleus natin ang tinatawag. And nung na-discover ni Ernest Rutherford is protons yung laman niya. However, all of the 2 REMas or model has a limitation.
What happened in the hydrogen and helium? So for example, just like what I have said, dahil kung tiya, The nucleus contains the positively charged, positively charged, tama? Positive yung charge ng nucleus yung na-charge niya.
Yungg parang proton lang yung laman niya. Sabi ni Rutherford, proton lang daw ang laman niya. However, if you are going to search for the mass of the hydrogen atom, the mass of the hydrogen atom is 1.00 gram, 1.008 gram.
And the mass of helium atom, if you are going to search, What is the mass of the helium atom? The mass of helium atom is 4.002602 or approximately that is 4 gram per mole. Tama? Tama ba?
So, as you can see, what is the ratio of the mass of helium atom to hydrogen? So, helium atom is actually 4 times heavier than the hydrogen. If you would imagine also that the number of, remember in your chemistry, the number of protons in an element depicts based on its atomic number, right?
If you would see, the atomic number of helium atom is actually 2. So basically, the number of protons of helium atom is dalawa lang. Naintindihan. Yungg dalawa lang ang atom ng helium atoms, remember that this proton or the nucleus of an atom actually contributes to the 99.5% gram. So sabihin mo kahit malaming, may dalawang electron yan, that is actually massless. Okay?
And this helium atom contains only two protons. And this is one. Dapat ang ratio niyan, two is to one, kasi ang nagkocontribute lang naman sa mass ng atom is the proton. Eh bakit 4 is to 1 ang naging conversion?
Bakit kaya? Bakit kaya 4 na beses mas mabigat? Pag ano lang yun, nagpatimbang ka ng bag na hindi mo alam yung laman Alam mo lang ay laman niya ay isang perasong mansanas Tapos dito sabihin na ating dalawang perasong mansanas Pero nung tinambang itong isang mansanas, isang kilo Yungg isang plastic bag na hindi mo alam yung laman Pero dalawang kilo Ay ano to, 4 kilogram So, what about the business mabigat?
What does it mean? It only means that Ano ibig sabihin nun? Yungg 4 is to 1 ang ratio, kung apat na beses mas mabigat, eh guys, ano ko contribute lang dito? Dalawang proton.
Dibato, isang proton. Dapat, mas mabigat lang ito ng, dapat 2 is to 1 lang ang ratio niyan. Kasi dalawa lang naman yung proton na laman.
It's because there is actually another particle that lies within the nucleus of an atom. And that is what we call the neutrons. Okay?
And sabi nila, ito palang neutrons na ito yung nagko-contribute. Yungg dalawa ang protons ko, dalawa ang protons ko, ito yung isang neutron. Dalawang neutron. So, 4 ang kanya.
Kaya 4 is to 1 yung kanyang bigat kumpara sa hydrogen. Okay? Now, the discovery of neutrons is actually discovered by James Chadwick.
And the proton... And nakasiksik dyan, it is the neutrons, okay, that makes them compressed to each other. But you would imagine, just like, pag binisay nukleons, this is the group of, sum of the number of the positively charged and negatively charged particles.
Yung lang yung sinasabi ng nukleons. Now, however, we have seen, no, that according to Rutherford, this is the component of a nucleus. It contains positively charged. But what can you observe with the model of Ernest Rutherford? If you are going to consider, anong ma-observe niyo sa model ni Rutherford?
The model of Rutherford would actually was, anong meron sa model ni Rutherford? Yungg model ni Rutherford guys, titignan niyo. Yungg positively charged, magkakadikit. Is that possible?
Pwede ba magdikit-dikit yung mga yan? Positively charged? Okay. Is that possible?
Maagkakadikit ang positively charged? Hindi. Diba ba?
Maagre-repel yan eh. You need some energy to make them ganyan. Okay? And according to James Chadwick, they're actually neutrons. No?
Na actually, kahit paano, iguglo niya yung mga protons na naan dito. But based on our model of neutrons, kahit magkakatabi pa yan, guys, guys, pag merong positively charged dyan, kahit may neutrons pa dyan, magre-repel pa din yan. Okay? Naturally, magre-repel yan. Eh, bakit concentrated sila sa gitna?
Yungg based dun sa analogy natin, the mass of the whole one is actually concentrated here and just inside the marble. Eh, puro positively charged yung laman yan. Because, guys, there is actually an energy that binds these protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. And that energy is what we call the nuclear binding energy.
o yung NBE na tinatawag. Okay? And the nuclear binding energy is what the energy that is being harnessed in the nuclear reactions.
