I've combined and summarized the content from my attachment videos into this attachment revision video if you don't understand any of the content I cover here go to my longer videos for a full explanation but if you just need a reminder of the key points quickly this is the video for you but don't just use this video I've got a psych boost app it's designed to test your knowledge of all the topics in AEV psychology actively using flash cards it's on IOS and Android and you can use it for all of paper one for free if instead you want tutorial support videos with questions from all free papers you can access over 16 hours of these as well as hundreds of pral resources over on my patreon but enough of that let's get started careg infant interactions in humans attachment infants and caregivers develop deep and Lasting emotional bonds both members of this emotional relationship see closeness and feel more secure when close their attachment figure reciprocity similar to a conversation this is a mutual turn-taking form of interaction both caregiver and infant contribute to the interaction by responding to the other's signals and cues interactional synchrony is a simultaneous interaction between the infant and caregiver who appear to be acting rhythmically with matching coordinated behavior and matching emotional states imitation the infant directly copies the caregiver's expression sensitive responsiveness the adult caregiver correctly interprets the meaning of the infant's communication and is motivated to respond appropriately Meto and mo an experimenter displayed facial gestures such as sticking a tongue out and opening their mouth in Shar to 12 to 21 day old infants finding infants had the ability to observe and reciprocate through imitation cond and sander 1974 videotaped interactions between adults and neonates focusing on the movements of the neonates in response to adult speech finding evidence of interactional synchrony and coordination many studies use multiple observers blind to the true aims of the experiment to provide interr reliability the use of complex camera systems to document and slow down micro sequences provides High internal validity infants cannot directly communicate their thoughts or emotions therefore findings and caregiver infant interaction research depend on inferences assumptions about the infant's internal mental states which are considered unscientific social sensitivity is a concern when investigating Child R techniques including Norms around caregiver infant interactions as some women may find their life choices sized stag of attachment identified by schaer stage one asocial 0 to 6 weeks babies display innate behaviors crying smiling that ensure proximity to any potential caregiver anyone can Comfort them as they do not prefer any individual caregiver stage two indiscriminate attachment 6 weeks to 7 months infants develop the ability to tell a difference between familiar and unfamiliar individuals smiling more at people they see frequently stage free specific attachment 7 to 9 months babies form a strong attachment to a primary caregiver most often their mother it's in this stage that separation anxiety and stranger anxiety develop stage four multiple attachment 9 to 10 months plus the infant starts to form attachments with other regular caregivers like fathers grandparents and siblings and stranger anxiety starts to decrease schaer emson 1964 conducted a longitudinal observation of 60 workingclass babies from Glasgow it was found that separation anxiety occurred in most babies by 25 to 32 weeks with stranger anxiety starting one month later in the 18month followup 87% had developed multiple attachments the strongest attachment was to those mothers with consistent caregiver infant interactions results suggest development occurs in the stages outlined by schaer and the quality of caregiver infant interaction influences the strength of attachment between infants and their mothers as infants and their families are observed in their own homes the study has a high level of mundane realism the experience of strangers visiting the family home or mother's Le leaving the room was normal for the infants the sample and shap of study may not be generalizable or have temporal veny as it only included a group of working class mothers in 1960s Glasgow the role of a father schaer found that at 18 months 75% of infants had formed an attachment with their father showing separation anxiety suggesting fathers play an important role in their infants lives active play fathers are seen to encourage babies in active play activities more consistently than mothers this stimulation is thought to encourage risk-taking behaviors primary caregiver if men take on the role of primary caregiver their interactional style changes to be more like mothers increasing their capacity for sense to responsiveness field 1978 found fathers in general focus more on game playing and less on holding additionally primary caretaker fathers showed more sensitively responsive Behavior similar to mothers fisimo found a strong attachment to the father was the best predictor of the ability to make friends in school suggesting an important role for fathers in socialization social sensitivity theories that argue the role of the mother cannot be replaced by the father like Bobby may lead to Father Le single families and families of two fathers feeling they cannot fully provide for the needs of infants economic implications research could lead to legislation that ensures equal paternity and maternity leave this may reduce the number of males in the workforce reducing economic activity but also help to address the gender pay Gap animal studies of attachment Loren Loren