hey how are you doing i did three hours of teaching wasn't even me doing all the teaching this morning back hardly any of it but we did three hours to a camera live over zoom because of the whole covert thing but i'm gonna do a bit more video it's gonna be a nice relaxed chill out look at the cardiovascular system so the aim is hey let's start at the heart let's follow the blood vessels out from the heart follow them out to the upper limbs lower limbs up into the head just like a general overview of where they go what they do and then we'll look at some of the veins as they come back again and how they get back to the heart i'll get to all the veins because there's a lot but okay okay yeah right good let's do that [Music] now this might not actually be the best model for this yeah i know it's probably fine it's probably fine on these things beautiful i mean the human body is beautiful and they're a very pretty rendition of them okay the heart so the heart is the pump of the circuitry system and the circulatory system is essentially a closed loop so the heart receives blood and then pumps it back out again it's not just a single pump really it's kind of two pumps in one uh one side uh the right side is pumping blood to the lungs and the left side then is pumping blood all around the body so the left side tends to be a bit thicker the muscle is thicker here it's got a bit of bigger job to do so let's just do the lungs first i guess so actually see this here so the right ventricle of the heart is here and it's pushing blood out through this large tube here this is the pulmonary trunk now it's blue but it's an artery because the right side of the heart has received blood from the body so that blood is poorly oxygenated so it's blue or kind of a dark red anyway we won't get into that argument but this blue vessel then is the pulmonary trunk so arteries leave the heart and veins return to the heart their content you know that whether their blood is oxygenated or deoxygenated is irrelevant it's an anatomical thing of whether they're going to or from the heart this is why we're starting from the heart so the vessels leaving the heart arteries so the pulmonary trunk then takes the blood and then it splits into left we can see that this is the left side of the body we can see the left pulmonary artery here and actually we have to look around there to see the the right pulmonary artery so the two pulmonary arteries send blood to the lungs and those they branch brass branch throughout the lungs and blood um so it sends its carbon dioxide and what have you out through the lungs so you exhale carbon dioxide and then you inhale air and the oxygen from the air is taken through from the from the gas from the air to the capillaries of the lungs and then these red vessels then they're carrying well oxygenated blood which is painted red and these are actually pulmonary veins red pulmonary veins draining blood from the lungs back to the heart and these pulmonary veins enter the left side of the heart the left atrium and then the left ventricle so that's why they're red and now we're back in the heart and the left ventricle then this is gonna send blood out through this huge great big blood vessel here the aorta a really big a really important blood vessel and the aorta is going to ascend now his first branches are actually we haven't still left the heart yet its first branches are the coronary artery so we have right and left coronary arteries so the coronary arteries supply the muscle of the heart with blood because they're very active they need a lot of oxygen and glucose and what have you and they're working literally all day long for your entire life so the coronary arteries branch from the aorta and go around the heart now as the aorta continues so it ascends superiorly it actually ascends and then loops posteriorly and to the left so if i take the heart out you can see the aorta curving around there posteriorly into the left so it's going to run along the posterior thoracic wall just to the left of the vertebrae but before it gets there it gives off three major branches so this is the arch of the eight we have the ascending aorta the arch of the aorta and then the descending thoracic aorta because it's in the thorax the first branch then of the thoracic of the the first branch of the arch of the aorta is the brachiocephalic trunk may be called the innominate artery by elderly surgeons that you might speak to but it's not a word i come across very often in different parts of the world that might be different but the brachiocephalic artery extends superiorly and to the right brachiocephalic cephalic head brachium arm or upper limb so the brachiocephalic artery is gonna send blood to the upper limb and to the head which one should we do first let's do the upper limb the upper limb so the brachiocephalic artery brachiocephalic trunk is going to give off the subclavian artery so the this is the clavicle here here's the clavicle so the subclavian artery is going to run sub the clavicle it's going to run inferior to the clavicle and then essentially we have one artery running out through the first part of the upper limb but we change its name as we go along so we have the subclavian artery then becomes the axillary artery as it runs through the axilla the axilla is your armpit and then the axillary artery becomes the brachial artery when it's in the brachium this being the brachium here the upper arm so you can you can probably actually so here's bicep and triceps if you feel around in there you can find oh you can feel some you can feel some things some long structures you've got some nerves in there and you've got some blood vessels and if you're careful when you get your fingertips in the right place you will feel the pulse of the brachial artery so the