Okay? In chemical reactions, only the valence electrons, yung electrons na nasa pinakalabas ng atom lang, yung nag-provide ng chemical reactions. However, in nuclear reactions, the one that is being harnessed there is the energy that is inside the nucleus of an atom.
Kasi ganun siya kasiksik. With a tiny occupied space, ganun siya kadens. Hindi nga natin nakikita pero ganun siya kadens.
And that's the reason why. Maerong madaming energy ay nakukuha sa nuclear. Tama?
Okay? Kasi meron tayong tinatawag na nuclear bombardment. Kunsaan binobombard yung nucleus para mag-release ng panibagong particle.
E diba pag nag-iba na yung number ng... ng protons and neutrons, ibang element na yun. So that is what yun yung nag-boom na nuclear chemistry.
Okay? And that's why there are some radioactive particles kasi hindi stable yung nuclei nila. Maerong metastable so kailangan nila mag-release na mag-release ng particle para maging stable sila. Okay? Kaya nagkakaroon ng nuclear chain reactions sa uranium-238, if I'm not mistaken.
Okay? Kaya mas grabe talaga yung energy na makukuha mo sa nucleus ng atom. Okay? And next!
if you are going to utilize, so ganito kabigat yung ating electron. So siya yung pinakamagaan kasi times 10 raised to negative 28. And proton, the mass of the proton in neutron is actually times 10 raised to negative 24. So Gar, paano po pag nakalimutan namin yung itong concept na to? Ano mas mabigat? Neutron, no? Maas mabigat siya na onti kay proton.
Okay? Pag ganito na. Almost the same, but this... all are 1,840 times heavier than the mass of the electrons.
Okay? Now, if you are going to see, if you limit that, pag nalimutan nyo siya, guys, yan ay nasa calculator ninyo. Okay?
Get your calculator. You press this on. Maode, complex.
Then you press shift, 7. Constant. Nakita nyo dyan? Constant.
Okay. The first number will give you the mass of the proton. And that is the mass of the proton, as you can see. 1.672621637 times 10 raised to negative 7. Maagkaibang unit kasi ito ay nakakilogram ata. Okay?
Pero ito yung magbibigay sa'yo ng mass ng proton. Kasi ito nakagram. Tama ba?
Nakagram ito, nakakilogram. Okay? Now, where's the mass of the nucleus?
Shift constant, zero. 2 for the mass of the neutron. Ayan, MaN. Ayan, 1.67493. Tama, diba?
Then, if nakalimutan pa din, nandiyan din din si mass ng electron. Shift constant, 0.3. The MaE. Okay? 9.109.
O, diba? Kahit makalimutan niyo siya, nandiyan din yan. Nasa ano lang yan?
Nasa calculator nila. Okay? Next. So, what are the limitations of the Rutherford model?
Okay, just like what I have said earlier, the limitations of the Rutherford model, yung kanina yung sa helium atom. Napunta naman tayo dun sa electron. Diba ba sabi ni Ernest Rutherford, the electrons, nakaganyan lang siya. Ganyan nila in-assume yung parang kay JJ lang.
Okay? So, ganon. Guys, if that happens, what would happen? Now, think of this. So, sabi ni Rutherford, electrons revolve around a nucleus continuously.
Guys, if an electron moved, pag nag-move yan, ano mangyayari? What would happen? A moving charged particle will always emit what? That will always emit radiation. Okay?
With specific wavelengths. Okay? Pag nag-move ang electron, guys, pag nag-move yan, maglulus yan ng kinetic energy.
And, eventually, kapag naglulus sila ng kinetic energy, ano mangyayari sa kanila? Maaghihihilayin sila ng nucleus. Okay?
Because, kapag nag-revolve yan around the nucleus, okay? Kapag nag-revolve yan around, kung nagre-revolve nga naman talaga ang electrons, what would happen? The electrons will tend to fall at the center of the nucleus.
Tama? Pag yun sa ganito. Tama, diba? Pag naglaglagkin ng piso dyan, naglulus ng kinetic energy yung hanggang sa bumilis na bumilis, minsan makapunta sa gitna. So, ganun yung nangyayari sa electrons.
Sabi ni Rutherford. Because a movement, an increase in acceleration of electron due to its movement through gravity, there is an increase in the release of electromagnetic radiation. And if that happens, the electrons would actually lose its energy and makukulog siya sa pinakamaginta. And that's the question na gusto nilang malaman. Does the electron fall in the nucleus of an atom?
Nauhulog ba si nucleus sa electron? And that's the reason why the nuclear planetary model has a limitation dun sa conformity with the classical atomic theory of electromagnetic spectrum. Okay? In chemistry or physics yun. Okay?
