Lecture Summary: The History of the Mataram Sultanate and Surakarta

Key Events and Figures

1742: Raden Mas Garendi (Sunan Kuning) overthrows Pakubuwana II (PB II) and is crowned as King of Mataram in Pati.
Kartasura Palace: Sunan Kuning captures Kartasura Palace but is later defeated with VOC help; PB II returns to power and plans to move the palace due to damage.
1745: The new palace is completed in Surakarta, originally a village named Sala.

PB III's Reign: First king of Kasunanan Surakarta, crowned in 1755 following the Giyanti Agreement that divided Mataram Sultanate into Surakarta and Yogyakarta.
Prince Sambernyawa: Rebel leader who continued resistance against VOC after Sunan Kuning's fall.
Salatiga Agreement (1757): Prince Sambernyawa granted Mangkunegaran territory.

PB IV (Sunan Bagus): Reforms to restore Mataram's Islamic and Javanese character; creation of 'Santri Pitu' advisory council and establishment of Jamsaren Islamic Boarding School.
Seven Santri Council Tasks: Teach Islamic law, enforce moral conduct, establish mujahideen soldiers (Marto Lulut Singo Nagoro Soldiers).

1790: Siege of Surakarta Palace (Pakepung) leading to PB IV’s surrender and reaffirmation of agreements with VOC.
Napoleon Era (1794 onwards): Transition of Dutch power to French control, VOC is dissolved in 1800.
Governor General Daendels (1808-1811): Forced labor projects like Anyer-Panarukan road and restructuring of Javanese governance, including the Mangkunegaran Legion.
British Control (1811-1816): Java handed over to British; Thomas Stamford Raffles becomes Lieutenant Governor, forms alliances with local rulers.

Prince Diponegoro's Rebellion: Supported by PB VI of Surakarta; use of clandestine strategies, eventually captured in 1830 ending the Java War.
PB VI: Declared national hero for supporting Diponegoro, exiled to Ambon by Dutch.

PB VII (1830-1858): Start of forced cultivation (cultuurstelsel) bringing economic hardship to Javanese farmers but benefiting colonial and royal economies.
Mangkunegara III & IV: Development of sugar industry and literary works like Serat Wedhatama.

Early 20th Century: Rise of nationalist movements, involvement of royal figures in politics.
Japanese Occupation (1942-1945): Surakarta and Mangkunegaran given 'Kochi' status by Japanese.
Indonesian Independence (1945): Surakarta and Mangkunegaran proclaim to join Indonesia as Special Regions.
Post-Independence Struggles: Anti-monarchy movements, loss of Special Region status, Surakarta integrated into Central Java.

PB IX & X: Focus on preserving culture, modernization, and balancing relations with colonial powers.
PB X: First Javanese to own a car, supported nationalist movements like Sarekat Islam.
Mangkunegara VI & VII: Economic reforms, involvement in education and religious activities, construction of Al Wustho mosque and schools.

World War II & Japanese Occupation: Strategic alignment with Japanese, subsequent displacement by post-war political changes.
1945-1950: Transition to Republic of Indonesia, various negotiations, anti-royal movements.

National Recognition: PB VI declared a National Hero for resistance against Dutch; PB XII monitored palace restoration and cultural preservation.
Cultural Contributions: Literary works and educational reforms during the reigns of later Pakubuwonos and Mangkunegaras.