In Pati, on April 6 1742, Raden Mas Garendi, also nicknamed Sunan Kuning, was crowned King of Mataram, replacing Pakubuwana II, who was considered close to the VOC. From Pati, Sunan Kuning and his troops then left for Kartosuro to remove PB II from the royal throne. The Kartasura Palace was successfully captured and Sunan Kuning succeeded in reigning there with the title of amangkurat V until 26 November 1742. With the help of the VOC, Sunan Kuning was defeated again by PB II and exiled to Ceylon (Sri Lanka). The rest of his troops were continued by Prince Sambernyawa. Because the palace had been damaged and the fort walls had many holes, in 1743 PB II had a plan to move the palace from Kartosuro to a new area which at that time was Ki Gede Sala's territory. PB II owed the Dutch money to buy land from Ki Gede Sala and build a new palace called Surakarta. This palace was ready to be inhabited on February 20, 1745. It's here, Google. This building used to be an architect not from here. So it came from outside, from the Netherlands. So this palace used to exist in the west, about 20 km from here, there was a palace called the Kartasura palace because there was an incident in Pacinan, the palace was damaged. Then it was moved by Sinuhun, the King , to this area. Well, here used to own it, the term is the village, Mr. Sala. So the name Solo is taken from the name of the owner of this area, Mr. Ki Gede Sala. Sala, yes, not Solo, yes, that's it. Originally, the name of the village was Sala SALA. So the Dutch couldn't pronounce Sala fluently. So they gave the name the city of Solo or another name was the city of Solo with the spelling SOLO. So yes, Solo is famous to this day. Some people (call) Solo, some of them are Surakarta or there are still which... for native Javanese, Eh... Solo natives usually call it Sala Solo, which is actually the original name of the place. For Surakarta, it's actually the name of the palace. But now life has changed. The word Surakarta, the name of the palace is used as the name of the city of Surakarta. Then Surakarta was taken from the name of the previous Kraton , Kartasura, after moving here it was changed to Surakarta. Yes, Sura means brave. Even though the Surakarta Palace was founded in 1745, actually the Surakarta Kasunanan was only founded in 1755. Because in 1745 the kingdom was still called the Islamic Mataram Sultanate. . So the first king of Kasunanan Surakarta was not PB II but Pakubuwono III. This confuses you, why didn't the title of the first king of Surakarta start with the number I like Hamengkubuwo I, why not PB I? Yes, because PB I at that time his palace was still in Pleret during the Islamic Mataram Sultanate era. Kasunanan Surakarta was not yet born during the PB I era. So the order of the Islamic Mataram kings was Panembahan Senopati, Prabu Hanyakrawati, Sultan Agung Hanyakrakusumo, Amangkurat I, Amangkurat II and Amangkurat III, Amangkurat III was then succeeded by his uncle, Pakubuwono I. Pakubuwono I's son succeeded the throne. Mataram did not use the title Pakubuwono II but instead used the title Amangkurat IV before Amangkurat IV had the son of PB II. PB II had a son PB III. PB II was indeed the figure who built the Surakarta Palace, but why was the first king of Surakarta not PB II? This is all related to the Giyanti Agreement which was held on February 13, 1755. After the Giyanti Agreement, the new Islamic Mataram region was divided into two, namely Surakarta and Yogyakarta. Prince Sambernyawa or Raden Mas Said , who continued the Geger Pacinan Sunan Kuning rebel army, did not accept this and continued to attack Yogya, Solo and the VOC. On March 17 1757, in the Pakuwon building, Sidomukti District, Salatiga City, An agreement was made called the Salatiga Agreement. Contains the granting of territory to Prince Sambernyawa who was taken from the Kasunanan area of Surakarta and given the name Mangkunegaran, continuing the name of RM Said's father, namely Arya Mangkunegara. RM Said then held the title Mangkunegara I for the first time at the age of 32. Mangkunegara I was given a place of throne called Pura Mangkunegaran which had the same status as a duchy under the Kasunanan of Surakarta. So with me as the guide, we will tour the Mangkunegaran area for the system, because the Mangkunegaran Temple is still actively used as a family residence. Several families still live in this area too. So we visit here like visiting someone's house , so you must be accompanied by a guide like me. The period after the Salatiga agreement was a period of peace. Mangkunegaran, Yogyakarta and Surakarta did not attack each other. In Yogyakarta, Hamengkubuwono I had Raden Mas Sundoro as the third son. The sixth son was named Prince Harya Natakusuma. In Surokarto, PB III married Mangkunegara I. Mangkunegara I's son, KPH Prabu Hamijaya, was married to PB III's daughter, who later had the title GKR Alit. The marriage between KPH Prabu Hamijaya and GKR Alit gave birth to BRM Sulama who was born on January 5 1768. In the same year, September 1768 to be precise, PB III, who already had a grandson, had another son named Raden Mas Subadya. A year later, in 1769, RM Surojo, son of RM Sundoro, was born in Yogya. In 1784, when Raden Mas Subadya was 16 years old, he had a son, Raden Mas Sugandi, from his marriage to Empress KRAy. Handaya. And in 1785, in Yogya, when he was 16 years old, RM Surojo had a son, RM Mustahar or