subclavian artery becomes the auxiliary artery becomes the brachial artery and then as we get to the elbow it splits so it runs anterior to the elbow protected by some muscles which is sensible and then it divides into two kind of like this now in the forearm or the antebrachium we have two bones we have the radius and the ulna the radius is on your on your thumb side so the arteries take on the names of the bones so the radial artery runs here and the ulna artery runs here so the the radial artery runs to your thumb so this is the pulse that you can palpate if you put your fingers there that's the radial artery now the ulna artery runs essentially towards the little finger and you can you can find the on the pulse but it's harder because it tends to be covered by more muscles and connected tissues and that sort of thing and then in the hands they we have these arcades these palmar arcades but that's it so brachial artery ulnar and radial arteries to the hands so that's where the subclavian artery goes that's the upper limb done all right let's get rid of this one brachiocephalic we've done the brachial bit what about the cephalic bit all right can you see it this is the cephalic bit this is the common carotid artery now when we think about the carotid arteries because there are a few of them we never say that's the carotid artery there is a common carotid artery there is an internal carotid artery there is an external carotid artery but there's not a carotid artery anatomically speaking right because anatomy is about being accurate so this is the common carotid artery and the common carotid artery extends up to the neck and then kind of just beneath the jaw there if you you can palpate your pulse in there the pulse that you're feeling there is actually the external carotid artery so the common carotid artery ascends and then splits into two the external carotid artery is going to supply blood to the face and the internal carotid artery goes into the skull and is going to be one of the arteries that supplies blood to the brain the other artery that supplies blood to the brain actually comes from the subclavian artery and runs up runs up the cervical vertebrae to get into the skull vertebral arteries come from the subclavian artery and go to the brain [Music] the common carotid artery on the right comes from the brachiocephalic trunk are we still keeping it simple i don't know i think i think it's okay all right so that's the brachiocephalic trunk two more arteries come from the arch of the aorta but now that we've looked at some stuff this will get a lot easier so the second branch on the arch of the aorta is the left common carotid artery and you know where that goes and what that does because we just described what the right one did the left one does the same thing so that's the left common carotid artery and then the third branch from the arch of the aorta is the left subclavian artery so that again is going to loop over it's going to dive deep to the clavicle and it's going to supply blood to the left upper limb all right so we're done with these these get called some of the great vessels now the the aorta as i said it descends within the thorax as it descends it gives off intercostal arteries which run around with the ribs to supply blood to the thoracic cage and various other bits and bobs but in terms of major vessels we're now going to take out all of the abdominal viscera most of the most of the abdominal viscera maybe transverse colon see what we can see okay so the thoracic aorta passes through the diaphragm there's kind of a gap at the back of the diaphragm and runs through that gap to get to the abdomen and if i take this off we can now see the abdominal aorta so um it changes its name from well it's still the aorta but you just describe this bit of the aorta as the abdominal aorta and again it's on the posterior abdominal wall but can you see it's pretty much lying anterior to the vertebrae as the abdominal aorta descends it gives off one two three anterior branches so these are running anteriorly and they supply blood to the gut and other viscera associated with the gut so we have the first branch is the celiac trunk the second branch is the superior mesenteric artery and the third branch is the inferior mesenteric artery and they will all supply the stomach or rather each one will supply they will all supply parts of the gastrointestinal tract so they will supply organs such as the spleen the pancreas the liver the stomach the small intestine the large intestine and whatnot all right so those are the three major these are the three anterior branches of the abdominal aorta and you may well have noticed if you were looking carefully there are also some lateral branches now there are pairs of lateral branches these are the kidneys here and you can see some arteries which are a little bit hidden by the veins but these then are the renal arteries the left and right renal arteries are lateral branches of the abdominal aorta carrying blood to the kidneys the kidneys like the lungs are organs that process blood so they see a lot of blood they don't need a lot of blood to survive they process that blood so they have a high throughput of blood but we can't see the whole thing there you can see how big the veins are the renal veins and the renal arteries are kind of similar as we descend see these whoop so these are arteries that are running they're descending down towards the pelvis and they'll take slightly different paths in male and female pelvises these are running through the inguinal ligament i can see so this would be a male pelvis i think although yeah well we haven't got a uterus which is always a good sign of a male pelvis isn't it um these lateral branches then are gonadal arteries in this case testicular arteries but in the