Focus on the cardiovascular system, specifically following blood flow from the heart through the body and back.
The Heart
Function: Acts as the pump in the circulatory system, a closed loop system.
Structure:
Right side pumps blood to the lungs.
Left side pumps blood throughout the body.
Left side has thicker muscle due to the greater workload.
Pulmonary Circulation
Right Ventricle: Sends blood through the pulmonary trunk (artery despite blue color).
Pulmonary Arteries: Carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Pulmonary Veins: Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the left atrium and ventricle.
Systemic Circulation
Aorta: Large vessel sending oxygenated blood from the left ventricle throughout the body.
Coronary Arteries: First branches, supply the heart muscle.
Arch of the Aorta: Divides into:
Brachiocephalic trunk, Left Common Carotid Artery, Left Subclavian Artery.
Upper Limb Circulation
Brachiocephalic Trunk:
Divides into the subclavian artery and common carotid artery.
Subclavian Artery: Becomes Axillary Artery through the axilla, then Brachial Artery, and splits into Radial and Ulnar Arteries in the forearm.
Carotid Arteries:
Common Carotid Artery splits into External (to the face) and Internal (to the brain) Carotid Arteries.
Vertebral Arteries from the Subclavian contribute to brain blood supply.
Lower Limb Circulation
Abdominal Aorta:
Gives off anterior branches (Celiac Trunk, Superior and Inferior Mesenteric Arteries) for the gastrointestinal tract.
Lateral branches include Renal Arteries and Gonadal Arteries (Testicular/Ovarian).
Common Iliac Arteries:
Split into Internal (to pelvis) and External (to lower limb) Iliac Arteries.
External Iliac becomes Femoral Artery past the inguinal ligament.
Femoral Artery becomes Popliteal Artery at the knee.
Popliteal branches into Anterior and Posterior Tibial Arteries in the leg.
Venous Return
General Rule: Veins follow arteries but with more complexity.
Superficial Veins: Exist in the skin, e.g., Great Saphenous Vein in the leg.
Deep Veins:
Follow similar paths to arteries like Popliteal and Femoral Veins.
Merge into Common Iliac Veins, forming Inferior Vena Cava.
Hepatic Portal System:
Blood from the gastrointestinal tract goes through the liver before reaching the inferior vena cava.
Upper Limb and Cranial Venous System:
Subclavian Vein and Jugular Veins (Internal and External) drain into Brachiocephalic Veins.
Superior Vena Cava formed from Brachiocephalic Veins, draining into the right atrium.
Conclusion
The lecture provided a comprehensive overview of the major arteries and veins in the human body, emphasizing the anatomical routes from the heart to extremities and back.
Encouragement to explore more detailed aspects region by region in further study.