Now, if that happens, kaya nabuo yung tinatawag natin, the electron... electron-bore model. So, dito na papasok si Niels Bohr model.
So, ano sinasabi ng Niels Bohr model? Sirnasabi lang niya na yung electrons in an atom are confined to specific orbits. So, hindi siya yung nagre-revolve lang basta-basta na lang mauhulog sa gitna.
Okay? Kasi guys, kung magre-revolve yan, maubosin niya ng energy, eh pak, malalaglag sa gitna. Eh hindi naman ganun. Dibaba? Bakit merong atom na, kung ganun yung nangyayari, bakit merong atom na hindi, ah, na neutral.
Bakit ganon? Sabi niya, electron-borne model, the electron-borne model actually tells us that the electrons are confined to specific orbits. Ganito yan. Maeron tayong tinatawag na n is equal to 3. And n is equal to 2, n is equal to 1. Sirr, paano kapag 4 yung aking n? Then the n is equal to 4. Ibig sabihin, 4 yung orbit niya.
Yungg parang sa solar system. Now, what happens, guys, if that electron is in this higher energy level, nasa excited state siya. And that is what we call the excited state.
Kapag yung distance niya napakalayo sa nucleus. Ngayon, kapag bumaba siya dito para mapalapit siya sa nucleus, it releases energy in the form of photons. And that is discussed by this equation. Change in energy is equal to the Planck's constant times the frequency of those photons. And yun yung tinatawag nating energy level postulate.
Yungg energy daw ng photons is actually equal to the negative of the Rydberg constant over yung n na yung tinatawag. Ibig sabihin, si energy is parang hagdan. Hindi mo pwedeng sabihin na ang energy ng electron is 1.5.
Palaging merong hagdan yan, naka-floor lang. Diba ba wala namang 1.5 floor sa elevator? Wala namang 5.5 floor sa elevator?
Wala, di ba? Palaging by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Palaging whole number siya. So walang ganun, naintindihan.
So, basically, if that is the postulate of electron-born model, actually, yung electrons, pwede ko lang sabihin na nasa n is equal to 1. Nasa n is equal to 2. Okay? And it's equal to rin. We are going to further discuss this in the quantum mechanical model of an atom.
Okay? So, ito yung tinatawag nilang yung nasa hagdal, diba? Kasi wala namang 1.5 floor, wala namang ganun. So palaging in whole number siya. Okay, so next.
So, meron tayong tinatawag na Balmer formula. So, i-discuss ba natin to kung paano niya nakuha ito. Okay? So, ito yung second level, second statement ni Electrons Bohr, o yung second postulate niya, which is the transition between energy level. So, sinasabi lang niya, when the electron is in one of its orbits, its energy is fixed.
Okay? Kapag yung electron, nasa isa sa mga orbit niya, yung energy ng electron, fixed yan. Okay? Kapag nasa ground state, yung, pag nandito, ground state yan, kasi ito yung state na kung saan yung electron pinakamalapit sa atom.
Kapag nasa ground state, yan, the electron, the energy is lowest. Kapag nasa excited state, o yung state ng atom, kapag pinakamalapit sa electron, that is the, where the energy is highest. Okay? The electron is not allowed to occupy any of the spaces in the between of these orbits.
Bawal yan. Palaging tatalon lang yan doon. Okay? Dibaba parang sa ano? Ano ba yun?
O basta. Bawal yung tumatalo. Tumatalon lang yan.
Sir Alamil. Okay? Bawal siya yung nasa gitna. Okay?
Yung lang yung sinasabi nun. Yung lang sinasabi ng energy level postulate. Kaya lang, kapag ni-tentration, Pag nagkaroon ng transition between energy levels, so from higher to lower energy, there is a release of wave, okay? Or photons.
So ito yung sinasabi natin, properties of waves. If you remember, the amplitude is the distance from the center. The wavelength is the distance between the identical points of successive waves.
So this is one wavelength. So isa yan. Okay?
So ayan, so bakit merong wave? Because meron tayong tinatawag na... Particle Duality Theorem.
Okay? Ibig sabihin lang nun, si light daw, it is either an electron and it's either a wave. So, yun yung na-discover ni Einstein. So, teka lang kasi may meeting ako naman.
Okay? Now, the wavelength, so, ito yung wavelength na tinatawag. So, bakit ba natin ito pinag-aaralan? Kasi, guys, the light is actually both.
a wave, and both a particle. Pag particle si light, yun yung tinatawag nating photons. Okay, kaya lang na-discover nila na si light daw ay wave. Okay? Weave-like yung property niya at particle-like din yung property niya.