female anatomy these would be ovarian arteries so you can see why they get called gonadal arteries as well because that's the catch-all for both terms so those are two pairs of lateral arteries from the abdominal aorta and it's also sending off other segmental branches to the posterior abdominal wall and bits and bobs those aren't major okay still with me right let's have another little closer look down here we're now at the end of the aorta this huge great big blood vessel comes to an end by dividing into two other arteries these are the common iliac arteries we might say this is a final bifurcation a terminal bifurcation of the aorta into left and right common iliac arteries and these are going to descend down and give off blood branches to supply blood to the pelvis and to the lower limbs so in fact the common iliac artery isn't very long can you see how here it divides again so the common iliac artery runs from here to here and then it divides to give off an internal iliac artery and an external iliac artery the internal iliac artery and there's a left one on the right one those are going to dive into the pelvis and we'll give off a number of branches that supply blood to the viscera to the organs inside the pelvis whereas the external iliac artery will so what we've got here is we've got the inguinal ligament there's a ligament running across here the external iliac artery will run deep to this inguinal ligament and when it passes the inguinal ligament we change its name because we like to do that when it when it passes into the lower limb it becomes the femoral artery so it's the same blood vessel it's continuing down we just change its name at that point and it becomes the femoral artery and the femoral artery is the artery supplying blood to the lower limb and we're going to change its name um a couple more times right i'm going to need a lower limb aren't i okay so when we get down to the foot we'll have finished our overview of the arteries so here's the the inguinal ligament i was talking about and here's the femoral artery and look it disappears so you can palpate your femoral artery the pulse of it if you're careful but it disappears deep to these muscles let's take these muscles off ah and it's going to run that away it gives off a deep branch to this big muscle the quadriceps muscle but essentially the femoral artery runs distally or inferiorly and medially so towards the inside of your leg there's the big toe there and there's a gap in the muscles it runs through that gap in the muscles to get to the back of your knee the popliteal fossa see there it is there so the femoral artery when it passes through that gap in the muscle to enter the popliteal fossa we change its name and it becomes the popliteal artery you can palpate the pulse of that as well might take a bit of a bit of a while to find that and as it descends so here's the the popliteal artery here and as it runs through the popliteal fossa you can see it giving off a number of branches these are to the knee but as we pass the knees we pass the knee joint in the property of fossa the popliteal artery continues as the posterior tibial artery and the posterior tibial artery then is the artery of the cuff so it's running down deep to these big calf muscles and it's going to eventually run immediately around the ankle to form the plantar arteries of the sole of the foot now the reason it changes its name and becomes the posterior tibial artery is because we have an anterior tibial artery forming here so look there's the shin top of the foot shin pop that muscle ah now in there we can see the anterior tibial artery so you could say that the popliteal artery divides into posterior and anterior tibial arteries when we actually look at the anatomy it's a little bit more awkward than that but that's the best way of thinking about it so the anterior tibial artery is the artery of the shin the posterior tibial artery is the artery of the calf and the anterior tibial tibial artery will run down to the the the dorsum of the foot and those arteries will actually communicate a little bit but that's it that's the overview of the arterial supply throughout the human body up to the brain down to the big toe um not so bad we can add a lot of detail to that but we're not going to do that today because this is an introduction we'll do that as we look at each area what we will do now is consider the veins on their way back up which are not on these models so first rule veins tend to follow the artery so so there are veins that match the arteries that we've talked about um but whilst we have one nice neat artery when we're looking at the body we often find that a pair of veins run with them and they interconnect and what have you so that's the first bit of complexity the other thing is that we tend to have not just um the veins matching the arteries some of which we've seen but we also have superficial veins in the skin a whole bunch of other veins of which there are not arteries matching them for example in the in the lower limb we have the great saphenous vein or the long saphenous vein and the short saphenous vein these are very superficial you see them in the skin those are the veins that tend to give rise to varicose veins they're very very superficial otherwise though we have you can see there's a popliteal vein and as it passes through that gap in the muscle it becomes i shouldn't put this back together it becomes what does it become the femoral vein yeah so the femoral vein runs up here there's the inguinal ligament again when the femoral vein runs deep to the inguinal ligament we change its name to the external iliac vein very good very good and that follows up so the the great saphenous vein for example it stays within the skin that's why we can't see on this model because the skin