later better known as Prince Diponegoro, from his marriage to the concubine wife BRAy Mangkarawati. One day on September 26, 1788, Pakubuwono III died at the age of 56 years. After the death of PB III, his son Raden Mas Subadya succeeded the throne and had the title PB IV at the age of 20. PB IV is also called Sunan Bagus because he has a handsome face and reigns at a young age. Age 20 is usually an idealistic phase. PB IV believes that what his father and uncle (Yogya) did was not right. According to him, it was the compromising attitude of the elders that divided Mataram. According to PB IV, Surokarto was a descendant of Islamic Mataram who should continue to carry Javanese culture and Islamic procedures, while the behavior of VOC people who had moved away from religion was not worthy of being emulated and implemented in royal culture. Therefore, PB IV started cleaning the house. The Surakarta retainers who still smelled like the VOC were dismissed and replaced by Santri from Demak. Demak is the area of origin of PB IV's mother, GKR Kencana, who is a direct descendant of the Sultan of Demak. Apart from wanting to restore the characteristics of Islamic Mataram, PB IV also has the aim of reuniting the entire territory of the Islamic Mataram Sultanate which had been split into 3 so that they become one again under the Surakarta government. Even though this desire is good for Java, it will violate the interests and agreements that have been made previously. PB IV continues to carry out reforms in the bureaucratic sector. He put together the people, who might now be called the Presidential Advisory Council. This consideration council is filled by santri called the Seven Santri Council, whose members are: 1. Raden Santri, 2. Raden Wiradigda, 3. Pangeran Panengah, 4. Raden Kandhuruhan, 5. Kyai Bahman, 6. Kyai Nursholeh, 7. Bagus Murtoyo or Kyai Muhammad Qorib. Apart from the Seven Santri Council, Pakubuwana IV also gave permission to a Kyai from Banyumas named Kyai Jamsari to establish an Islamic boarding school in Surakarta which later became known as the Jamsaren Islamic Boarding School. The Jamsaren Islamic Boarding School has a big influence on cultural aspects, complementing the duties of Santri Pitu who are in structural positions. The main task of the seven ulama in the Santri Seven Council is to guide and teach Islamic law in Surakarta. Members of the royal family and all of their courtiers must pray five times a day and must pray Friday prayers at the Grand Mosque of the Royal Palace. They must not drink or smoke marijuana like the Dutch and must be willing to continue the noble advice of the ancestors of Mataram Islam. The king also created mujahideen soldiers or Nirbaya called 'Marto Lulut Singo Nagoro Soldiers'. This made 'Santri Pitu' an advisory council feared by the nobility. As time went by, the influence of 'Santri Pitu' became stronger in Surakarta's political strategy at that time. Assisted by his new advisors from the Islamic boarding school group, PB IV succeeded in devising a strategy to remove VOC official WA Palm from his position as resident of Surakarta. WA Palm was finally fired due to a corruption case and replaced by Andries Hartsinck. A year after PB IV took office, news circulated in Batavia that the Dutch people in Solo would be killed by PB IV. In this heated situation, PB IV's son was born to KRAy's concubine wife. Rantansari's name is GRM Kuseini. One night in 1789, PB IV held a meeting with new resident Andries Hartsinck at the Surakarta palace in traditional Javanese manner. Hartsinck must wear Javanese clothing complete with a blangkon. The central VOC knew about this and considered that PB IV was really making a strategy to restore the power of Islamic Mataram by planting people within the VOC. Because Surakarta Resident Andries Hartsinck was considered to be siding with PB IV. The VOC finally sent East Coast Governor Yan Greeve to meet Mangkunegara I. Mangkunegara I was told that if in the future PB IV was really forced to abdicate, Mangkunegara I was asked to be ready to replace him. Yan Greeve also informed Yogya about PB IV which could endanger Yogya's fate. Remembering that HB I was already 73 years old at that time. During that meeting, HB I actually had the intention of placing his son as Surakarta's successor if PB IV was forced to step down prematurely. In November 1790, the VOC, Yogya, and Mangkunegaran besieged the Surakarta Palace. Surakarta was attacked from three sides. From the south by HB I, from the north by Mankunegara I and from the west by VOC troops. The VOC troops did not actually consist of Dutch people, but were recruited from Madurese, Bugis and Malays. The VOC carried out this kind of outsourcing of troops because the costs were cheaper. After being surrounded, the top officials of the Surakarta Palace who had been fired by PB IV were asked to enter the palace to persuade PB IV not to continue with his intention to become king of Islamic Mataram and hand over the seven students to the VOC. This is a difficult situation for PB IV, but if he continues to advance there will be many victims from Surakarta and others. Finally, on that day, November 26, 1790, PB IV admitted defeat and was willing to hand over the seven santri councils to the VOC. This event is called Pakepung. As a result of this incident, the territory that had been determined and the main principles of the previous