Okay? And that's the reason why is there a Planck's constant. So, ano ba ito guys, itong Planck's constant nito?
Nasa dyan ang Planck's constant sa tingin nyo? Nasa dyan Planck's constant? Where is the Planck's constant there?
Hmm, naku, nasaan kaya ang Planck's constant siya? So, guys, nasa ng Planck's constant yan? Planck's constant relates the what?
This is the constant that, ay, wala pala dito. Wala pala dito yung Planck's constant. Sirge, later na lang natin i-discuss kasi nasa ano nyo rin yun, calculator.
Okay. Guys, the speed of the wave is equal to its wavelength. Okay?
And frequency. We have discussed the wavelength, right? Ito yun. Okay?
multiplied to its frequency. So, yun yung tinatawag natin speed ng light, which is C. That is equal to 3.0 times 10 raised to 8 meters per second.
So, ayan yung speed ng light. Ganyan, kabilis ang light gumalaw. Okay?
And equal yun sa wavelength, multiplied by its frequency. So, yung energy, guys, ng light is actually equal to the tinatawag nating Planck's constant and its frequency. Okay? Okay, so mali pala tong formula ko.
So let's discuss this type of relationship dun sa tinatawag nating Born-Nordel. Okay, so for example, we have a wave, guys. So, idodrawing ko si wave. Just like what I've said, guys, what is a wave?
This distance from one point to another point that is the same reference is what we call the wavelength. Okay? So, ayan, tawag dyan.
Isang ito, ibig sabihin, isa yung wavelength ko. Okay? So, and that is represented by a lambda. Ang tawag dyan is distance. This is the distance or what we call the wavelength.
Now, pag sabi natin frequency, this is the amplitude. Ang tawag dyan ay amplitude. Guys, pag nyo nang kopyahin, intindihin nyo lang ito.
Importante lang ay naiintindihan nyo, do not copy. This is the trough. Tama?
Now, frequency. Maagsabi kong frequency, guys. Frequency is the number.
Let me see if I am recording. The number. Frequency is actually the number of the waves na nagpa-pass through a point. Okay? So, ano yung mas mahaba ang wavelength, guys?
Ibig sabihin, mas mahaba ang wavelength ko. Ano mangyayari? Maas mahaba yung wavelength ko.
What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency during your physics? Dibaba diniscuss yan sa pandang sounds? Tama?
What is the relationship of wavelength and frequency? What is the wavelength? Ah, what is the wavelength?
Pag mas mahaba guys, mas maunti yung frequency ko. Dibaba? Logically, kapag mas mahaba... Maas unti yung waves ko. Pero kapag mas maikli yung wavelength ko, mas marami akong waves.
Okay? They are inversely proportional to each other. So, basically, guys, yung lahat ng types ng radiation, the travel at the same speed of light is actually equal to 3.0 times 10 raised to negative 8. I raised to 8. And that is... And we can relate this speed of light to its wavelength multiplied to its frequency, which is this maarteng V, through the equation this one. Okay?
So, yan, yun. So, yung sabi ni Maax Planck, yung energy daw can either be released or absorbed by an atom only in discrete chunks, yung tinatawag natin quantum smallest quantity of energy that is being emitted. or absorbed by an atom. Okay? So, ibig sabihin, yung black body radiation, ang energy ay quantized.
Maeaning, yung energy quantized. Pag sabi kong quantized, okay? For example, yung energy ko ay quantized.
O pang matalino. Ibig sabihin nun, pag quantized, yung energy ko ay factor ng whole number. Yungg energy ko ay 2. Energy ko ay 3. Ko quantize yun.
Okay? And, so, sa abin niya, the energy of an atom, is equal to the Planck's constant multiplied to the speed of light. So, yun lang yun. Okay? So, later we are going to discuss that.
Ito yung tinasabi ko kanina. But since this, how this is derived, kasi h, e is equal to h, c, v to, diba? What is the formula again? c is equal to lambda v. divided, kung gusto kong kunin si palitan to, papalitan ko to, so i-isolate ko siya in the equation.
Kaya nakuha itong ito na to. Okay? And that is equal to the frequency of your wavelength.
So Planck's constant, sa nakikita yan, yan ay nasa calculator. Sheep constant 06. Like what I've said, do not copy this one. Just understand. Yung lang importante ito kasi conceptual ito. Ayan Kailangan siya conceptual.
Okay? So, next. Now, they are what we call the continuous spectrum.
Remember in Rainbow, guys, when you are, tinuturo sa inyo ito ng elementary, diba? If there is a light, pag sinabi natin continuous spectrum, ito yung spectrum na nagkocontain ng lahat ng wavelengths na meron. Okay, lahat ng visible sa mata natin, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet, daroy gibib.