tested in printing Birds forming a strong bond with and following their mother shortly after hatching theen 1935 procedure gr like goose eggs were randomly divided half were taken to be hatched by the Rens and the other half were hatched by the biological mother in later studies he varied the time between hatching and when the goslings first observed a moving object Loren found the goslings he had hatched imprinted on him Loren placed all of the goslings in a box when the goslings were released from the box the goslings who had imprinted on Loren found him and continued to follow him Loren found that goslings had a critical period of around 32 hours if a goling did did not see a large moving object to imprint on these first few hours it lost the ability to imprint Lorenzo's research suggests imprinting is a strong evolutionary biological feature of attachment in certain Birds H H tested the CED love theory that babies love Mothers because they feed them Hollow 1958 procedure infant Reese's maak monkeys were placed in cages with two surrogate mothers one that provided milk but not comfort as its body was constructed of exposed wire the other surrogate mother provided comfort as the wire was covered with a cloth but not food time spend with each mother was recorded as well as a wi Sur get the infant ran to when frightened by a mechanical monkey Hollow found that the infant monkeys spent most of their time with the Comfort providing cloth mother only visiting the food mother when they needed to eat they returned to the cloth M when frightened in follow-up research harow found that the maternal deprivation studies had caused resulted in permanent social disorders hollow's research suggests that re mechanics have a biological nature need for physical Conta contact contact Comfort the generalization of animal behavior to human psychology is problematic humans and animals have very different biology and humans have various social and cultural experiences that inform their behavior hollow's findings on contact Comfort have been highly influential Balby argued similar to maax infants crave comfort from their mothers attempting to form a monotropic relationship Loren's findings on the critical period in geese have been highly influential Bobby argued there's a similar critical period for humans there are practical applications of har and the render's work knowledge initially gained from these studies and later developed by Balby have been applied to Early Child Care for example immediate physical contact after birth har is criticized on ethical grounds for harm caused to many intentionally orphaned primary infants and for causing high stress levels and public knowledge of these studies has harmed psychology reputation explanations of attachment learning theory doand and Miller's 1950 theory of covered love is based on the principle of learning theory it argues infants become attached to their caregiver because they learn that their caregiver provides food classical conditioning food is an unconditioned stimulus producing pleasure an unconditioned response as the mother is present every time the baby is fed the mother becomes associated with the pleasure of being fed she changes from being a neutral stimulus to a condition stimulus oper conditioning positive reinforcement when a parent feeds a crying baby the baby is more likely to repeat the crying Behavior to get food the parent feeding behavior is NE reinforced by the baby stopping its crying behavior when fat attachment is a second drive this will ultimately lead to satisfying a primary drive in this case hunger learning theory has faed validity it makes intuitive sense that babies cry more when they learn crying gains them attention and ultimately food the Behavior's principles used to explain attachment are backed up by a long history of well-controlled research such as at Pike pavlof and Skinner Harlow's research on Reese's mechanics rejects a c of theory showing that infant monkey become attached to a cloth mother that did not provide milk not a y monkey that provided milk most parents would say their relationship with their children is more complicated than the result of simplistic stimulus associations suggesting applying learning theory to attachment is environmentally reductionist bal's monotopic Theory an evolutionary explanation of attachment Balby argues infants have an innate instinctual drive to form an especially strong attachment to their mother monotropy and stay in close proximity this is vital to infant surv rival babies instinctively use signals called social releases crying smiling vocalizations that attract the caregivers attention mothers are biologically programmed to instinctively find these behaviors cute or distressing infants should use their mother as a safe base to explore their environment and show stranger anxiety BBY suggest that strong monotropic attachment must form in the first 30 months after birth critical period and a lack of monotropy results in permanent negative social intellectual and emotional consequences for the infant BBY claims a child's monotropic attachment to its mother forms a schema called an internal working model this is a blueprint for future relationships Bob's ideas have been developed and applied to Early Child Care for example immediate physical contact between the mother and their babies in the first few hours after birth is encouraged and he inspired Mary answorth Bobby's work is based on Loren's findings research on orphans suggest unlike geese Early Childhood is sensitive not critical important but suitable care can lead to recovery counter to Bob's claim of permanent damage the internal working model is highly deterministic people