agreement were reaffirmed and strengthened by the parties. The complete story of this siege is contained in the Babad Pakepung written by Yosodipuro II. In the chronicle, it is explained that apart from being known as a strategist, Pabubuwono IV was also known as an expert in the fields of Islamic literature and spiritualism. Javanese Islamic Spiritualists. He wrote the Wulangreh letter which contains noble teachings about good behavior based on Javanese Islamic philosophy. This room contains tools for prayer. Here is a Mongasira that looks like that. Sticks for priests for Friday sermons, yes. Yes, for priests. If previously it was a spear, yes. Sir? It's a stick that can also be used as a weapon. Yes, Al Quran with translation in Javanese language and letters. Books used to study Islam. The translation is in the yellow book. - This is the yellow book, right? - Yes Two years after the Pakepung incident, precisely on March 24 1792, Sultan HB I died at the age of 74 years. After that the throne of Yogya fell to HB I's son, RM Sundoro , who then assumed the title HB II. That year, Prince Diponegoro was taken by his great-grandmother out of the palace to Tegalrejo to study at an Islamic boarding school. The complete Yogya pedigree can be seen in another video. When Yogya was led by HB II, in Surakarta at that time it was still led by PB IV. Even though they were both independent countries, they still could not escape the influence of the VOC, not only in government, but also culture and religion. So I repeat again, the VOC is not a country, but a company, the company in Dutch is called Compagnie so in Java the Dutch are called kumpeni. Even though it was not a country, the VOC still carried the interests of its nation, namely the Dutch nation, which was called Gold, Gospel and Glory. Gold means gold or a metaphor for the aim of seeking profit, Gospel means the spirit of spreading Christianity and Glory means the aim of developing power in other countries or colonialism. During the VOC era, their home country was called the Dutch Republic which consisted of 7 autonomous regions, or also called the United Republic of the Seven Dutch Regions. The ruler is not a king or president but is called a Stadholder, or guardian of the country who is held by the descendants of Willem van Oranje or the Prince of Orange. In December 1794, the French led by Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte attacked the Dutch Republic and forced its ruler, Prince of Orange William V, to flee to England. After being controlled by France, on January 19 1795, the Dutch Republic changed its name to the Bataaf Republic or also called the Batavian Republic. The republic formed by France then withdrew all of the VOC's assets to pay off the debts that had accumulated because many of its employees were considered corrupt and revoked all of its special privileges called octroi rights. At that time on the island of Java, on December 28 1795, Prince Sambernyawa or Mangkunegara I (Raden Mas Said) died at the age of 70 years. KGPAA Mangkunegara I was later declared a national hero in 1983. After that, Mangkunegaran's throne was succeeded by his grandson, BRM Sulama or Prince Prangwadana, because his father KPH Prabu Hamijaya had died before Mangkunegara I died. RM Sulama was then crowned with the title Mangkunegara II at the age of 27. RM Sulama will have many children, but all those born to the empress are women, namely BRAy Sayati and BRA Sekeli. When Mangkunegara II was inaugurated, in Surakarta on July 8 1796, PB IV had another son from the empress Raden Ayu Sukaptinah who was named Raden Mas Malikis Solikin. Four years later, after approximately 200 years of standing and ruling like a country and having made a large deposit to the Netherlands, on January 1 1800, the VOC was officially disbanded, and all its assets including its colonial countries belonged to the Dutch Government, the Bataaf Republic. The Bataaf Republic was formed by France, so indirectly France also colonized Indonesia. Three years after the VOC disbanded, on January 16 1803, Mangkunegara II had a grandson named RM. Sarengat. About a year later, precisely on April 3 1804, in Yogya RM Surojo had a son born to the empress's wife, Gusti Raden Mas Ibnu Jarot. On June 5, 1806, the Bataaf Republic was handed over to Louis Bonaparte, Napoleon Bonaparte's brother, and renamed the Kingdom of Holland. Even though the name is different, what is meant is the Dutch people. On April 26 1807, Raden Mas Sugandi had a son, Raden Mas Sapardan. In 1808, King Louis of the Kingdom of Holland sent Marshal Herman Willem Daendels to Batavia, or Jakarta. Daendels then became Governor General of the Dutch East Indies from 1808 to 1811. He forced the Javanese people to build the Anyer to Panarukan road, which caused many casualties. It is said that 12,000 people died in the project. This was the beginning of forced labor called forced labor. Even though Daendels was later considered corrupt, he still paid small amounts of money to the people who took part in the project, However, the corrupt mentality of previous VOC officials had spread to the regents and other Javanese officials at that time. So people work without pay. The little people are the victims. During Daendels' time, the resident's name was changed to Minister and the right to manage all forests in Java was requested from the Javanese authorities to the Dutch. He also