So, continuous spectrum ang tawag dyan. Pag si sunlight, ano sa spectrum, magre-release yan ng wavelengths, that is daroy gibib. However, si Balmer, guys, na-discover niya yung pinatawag nating line spectrum. Ibig sabihin, guys, yung sa hydrogen atom, pag yung hydrogen atom inilawan sa line spectrum, Yungg hydrogen atom, hindi siya nag-release ng ganito karaming kulay. Nag-release lang siya ng apat na kulay.
The red, blue-green, blue, and violet. And other wavelength is not visible to the naked eye. Yung yung tinatawag nating infrared radiation and ultraviolet regions. So, matataas na yung frequency nun.
Okay? So, basically, Okay? Balmer have discovered the formula for what we call the wavelength in the visible spectrum of hydrogen.
So, ito yun. Ito yung tinatawag na Balmer formula. Okay? So, ito yun.
Maamaya na natin yung susolvyan. This is the Balmer series which is only in the visible range. So, from energy 7 to energy 2. N is equal to 7. Yungg pang 7, pang ikot ng elect, yung Pang-7 na umiikot sa nucleus, 2N is equal to 2. So, eto yung liman series. Eto yun na yung range na merong ultraviolet. Then, the remaining is hindi na ginagamit kasi hindi naman siya kita ng mata.
Ang kita lang ng mata yung Balmer series, yung from 7 to 2. Okay? So, napansin niya na yung sa hydrogen atom ay hindi lahat ng kulay nakikita. There is just some colors that is being seen in the wavelength of that. Okay? Now, what happens is that if you are going to combine their theory, remember that the energy lost by a hydrogen atom is equal to the final energy, kung nasaan yung electron, minus the initial energy.
Ay final energy pala, baliktad. The final energy is kung nasaan yung final destination ng electron, nandito. So, ito yung EF na yun.
And yung energy niya, na nandito siya sa initial. From here to here. This is the EI, this is the EF. Okay? The change in energy is equal to the final energy minus the initial energy.
And remember that this energy is equal to the energy level phosphate or the Rydberg constant divided by N, kung nasaan siya, is squared nun. Ibig sabihin lang neto, yung energy ng electron ko sa EI. orbit na yun ay fixed. Hindi yun mababago.
Okay? Ang factor niya ay in a whole number. Yung lang sinasabi nun.
Yungg EI, ito yun. energy ng electron galing dito. Okay? And this is the energy of electron nung nasa final destination na siya.
And the chain, if we are going to combine these two, no? If we are going to substitute this, this equation from here and here to here, makukuha natin itong formula na to. Okay?
Now, if we are going to Factor out R. So, mathematics na to. Pinnactor out natin si negative R. So, 1 na lang yung matitira doon.
Dibaba? Then, alam natin na yung energy na emitted ng photon is equal to HV. Planck's constant multiplied sa frequency.
So, i-substitute natin to dito. However, if we are going to take a look, the negative change in energy is equal to the negative of the Neutron. Negative neto.
Okay, ayan lang din. Now, continuing, we all know that the change in energy is equal to the final energy of the electron minus the initial energy of an electron. And that is equal to Planck's constant multiplied to its frequency.
We all know the Planck's constant is this one. And the Rydberg constant is also under your calculator. That is shift constant 16. If I'm not mistaken, yan, yung R infinity.
So, yan din yun. Isa lang yung unit. Okay? Now, what happens is that since C, or the speed of light, is related, we can relate the speed of light to the frequency multiplied to its frequency.
High frequency. With its frequency multiplied to its wavelength. Now, If we're going to isolate frequency, we can get this one. Kasi, di ba, pag dinivide ko yun na frequency, okay, makukuha ko ito. Now, kung isasubstitute natin ito dito, makukuha natin yung ganyang formula.
Tama? Sirnubstitute ko ito dito. Okay, makukuha natin itong ganitong formula.
So, anong pwede kong mangyari? Yungg nakuha ko kanina, which is ito, pwede kong isubstitute dito. Okay?
And pag sinubstitute ko yan, I can get this one. So since, anong constant dyan? Frequency, constant ba yun? Fixed ba yung value niya? Hindi.
Speed of light at si h. So pagsasama-samahin ko siya sa isang side ng equation. So ang pagginayari yun, pag pagkasama-samahin ko siya, cross multiply ko lang, makukuha ko ng R over hc.
And guys, this R over hc can be constant, diba? Ito, itong R, constant din si h. constant din si C. Pwede natin yan, i-substitute o i-palita ng isa pang constant, which is the R infinity, which you can see in your calculator. Okay?