has been removed so the superficial veins have been removed so the great saphenous vein actually runs all the way up the lower limb and drains its blood back into the femoral vein up here so you know you might have heard of deep vein thrombosis a clot forming in the deep veins of the leg this is what we're talking about these deep veins covered by muscle in the lower limb not the superficial veins the superficial veins the ones that become varicose i'm getting a bit confused i've got way too much stuff out here okay so then the external iliac vein joins with the internal iliac vein draining blood from the pelvis and they become the common iliac vein the left and right common iliac veins come together and form the inferior vena cava the inferior vena cava ascends through the abdomen and look we see a pair of lateral gonadal veins draining into them and we see a pair of renal veins draining into the inferior vena cava but we don't see any anterior veins draining back into the vena cava and the reason for that is that all the blood from the gastrointestinal tract drains to the liver so the purpose of that is that the the small intestine absorbs nutrients for example into the blood that blood is then passed to the liver essentially for processing and management do you see so there's no point sending the blood from the gi tract back to the inferior vena cava no you've got to send it back to the liver first and you do that through the portal vein and then the liver surrounds the inferior vena cava so the blood passes through the liver the hepatocytes perform hundreds of functions on all that stuff that you've been absorbing and then it passes that blood into the inferior vena cava and then that part the inferior vena cava passes up through the diaphragm and then we're back to the heart the inferior vena cava drains directly back into the right atrium the right side of the heart so that blood will then be passed to the lungs and around and around we go now what about the upper part the superior part well i said that this was the inferior vena cava this is the superior vena cava so now people think about blood going in that direction because it's draining into the heart and the superior vena cava is also draining into the the right atrium the right side of the heart so the superior inferior vena cava both come up and join both come up and drain into the right atrium now the superior vena cava then all right we have two brachiocephalic veins we saw only one brachiocephalic artery right just one brachiocephalic trunk but we have two brachiocephalic veins they're a little bit superficial to the arteries so those two brachiocephalic veins left and right come together to form the superior vena cava now what forms the brachiocephalic veins again brachiocephalic so we have a subclavian vein here coming from the upper limb so the blood from the upper limb drains in here and then here this isn't a carotid vein this is a jugular vein and again we don't have a jugular vein we have an internal jugular vein and an external jugular vein and this is the internal jugular vein so the internal jugular vein is draining most of the blood from the brain and the face and the internal jugular vein meets the subclavian vein those two come together and become the brachiocephalic vein that happens on both sides and as i said the two brachiocephalic veins come together form the superior vena cava and drain all that blood to the heart um the external jugular vein again it's a very superficial one you might see it in my neck here while i'm talking because when you use the muscles in your face a great deal you're passing more blood flow through them and it kind of pops up and that sort of thing but really that's kind of for a neck or jugular vein general video when we look at internal external anyway upper limb you can't see any veins at all but they are here in you so again we have ulna and radial veins we have deep veins which match the arteries that we talked about ulna and radial veins become a break your vein becomes an axillary vein becomes a subclavian vein those are the deep veins and then we also have superficial veins which i don't think we can see very well on me anyway there's um there's a basilic vein which runs over here a cephalic vein that runs over there a medium cubital vein linking them together and those two will drain back to the brachial subclavian or brachial exam brachial and axillary or subclavia anyway they'll drain back to this major deep vein draining blood from the upper limb at some point and we have covered that elsewhere if you want more detail is that it that is it i think that that is an overview of the entire cardiovascular system anatomically speaking from the heart following the blood out to the extremities hands and feet up to the brain and then following the blood back again it's an overview but honestly we covered most we covered pretty much most of all of the major vessels that someone might need to know about there is there is more detail there's a lot more detail and you can look at that detail as you look at each region in more detail but that's it wow how long is this video going i don't want to know i hope that was useful um like i say if you want to find more detail just so you you know you know youtube's built on google right and google is quite good at search if you want to find any of these topics just search my name sam webster and whatever thing you're looking for in google in youtube rather and should show you videos if i've ever made them i think it i think youtube listens to what i'm saying and then like create search things from what i've said because i don't bother typing much in but it still works anyway enough of that all right uh time to tidy up and have another cup of coffee and i'll see you guys um next week no date