sold land controlled by the Dutch to private parties because he needed a lot of money to finance the war against England. So even though he is Dutch, the Dutch are French. Subordinate of Louis Bonaparte. In Surakarta, PB IV, who had begun to be realistic, chose a compromise path to face Daendels. The situation at that time was not easy. Despite the compromise, Surakarta still exchanged letters with HB II when HB II faced problems with Daendels. If Surakarta chose a path of compromise that was only normative, Mangkunegaran during the reign of Mangkunegara II openly chose to be Daendels' ally. His political choices were different from those of his grandfather, namely Mangkunegara I, who was more anti-VOC. On July 29 1808, Daendels succeeded in influencing Mangkunegara II and formed a force called the Mangkunegaran Legion , numbering 1,150 people. This troop consisted of the former troops of Prince Sambernya who was famous for being powerful. Thanks to financial support and military training from the Dutch-French, the Mangkunegaran legion became the first indigenous modern military unit in Java and even Asia, whose function was to help Deandels if war broke out in the future. Yogya at that time initially also chose the normative route with Daendels, the same as Surakarta, including when HB II's son-in-law Raden Ronggo Prawirodirjo III was considered to be rebelling against the Dutch, but unfortunately, HB II was still considered to support his son-in-law and made relations between Daendels and HB II heated up. On July 9 1810, the Kingdom of Holland was dissolved because King Louis was considered to be more pro-Dutch than French. After that the state form was abolished and it fell directly under the French Empire. The Dutch were completely colonized by France. Even so, Daendels still had power in Java. In December 1810, HB II, who was initially normative, took the initiative to oppose Daendels' policies and caused his kingdom to be attacked by 4,200 Daendels troops. HB II was deposed from the throne and Daendels appointed HB II's son, RM. Surojo became HB III. King HB II's younger half-brother, Prince Natakusumo, was captured by the Dutch and taken to Batavia. Three months after RM Surojo was inaugurated as king, in Mangkunegaran on March 3 1811, Mangkunegara II had another grandson named BRM Sudira. A month later, in May 1811, Daendels was dismissed from his position by the French Government in the Netherlands because he was deemed unable to maintain good relations with the Javanese authorities. He was also charged with enriching himself by selling government land and other corruption cases. Daendels' position in Batavia was replaced by Jan Willem Janssens. Jansens continued the policy of supporting the Mangkunegaran legion pioneered by Daendels. However, Janssens would not rule on the island of Java for long because not long after, on August 26 1811, Batavia was captured by the British led by Thomas Stamford Raffles. Because Batavia had been controlled by the British, Jansens fled to Semarang and then planned to continue to Solo to ask Mangkunegaran for help. . However, when he arrived at Tuntang District on the Salatiga - Semarang border, he was captured by the British. On September 18 1811, the British forced Jansens to surrender and signed the Tuntang Capitulation which contained the surrender of the entire Dutch East Indies region to the British. Then all the Dutch soldiers became British prisoners of war and had to be willing to work for the British government. Because of his services in conquering Java, Lord Minto, Raffles' superior who served in India, assigned Raffles to be Lieutenant Governor of Java. Raffles then released Prince Natakusumo, HB II's younger brother, and threatened him to be willing to support British troops and lure him to power in Yogya. Rafles also paid attention to the Mangkunegaran Legion Troops which had been trained by the Dutch to become his troops. Apart from recruiting Mangkunegaran legions, the British at that time also recruited people from the Sapehi region in India to become British soldiers. The changing geopolitical situation was exploited by the 61 year old HB II to return to power in Yogyakarta. However, HB II had a harsh nature so it was considered dangerous by the British. After that, Sultan HB II held secret negotiations with PB IV in Kasunanan, Surakarta. PB IV was willing to support Yogyakarta to break away from England and made an agreement that Surakarta would be willing to send troops if Yogyakarta was attacked by England. On June 18, 1812, the Yogyakarta palace was actually attacked with cannons by British-Indian troops. During the attack, the Surakarta troops who were expected to help Yogya did not come. Some say that the British managed to understand the PB IV scenario and succeeded in thwarting the departure of the PB IV troops to Yogya. After being attacked for three days, on June 20 1812, the Yogyakarta palace was finally conquered by the British. Yogya, which had lost its palace, was looted by the British, and Yogya's heirlooms and treasures were taken away. This event is known as Geger Sapehi or Sepoy because the British employed people from the Sapehi region of India in this incident. After that, several Sapehi people whose contracts were about to expire were invited to go to Surakarta. PB IV touched the hearts of the Sapehi people as brothers who have the same ancestor, namely