Para constant din naman yan. Constant din yun. Pag samasamayan ko na lang sila. Dibaba?
I-divide ko na lang sila sa isa't isa. Yungg gusto nyong i-divide, pwede nyong gawin. 2.179 times 10 to the negative 18 over Planck's constant, which is this one, at speed of light. Try nyo. Ang lalabas dyan ay yung makikita nyo sa calculator yung R infinity.
Okay? And that is the final formula for electron-born model. Now, let's try to solve a problem.
What is the wavelength of the light when the electron in a hydrogen atom undergoes a transition from level n is equal to 4 to level n is equal to 1? So, tinatanong dyan, ano, yung wavelength na napuproduce nung light kapag bumaba siya from n is equal to 4 to n is equal to... What? Pamanood kayo ng video.
Wookiee! Wow! Maay pa-whiteboard.
n is equal to 4 to n is equal to 1. So, ano yung ibig sabihin na? So, meaning to say, in every sample problem, you need to determine what is the question first. So, tinatanong tayo ng wavelength.
What's the symbol for wavelength? That is... That is lambda, right? Pag mo yun. Tindihin niyo yung problem.
The wavelength of the light emitted when the electron in hydrogen atom undergoes from energy level nsq2 4 to nsq2 1. So, this concept applies to the Niels Bohr theorem. Dibaba? According to the Niels Bohr theory, if we have an electron, we have an atom.
So, sa gitna. So, meaning to say, yung unang orbit dito, siya yung tinatawag na n is equal to Remember that? Then, another orbit. Pag nag-drawing ako ng panibagong orbit dyan, I will be having n is equal to 2. Maasabi, yung electron galing sa n is equal to 4 naging napunta sa n is equal to 1. So, pang ilang orbit? 4. Okay?
So, when we have four orbits, I will have here n is equal to 3 and another orbit which is n is equal to 4. So, sabi si electron galing dito. Okay? Then, from n is equal to 4, ito yung kanyang excited state.
What is excited state again? That is the state of an atom when the electron is farthest from the nucleus kasi mas mataas yung energy doon. Then, nung bumaba si electron dito, it releases a light. Dibaba?
Pag bumaba ba yung electron from higher energy to lower energy, it releases an energy in the form of photons or light. Dibaba? So, basically, What equation are we going to use in the transitions between energy levels?
So remember the equation. If we have the 1 over lambda, di ba ito yung dinerite natin? This is the river constant. 1 over n f squared minus 1 over n i squared. So, remember that this n f squared is the final.
Or, yung orbit na kung nasan yung orbit na kung nasan yung electron. Okay? And this ni is the initial. So, anong initial kaya dyan na n?
Ano initial dyan? The initial there there is d, n is equal to 1. So, yun yung i natin. So, next, ang hinahanap, lambda. E, ano sa lerto? Rydberg constant.
So, the Rydberg constant can be found on your calculator. So, if you utilize your calculator, you shift constant ang If I'm not mistaken. Guys, there is the the Rydberg constant.
You can see it on your calculator. So, if you are going to look at your calculator, that is shift constant 0616. Okay, guys. Shift constant. Ayan lang yun.
Shift constant 16. Ayan Shift constant 16. So, try to shift. Ito yung x natin. Then, you're going to utilize the shift solve. Isi-shift solve. Then, R infinity.
Shift constant. Ano nga ulit to? 2N.
Tama So, substituting guys for the N, nasan ba dulo yung atom? Ganito sa N is equal to 1. Mainus 1 over. Nasa siya initially? nung waves na napuproduce ng electron kapag bumaba siya from n is equal to 4 to n is equal to 1. Okay? So, try to solve that.
If we're going to solve that in a calculator, so kulang ng square, so try to solve that in a calculator. How are we going to solve that for the lambda? Huwag na kayong mag-algebra. Yes, 1 over your unknown alpha x is equal to the Rydberg constant, shift constant 16, multiply to 1 over 1 squared minus to the energy at the 1 over 4 squared.
Ito yung initial energy niya. Maagmalili to ha, ang final energy yan ay n is equal to 1. Then, if you are going to use shift solve calc, makita niyo yung 0 dito, then press equals. Okay?
So, as you can see, the value is 9.72018 times 10 raised to negative 8. So, convert that to nanometer. Paano mag-convert ng nanometer? Now, since wavelength, guys, hindi naman siya iniexpress as meter.
Kasi sobrang liit niya, iniexpress siya as nanometer. So, in order for us to convert a meter to nanometer, you are going to... What are you going to do? So, magda-dimensional analysis muna tayo.