like to think that they have complete conscious control over their relationships including responsibility for the success of relationships not that this is set in infancy Bobby argues the father's role is to provide resources for the family while the mother's monotropic role is crucial this is likely a reflection of 1940s worldview that is likely correct in its time but now lacks temporal validity hey there I just still watching I'm guess and you'll find this video useful as I release content right up to the exams don't forget to subscribe so you know when new videos are uploaded asworth strain situation and cultural variations asworth types of attachment answorth identified behaviors that indicated attachment strength proximity to the mother exploration safe based Behavior stranger anxiety separation anxiety reunion response and sensitive responsiveness Ang have categorized infant into one of three attachment types insecure avoidant type A infants explore freely not using their mother as secure base has low stranger anxiety and separation anxiety mothers Show Low sensitive responsiveness secure type B infants use their mother as a safe base they have a moderate level of stranger anxiety and show separation anxiety caregivers show sensitive responsiveness insecure resistant type c infants are clinky and have high stranger and separation anxiety when the mothers return the infants appear ambivalent with mixed emotions seeming to both crave and reject her attention mothers are inconsistent with sensitive responsiveness a a strange situation inworth 1970 and 1973 procedure a structured observation of infant and mother pairs in a lab setting the eight stages included the mother leaving the room and the stranger entering behaviors that indicated attachment strength were recorded asworth findings provided evidence for free distinct attachment types that seem to correlate with a level of sensitive responsiveness shown by the mother findings 66% of infants were secure 34% insecure including 22% insecure avoidant and 12% insecure resistant anor's research suggests that a secure attachment develops due to the attention of a consistently sensitive responsive mother The Strain situation is a highly controlled observational research study with standardized procedures and clear behavioral categories this standardization has resulted in precise replications of the strain situation predictive validity children classified as securely attached tend to have better social emotional and academic outcomes in later childhood and adulthood McCarthy found adults with secure friendships and romantic relationships were securely attached infancy as the strange situation was developed in America it may be a culture-bound test not valid when applied to other cultures in some cultures children are taught to be more or less independent low ecological validity as the observation is not in a familiar environment like the family home the mother knows her behavior is mared so she may show sense of responsiveness due to demand characteristics kagan's alternate temperament hypothesis suggests infants have inherited a high or low reactive temperament high reactivity results in distressed babies and low reactive infants Show Low distress cultural variations in attachment banor 1988 procedure conducted a large scale matter analysis of 2,000 infants in 32 studies from eight countries each study classifi the attachment types of infants and mothers using the strain situation findings General secure attachment was the most common typee in all countries insecure resistant was the least common type avoidant was more common in individualistic Western cultures and resistant in collectivist cultures individual Germany had the most insecure avoidant infants 35% Japan 27% had the most insecure resistant suggests as secure attachment is the most common type there is a globally preferred attachment style which potentially has a biological basis there are cultural variations for example German families encourage independent avoidant behavior and Japanese mothers spends a significant amount of time with infants explaining the extreme resistant reactions ainsworth's 1970 and Van endor's 1988 findings May lack temporal liity Simon Elli in 2014 found fewer secure and more avoidant infants in modern Italian families due to the changing nature of family life as the dominant attachment style was Secure for all country studies this may be evidence for Bob's theory that that there is a biological instinctive drive to parent in a way that produces secure attachments many of the countries represented only had one study included such a small sample is not representative of the country's population for example the sample may have over represented groups such as Urban infants this Metro analysis included a very large sample as strength of this is any poorly conducted study or unusual results only have a small fact on the overall results increasing confidence in the validity of the findings using the strength situation to assess attachments in nonwestern countries may be an example of ethnocentrism it may suffer from cultural bias as secure styles of attachment are more common in Western culture Bob's theory of maternal deprivation if the child's monotropic attachment is disrupted during the critical period due to prolonged separation from the mother this deprivation has negative and irreversible consequences the critical period is an infant's first 30 months 2 and a half years however there's a risk up to 5 years consequences of deprivation Social Development delinquency behaviors often outside acceptable Norms such as committing petty crime emotional development affectional psychopathy children are unable to