from India, he told stories about the Ramayana and so on. PB IV gave a lot of money to the Sapehi people who came to Surakarta. The Sapehi people, who were actually just mercenaries, were willing to be invited to counterattack the British army. However, this plan failed, because it was read by British spies. The small number of pro-Surakarto Sapehi troops were successfully crushed by the Mangkunegaran Legion troops. Rafles then sent Mangkunegoro II who was the commander of the Mangkunegaran legion to support Prince Notokusumo. To minimize the risk of rebellion from other Yogyakarta family camps, HB II's younger brother, Prince Notokusumo, who was considered to have contributed to the British, was then appointed by Rafles as Pakualam I and given the power of the Pakualaman Duchy. So in that year, namely 1813, the Mataram dynasty split into four. They are Surakarta, Yogyakarta, Mangkunegaran, and Pakualaman. Even though Surakarta did not send its troops to Yogyakarta, PB IV was ultimately deemed to be involved in supporting HB II through letters uncovered by British secret agents. However, PB IV was not attacked because it would waste energy, only part of its territory was taken by the British instead. In the same year, 1813, French power over the Dutch was interrupted after Napoleon Bonaparte lost the Battle of Leipzig. After that, the son of the last stadholder of the Dutch Republic, William Frederick, returned from England to the Netherlands and crowned himself Prince of the Netherlands. The island of Java was temporarily still controlled by the British, including Surakarta. Surakarta was still led by PB IV who was 45 years old at that time. A year later, in Yogya on November 3 1814, HB III died suddenly at the age of 45 years. Because his son, RM Ibnu Jarot, was still 10 years old, PA I was given the task by the British to be the guardian of the Sultan of Yogyakarta. Meanwhile, the king is still RM Jarot and has the title Sultan Hamengkubuwono IV. On 16 March 1815, the Congress of Vienna granted William Frederick recognition for the creation of his Kingdom. William Frederick was finally crowned as King of the Kingdom of the Netherlands for the first time with the title Willem I. This king then had descendants of modern Dutch Kings to this day. In August 1816, in compliance with the terms of the Convention of London, England returned Java to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which had become independent from France. The island of Java was led by the Dutch Governor General named Van der Capellen. In Surakarta, on October 2, 1820, PB IV died at the age of 52 years. He was replaced by RM Sugandi at the age of 36 with the title PB V. PB V still has Sumenep and Pamekasan Madura ancestry on his mother's side. Like his father, Pakubuwana V was also close to the students so he was known as Sinuhun Wali. Apart from being called Sunan Sugih because he is rich. PB V is famous for spiritual experiences, literature and is able to create heirlooms. During his reign, he sent Raden Ngabehi Ranggasutrasna, Yasadipura II and Sastradipura to write Serat Centhini based on his experiences while serving as crown prince. In Yogya in 1821, Sultan Hamengkubuwono IV was 17 years old and had two young sons, RM Gatot Menol and RM Mustojo. This means that HB IV is fit to be released from the Sultan's Guardian Council and run an independent government. Two years later, to be precise in 1823, two kings in Yogyakarta and Surakarta died at almost the same time. RM Sugandi or PB V king of Surakarta died on September 5 1823 at the age of 39 years and on December 6 1823, Sultan Hamengkubuwono IV also died at the age of 19 years while on tour. This means that PB V only served for 3 years and HB IV only served as Sultan of Mandiri for 2 years. This is suspicious but there is no further investigation into the cause of the death of these two kings. There is speculation that the deaths of the two kings were caused by Dutch interference. The throne of Yogyakarta was then handed over to RM Gatot Menol with the title Sultan Hamengkubuwono V, who was only 3 years old at that time. Meanwhile, Surakarta was succeeded by the previous king's son, RM Sapardan, who was still 16 years old and held the title Pakubuwono VI. Because the Sultan of Yogyakarta was still a baby, another Sultan's Guardian Council was formed, one of whose members was Prince Diponegoro as the King's uncle. Prince Diponegoro as the sultan's guardian then established close relations with PB VI in Surakarta. Prince Diponegoro had an in-depth discussion with PB VI about the situation in Java at that time. PB VI apparently also felt uncomfortable because the Dutch had interfered too much in Surakarta government affairs. The situation of the people on the island of Java was also increasingly miserable because of the land rental system and high taxes set by the Dutch. In May 1825, Yogyakarta troops brought by Patih Danurejo IV clashed with Prince Diponegoro when they wanted to drive stakes into the land around Tegalrejo to make a road without asking permission from the house owners. This commotion caused the Dutch, who were the boss of Patih Danurejo IV, to go on a rampage and invade Tegalrejo. This event was the cause of a major war between the Dutch and Prince Diponegoro which was called the Diponegoro War or Java War. Tegalrejo was successfully burned and Prince Diponegoro fled to Selarong Cave to prepare