So, since meter to, ilang... Ilang nanometer meron sa isang meter? So sa isang meter, merong 10 raised to 9 nanometer. So i-discuss pa natin itong dimensional analysis. But for now, just do this step.
Then multiply. Answer times 10 raised to 9. So the answer is... So this is the wavelength. 97.9. 97.9.
That is the wavelength. So, try nyo yung visible region ng blue. Okay.
So, makikita nyo dyan yung wavelength. Bawal kayo. Okay. Now, let's proceed with our discussion. Nasa pa blanco.
Shut up. Okay. Now, let's proceed. So, ayan yun. Then, try nyo to.
Okay. Bombarded with calculating the energy in joules associated with the photons if the wavelength. So, binigay naman sa atin yung wavelength.
So, ang pinapakalculate ay yung energy in joules with the photons. Okay? Try nyo yung isolve yan. Pero, huwag na yan. Hindi naman lumalabas to sa mga exams.
Basta, anon lang. Maaintindihan nyo lang yung concept. Next, puso tayo sa dinatawag nating de Broglie wavelength.
Okay? Guys, when we see... Remember that electron is in an orbit.
Kaya lang, yun yung limitation ng tinatawag nating limitation ni nuclear Bohr model. Because, actually, if you are going to observe, the electrons is actually not, yung electrons hindi siya nag-move talaga circularly. Because, yung length dapat daw sa ng wave, mag-fit dapat dun sa circumference ng orbit. Ayan sa orbit natin, circle. So, therefore, our circumference of circle is 2 pi r.
So, dapat equal yun sa kung nasang energy siya times yung kanyang wavelength. Yung yung sinasabi ni de Broglie wavelength. Now, the de Broglie wavelength is also the relationship between the, pag sinabi kasi nating de Broglie relationship, yung any object na may mass and velocity would have wave-like character. Dibaba sabi ni Einstein, light and light, is both a particle and a wave.
So, guys, kung both particle and a wave siya, si light ay pwedeng particle. And yung form ng light in a particle is what we call the photons. Okay?
Guys, kung si photons nga may wave-like property, do we have a wave-like property? Yes. Lahat kayo, lahat yan, mayroong waves yan. Sobrang, sobrang negligible nga lang. Okay?
Kasi sobrang liit nga. Okay? Kasi malaki tayo eh. We are visible in the naked eye. However, the wave-like property, kung meron yung wavelength ang malaking tao, kaya may wavelength kayo, kung meron kayong wavelength, electron, meron ding wavelength yan.
Yungg sa tao, nai-ignore siya sa mga malalaking bagay, visible, medyo malalaki, so yung wave-like property, pwede natin yan i-ignore. However, sobrang gaan guys ng electron. Kaya yung wave-like properties niya is very significant. Hindi natin siya pwedeng i-ignore. yun yung sinasabi lang ni de Broglie wavelength in which the wavelength is equal kung particle din naman pala si light, equal sya sa Planck's constant divided by the mass multiplied to its frequency Okay?
So, ano ba yun? So, diba? This is the particulate property.
This is the wave property. Kasi ina-nusya as frequency. And Ma is the mass of the electron.
Binigay ko na sa inyo yan. U is the velocity of the electrons. That is U, right?
U, that is not V. Okay? HMa over Hm. How much?
Okay? How much? How much po? Okay? How much po?
Okay, yun lang yan. Okay? Yan lang sinasabi ng De Broglie.
So, katanya nyo lang yung concept kung yan, kopyahan nyo yung mga formula na yan. Next, put si Tyke kay Erwin Schrodinger. So, guys, ito na yung final na theory na nasaan yung electron. Which is, hanggang ngayon, hindi pa rin nila masolb-solb.
No? Kasi si electron, guys, actually, hindi nila ma-discover talaga kung nasaan. Kasi, diba, si electron kanina in-assumes as particle.
Ngayon naman, si electron in-assumes as wave. And that wave is actually equal to the ah, Schrodinger equation. So, sinasabing na ito ng mga BS chemistry students.
Okay? Which is not our scope na. No? Now, ano lang sinasabing ito? The kinetic energy plus the potential energy.
Yung lang ang sinasabing ng Schrodinger equation. Ibig sabihin, guys, si electrons, hindi mo talaga madedetermine yung kanyang position. No?
Hindi mo talaga siya madedetermine. Probability lang. Okay? Hindi mo talaga madedetermine yung position ng electron. Yungg probability lang na kung nasaan siya, yun lang yung pwede nating malaman.