show caring behaviors to others or empathy for other people's feelings and have little guilt about their harmful actions intellectual development low IQ cognitive abilities are lower than peers continuity hypothesis deprivation affects the infant's internal working model leading to unsuccessful relationships bal's 1944 44 thieves study 44 child thieves and a control group were assessed for affectional psychopathy and paternal deprivation found 14 thieves had affection of psychopathy 12 Eternal deprivation Bobby's research is correlational deprivation and delinquency could be linked to a third Factor such as extreme poverty or contact with criminal relatives Bob's work and attachment led to significant positive changes to policies related to child welfare such as visiting time for mothers in hospitals the ratio of carers and infants at nursery school and the length of maternity leave monotropy May exaggerate the importance of the mother as a primary caregiver alphab bias underestimating the role of the father in encouraging risk-taking developing socialization and taking on a sensitive responsive role ran orphan studies as institutions are unable to provide the same level of physical and emotional care to young children as families institutionalization is for to influence childhood development negatively deprivation is not receiving suitable emot care from a primary attachment figure due to frequent or extended absences of the primary caregiver privation is a total lack of care so there's no ability to form an attachment Bond rter ER 1998 to 2011 conducted a longitudinal study of 165 ranian orphans who lacked physical and emotional care from staff many were malnourished and abused they were then adopted into British families procedure children were adopted while under 6 months between 6 months and 2 years and and older than 2 years each group were assessed at the ages of 4 6 11 and 15 main findings ag6 overly friendly Behavior to strange adults disinhibited attachment was more common in infants adopted after 2 years old age 11 children adopted after 6 months showed delayed physical emotional and intellectual development children adopted after 24 months had an average IQ of 77 intellectual problems continued at the 15-year follow-up in a small number of cases quasi autism Tendencies were identified practical applications Romanian orphan research has changed policies around adoption and car in orphanages Hodes and tizard 1989 found children adopted into caring families cope better on measures of Behavioral and peer relationships then children returned to abusive families goldb 1947 found that early fostering led to significantly higher levels of mental ability IQ and social skills the children in R's ER study were not randomly assigned for adoption was selected by the new parents in Romania it's possible this resulted in a bias with the more sociable children picked for adoption at a younger age Balby argues if children miss a window for development the harm is permanent however often studies that show recovery suggest a sensitive period the damage caused while severe can be addressed with later care the influence of early attachment internal working model according to Balby infants develop a schema based on their attachment to their primary caregiver this SCH acts as a template for how relationships work the continuity hypothesis suggesting individuals future relationships will follow a pattern based on the internal working model Hansen shaver argue that an adult relationship type is a continuation of the infinite attachment style secure insecure avoidant and insecure resistant and secure children will be more socially capable than insecure types Bob's maternal deprivation Theory suggests children with a disrupted attachment with their primary caregiver in the critical period will have problems with social emotional and intellectual development affecting adult relationships hasard and shav's 1987 love quiz assess child's attachment type and participants adult relationship Styles found 56% secure look for a balance between closeness and Independence 25% avoidant avoided intimacy and 19% anxious couldn't cope well with Independence there was a correlation between adle and child attachment types McCarthy in 1999 studied women assessed using the stange situation as infants found adults with long-lasting and secure animal friendships and romantic relationships were securely attached in infancy Maran Wilson 1988 found children assesses bullies had low scores in Parental warmth and high scores in Parental neglect those assessors victims scored highly on Parental punitiveness punishments kagan's temperament hypothesis suggest infant and adult relationships are due to inherited temperament high reactivity babies go into inhibited and anxious adults and low reactive infants grow into outgoing adults adults early attachment research is correlational so it's impossible to establish a cause and effect relationship between Early Childhood attachment and later adult relationship Styles there may be another variable such as poverty don't forget you can now test yourself on the attachment unit in the Cy stat all of the topics in paper one are free and you can get it on iOS or Android if you want to see model answers to attaching questions or access my other resources there's also patreon speaking of patreon I want to thank all of my patients for their support with the help of all these students and teachers I'm able to teach part-time so I can work on the main mission of s boost the development of a free- to watch and hopefully high quality a level psychology course so thanks to them good luck with your revision and I will see you in the next psych pce video