his next strategy. In Ricklef's records, there were at least 15 princes and 41 regents who joined Prince Diponegoro after Tegalrejo was burned. This incident caused Prince Diponegoro to be labeled a rebel by the nobles of the Sultanate of Yogyakarta and the Duchy of Pakualaman. Mangkunegaran's position at that time was on Yogyakarta's side, while Surakarta at that time, although de jure was on Yogyakarta's side, de facto Surakarta was on Prince Diponegoro's side. Pakubuwana VI was one of the kings who supported Prince Diponegoro's struggle. However, as a king who was still bound by a political agreement with the Dutch, Pakubuwana VI still hid his relationship with Prince Diponegoro. PB VI, also named Sinuhun Bangun Tapa, often meditates and often goes to Mount Merbabu to meditate. However, while he was meditating, he was actually having a meeting with Prince Diponegoro. Tactics were then created to help Prince Diponegoro's struggle, such as the Mimis Kencana strategy , namely the strategy of pretending to be at war so that the Dutch considered PB VI and Prince Diponegoro to be enemies. Prince Diponegoro also infiltrated the Surakarta Palace to negotiate with Pakubuwana VI. about the attitude of the Mangkunegaran and Madurese in the Java War. While they were discussing, suddenly Dutch troops arrived, the two of them then pretended to fight and it ended with Prince Diponegoro escaping from the palace. PB VI also pretended to send troops to help the Dutch. For years, Prince Diponegoro launched attacks on the Netherlands and made clandestine contacts with important people . At points across central Java, wars took place which claimed many victims on the Dutch and Javanese sides. On March 28, 1830, the Dutch succeeded in making a strategy to invite Prince Diponegoro to attend halal bihalal during Eid al-Fitr in Magelang. In that incident, General de Kock cunningly succeeded in capturing Prince Diponegoro. Prince Diponegoro was captured by the Dutch at the age of 45 years. This cunning tactic ended the Java War which had lasted for 5 years. The Dutch then exiled Prince Diponegoro to Manado, and then moved him to Makassar until his death. Kasunanan Surakarta Hadiningrat was sued by the Dutch because Susuhunan Paku Buwono VI was considered to support Diponegoro's struggle. Evidence has been confiscated. His territory was reduced, as was Yogyakarta. Apart from having his territory partially confiscated, Susuhunan Pakubuwono VI was also dethroned from Surakarta and exiled to Ambon at the age of 23 years until he died there in 1849 at the age of 42 years. PB VI was declared a National Hero in the Era of Indonesian Independence because he supported Prince Diponegoro in his struggle against the Dutch. Because PB VI's son was still in the womb and his pregnant wife was still hiding from the Dutch, the throne of Surakarta was handed over to his uncle, PB V's younger brother , RM Malikis Sholikin, who had the title PB VII. He became king at the age of 34 on June 14, 1830. Six months later, on December 22, 1830, PB VI's son, RM, was born. Duksina. At that time Van den Bosch became the new Governor General of the Dutch East Indies and had served for a year. After the Java war, the Dutch government had to work again to improve its economy and authority. Boch had to immediately make money from his colony because the Dutch were starting to run out of money. Botch then got the idea to create a system of forced cultivation (cultuurstelsel). He ordered the Javanese people to plant paddy fields and fields with crops that could be sold for export such as coffee, tea and sugar cane. At that time, what sold quickly and was expensive was sugar. Therefore, almost all agricultural land and rice fields that were previously planted with various kinds of crops are now only planted with one dominant commodity, namely sugar cane. The assets of this forced cultivation system succeeded in making a big contribution to Dutch capital in restoring its economic strength from 1835 to 1940. Not only for the Dutch, the kingdoms of Surakarta and Yogyakarta also enjoyed the sweetness in the future. However, on the contrary, for the small people, this makes them suffer from hunger because they cannot grow rice which is their staple food and every day they are often made to work on a salary basis in agricultural fields and factories. From here many villagers lost their farming skills. The Javanese tongue, especially in Surakarta and Yogya, has become accustomed to sweet dishes. Because sugar is abundant. Gudeg Yoga is definitely sweet, Selat Solo is the same. Many people suffer from scabies and do not realize that what is happening is not just a skin disease but diabetes or diabetes. The disease is diabetes, but it is treated with scabies medicine, but it doesn't go away. In the military field, Bosch made the Mangkunegaran Legion part of the KNIL (het Koninklijke Nederlands(ch)-Indische Leger) or the army of the Kingdom of the Dutch East Indies. During the reign of Mangkunegara II, Mangkunegaran's territory became increasingly extensive. Apart from that, Raffles was also added because of his services in fighting against HB II in 1813, in 1830 Mangkunegaran received additional territory from Van den Bosch because he had helped the Dutch against Prince Diponegoro's troops. So the total area at that time was 3,850 hectares. In 1835, Mangkunegara II as ruler and first commander of the Mangkunegaran