Ibig sabihin, kung higher denser dito, yung pinaka-dense dito, siya yung mas mataas yung electron density. Ibig sabihin, dun yung probability na makikita ko yung electron. Kunyari, suspect, guys.
Ibig sabihin, yung region dito, dito ko pinaka-malaking posibilidad na makita ko yung electron. yung suspect dito, sa gitna na to. Okay?
Kasi mataas, malaki yung probability na naandyan yung electron. Okay? Kasi hindi talaga natin siya mag-determine.
Okay? Now, let's proceed to our last discussion, or I will just, okay, let's continue on our last discussion. So, this is actually the atomic number, atomic mass, and isotopes.
Okay? So, Remember in your elementary or in your high school, you have already discovered this one. Atomic number, atomic mass, and isotopes. So guys, atomic number, that is just the number of the protons in the nucleus.
Pag sinabi na nating mass number, sum ng protons and nucleus. So saan sa periodic table? Yan. So meron lang kayong tatandaan. So this is the element notation.
A. yung mass number. Z is the atomic number.
What is atomic number again? That is the number of protons in the nucleus. Okay? Itong X na to, ito ay yung tinatawag nating element symbol. Na yung behind.
Now, actually, in the periodic table, you can see that. Ito yung mass number niya. Dibaba? Maay natakay yung 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. That is actually the mass number. So, yung si helium, pangalawa siya.
2 yung kanyang atomic number pala to. Atomic number. And the mass number of that is this one.
Okay? Ano lang to, average atomic mass is itong nakikita nyo sa periodic table. But it's actually the protons plus neutrons lang yun.
Okay? Kasi guys, si helium, hindi lang siya iisa. Maeron pa yung iba't-ibang isotopes ang tawag doon.
Yung yung different elements pero same number of different elements, isotopes, but same number of protons. Okay? Pero magkaiba sila ng number ng neutrons.
Okay? Now remember, ano lang natatanggong mass number is equal to pen. Protons plus neutron. Okay?
Asan ang mass number? Nasa ilalim. Pero sa element notation, ito yung element notation.
Maah. Palatandaan ko dito ay ma. Kalang asan yung ball pen ko?
Oh my god, may ball pen is easy. Okay? Now, let's continue.
So, just like what I have said, this is the atomic number. Ang palatandaan ko dyan ay ma. Maa PN. Maas number to, diba? Maa PN.
Maa. Maa Pen Okay? Ano yung ma PEN, guys? Maa Pen Kapag element notation, pag naka-element notation, ganyan.
Maass number, atomic number. Maa-pen. Ano yung pen?
This atomic number would tell us the proton. is equal to electron. Okay? Kapag neutral.
Protonss is equal to electron. And, that is equal also, and, that is not equal. Yungg neutron, okay, that is equal to the mass number minus protons. Kapag merong ions, guys, kunyari merong plus 2, what would happen? Ibig sabihin, kulang ako ng electron.
Tinanggalan ako ng dalawang electron. Kaya naging plus to yung charge niya. Kakulangan sa electron. So that is just equal to the number of electrons minus charge. Mainus charge lang.
Kunyari, ang charge ko ay negative 2. 2 kung ang electrons ko ay 100. Mainus negative 2. Therefore, ilan yung ions ko? Ilan yung number of protons ko? 100, 2. Dibaba? Same charges. E paano naman sir kapag positive?
Okay, let's try. Yungg anong charge niya? Kunyari, ang charge niya ay plus 3. Try niya sa calculator.
Maay calculator naman kayo. Tapos 100 yung ano ko. Ilan ang electrons?
100 minus plus 3. That is equal to 97. Ibig sabihin, kung may plus 3 ako na charge, ano ibig sabihin nun? Kulang ako ng tatlong electron. Pero kapag mayroong negative yung charge ko, kunyari negative 3, what would happen? Negative 3. Tapos ang dami ng electrons ko ay 100. Tapos meron akong sobrang negative 3. What would happen? Ibig sabihin, sobrang naman ako ng electrons.
Kaya kapag negative, nadadagdag Okay, that's why yung Kapag negative 2 guys, what would happen? Kapag negative 2, ibig sabihin Sobra ako ng dalawang electron Positive 2, kulang ako ng dalawang electron Yungg nalilito, gamitin tong formula Electronss minus charge, that is equal to the number of proton, kapag hindi neutral Okay, just like kanina Negative 2, sobra ako ng dalawang electron Then yung normal na number na electron ko, which is Plus ito, sobra 102. Okay? So, ganun lang yun. Now, let's try a sample problem.
Now, this, guys, is actually the modern periodic table. So, we are going to discuss this in the next discussion. Kasi ako yung may meeting.