Legion, died at the age of 68. Because he did not have a son from the empress's wife, he was succeeded by his grandson RM Sarengat, RA Sayati's son, and continued the title of Mangkunegara III at the age of 33 years. When he was 22 years old, he joined the Mangkunegaran Legion to fight Prince Diponegoro. During his time the Serat Dewa Ruci manuscript was copied. After the Diponegoro War, Solo, Yogya, Mangkunegaran and Pakualaman played it safe to avoid conflict that could lead to bloodshed. Yogya and Surakarta then became close together. HB V's younger brother Raden Mas Mustojo married PB VII's niece, RM Kusen's daughter, Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Kencana, but was not blessed with a son. After that, RM Mustojo remarried Ki Ageng Prawirarejasa's daughter , Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Sultan, as the second wife and son of RM. Murtejo in 1839. The reign of Pakubuwana VII was relatively safe compared to previous kings. This safe situation supported the growth of literary activity within the kingdom. One of the Javanese Islamic poets and spiritualists, Ranggawarsito, began writing many works during his time and became a pioneer in the development of new Javanese literature. The relationship between the poet and the king at that time was good. Pakubuwana VII also succeeded in making a law called Anggèr-Anggèr Nagari. Apart from that, a classical version of 'prey regulations' was also successfully developed to guide farmers' seasons and was still used until the time of Indonesia's independence. In 1853, Mangkunegara III died at the age of 50 and was succeeded by his cousin RM Sudiro or Pangeran Gandakusumo who was 43 years old and continued the title of Mangkunegara IV. He was the son of RA Sakeli, his father's name was Kanjeng Pangeran Harya Hadiwijaya I. Mangkunegoro IV then married the daughter of Mangkunegara III, RA Dunuk, who was still his nephew but was no longer his mahrim because he came from his mother's lineage. From RA Dunuk, Mangkunegara IV had three sons, namely GRM Prabu Sudibyo, GRM Sunito (1855), and GRM Suyitna (1857). Apart from being active in the Mangkunegaran legion's military and having fought against Prince Diponegoro, Mangkunegara IV also played an important role in business and literature. In business, he was able to take advantage of the opportunity of abundant sugar cane stocks from forced cultivation and then started building his own sugar factory. In the field of literature, he wrote many books, one of the most famous being Serat Wedhatama. Knowledge can be mastered using the action method, the method of conveying it must use a unique method, meaning that the characteristic must be able to provide benefits for good purposes and be able to distance oneself from bad character. In 1855 there was a commotion in the Yogyakarta Sultanate because the sultan HB V died in the palace because his concubine wife stabbed him. At that time, his son from the empress's wife was not yet born. Therefore, the throne was replaced by his younger brother, RM Mustojo, with the title HB VI. Thirteen days later, HB V's son was born, named RM Timur Muhammad. In 1858, in Surakarta PB VII died at the age of 62 years. Because PB VII did not have sons, the next Susuhunan was his older half-brother, RM Kusen at the age of 69. RM Kusen continued his PB VIII title. After RM Kusen was appointed King, the relationship between Surakarta and Yogyakarta became even closer because his son-in-law was also the sultan of Yogya. However, PB VIII only led for 3 years. He died in 1861 at the age of 72 years. Because it's old. PB VIII was the first king of Islamic Mataram descent who did not practice polygamy. He only had one empress without any concubines. The next King of Surakarta was the son of Pakubuwono VI , who was still in the womb when his father was exiled to the Dutch. Her name is RM Duksina and was awarded the PB IX title at the age of 31. On November 29, 1866, PB IX had a son, Raden Mas Sayyidin Malikul Kusna. On June 10, 1867 , an earthquake measuring 8 on the Richter scale hit Yogyakarta and the victims arrived in Surakarta. In 1870, the system of forced cultivation or Cultuurstelsel was stopped after an ethical political movement was established and outlined in the Agrarian Law of 1870. This was the beginning of the era of economic liberalization during the Dutch colonial period. The existing sugar factories would certainly be a shame if they were not utilized. So even though the forced cultivation system has been abolished, sugar cane planting and sugar production activities continue. The factories and sugar plantations were then handed over to the Dutch private sector and the sultans. The Javanese kingdom was of course happy because this could increase the palace's income. The Javanese kings in this era of economic liberalization were PB IX, HB VI, Mangkunegara IV, and Pakualam IV. Surakarta in the PB IX era became more advanced because apart from the fact that there were no more wars, the kingdom's source of money also increased from the sugar factory managed by the kingdom. Many of the physical buildings of the Surakarta Palace have been renovated, such as the tower-like Siti Hinggil and Panggung Sangga Buwana. So PB IX is also nicknamed Sinuhun Bangun Kedhaton. This good economic situation meant that literary works at that time continued to develop. Even so, PB IX actually still had a wound in his heart because his father had been exiled by the Dutch to Ambon and died there in 1849. This wound in his heart was what made PB IX's relationship with Raden Ranggawarsito not good. There were parties who provoked PB IX, that Ranggawarsita's father, Mas Pajangswara, who at that time served as royal clerk, was the person who revealed the secret of the alliance between Pakubuwono VI and Prince Diponegoro. Even though Raden Ranggawarsito's father was tortured by the Dutch until he died in prison, those who wanted to be close to the king continued to carry out provocations. Raden Ranggawarsito wrote down his thoughts at that time in a paper entitled fiber kalatidha and fiber cemporet. In Serat kalatidha, Raden Ranggawarsito wrote that PB IX was actually a wise king, but was surrounded by officials who liked to curry favor and seek fame. This situation is called the mad age. Where in those days, those who weren't crazy wouldn't get the chance, but the lucky ones who forgot (crazy) were still luckier who remembered and were alert. You can listen to the discussion of kalatidha fiber in another video entitled Cakra Manggilingan Wolak Walike Jaman later after watching this video. So in the past this was Sinuhun Pakubuwana IX - the term meditates or meditates - Yes, above this well - While praying to have a son - Ohhh and now many people take water from here for certain wishes. Many also wash their faces or drink it often. used as water for bridal showers. In Yogyakarta in 1877, Sultan Hamengkubuwono VI died at the age of 56 and was succeeded by his son RM Murtejo at the age of 36. RM Murtejo has a son, RM Sujadi. In 1881, Mangkunegara IV died at the age of 70 years. During his lifetime, he wrote around 42 books whose contents provide good advice for the Javanese people to this day. The Mangkunegara IV era is said to be the era of glory throughout Mangkunegaran history. He was succeeded by his son RM Sunita when he was 26 years old, who had the title Mangkunegara V. In the Mangkunegara V era, Puro Mangkunegaran started to run out of money. The reason is because many courtiers enrich themselves and this is compounded by weak control from their superiors. The crazy conditions described in Serat Kalatidha occurred in Mangkunegaran. Because they are not properly supervised and there are no clear rules, many courtiers are corrupt. This is not to mention other factors such as the decline in sugar exports to Europe. However, the most important thing is the management problem, because other kingdoms in Java are not so affected by export problems. Yogya and Surakarto, for example, are even growing in business. Even though he is running out of cash, Mangkunegoro V still frequently performs dance and wayang performances at Puro Mangkunegaran. Artistic activities at that time could even be said to be developing. Many of the current Surakarta-Mangkunegaran style classical dances originate from the reign of Mangkunegara V. In the end, MN V was still not strong enough to face financial problems. Because he had run out of methods, Mangkunegara V decided to ask the Dutch government for help. The Dutch then agreed to Mangkunegaran's request and formed a supervisory board to manage Mangkunegaran's money, land and property. This means that the Dutch were given official permission to interfere in the affairs of the Mangkunegaran government. In 1893, PB IX died at the age of 62 years. He served for approximately 32 years, the same as Suharto's time in the New Order era. PB IX was then succeeded by his son, RM Malikul Kusna at the age of 26 with the title PB 10. PB X would rule longer than PB IX, namely up to 46 years. He died in 1939, so PB 10 will go through a change of era, from a traditional kingdom to a modern kingdom. PB X is willing to pay attention to changing times. One year after being inaugurated, precisely in 1894, Pakubuwana X became the first person in Java to own a car. The brand is Benz Victoria Phaeton by Karl Benz, Germany. This car was originally called the devil's car because it could drive itself without being pulled by a horse and would become an effective PB X propaganda tool later. In 1896, when Surakarta was led by PB Mangkunegara VI will be famous as the king who brought many changes to Mangkunegaran. His first concern was economic matters. State expenditures that were considered unimportant but required a lot of funds were disbanded, one of which was the arts. State management was also boldly improved. Positions that do not need to be summarized. So not long after, Mangkunegara VI succeeded in paying off Mangkunegaran's debts to other parties, such as salaries for sugar factory employees, suppliers and debts to the Dutch. The haircut style was also changed by Mangkunegara VI, men's hair could no longer be long, everything had to be cut short. Sungkem to superiors was also summarized, which previously had been done many times to only three times. Paseban, who usually sits on the floor, has been replaced by sitting on a chair until now. Mangkunegara VI also gave permission to Mangkunegara's relatives to embrace Christianity, whereas previously they were not allowed, the Mangkunegaran people as descendants of Mataram Islam previously had to convert to Islam. On October 16, 1905, in Lawean Solo, Haji Samanhudi founded the first indigenous organization in Indonesia, Sarekat Dagang Islam. The Islamic Trade Sarekat was founded to unite Muslim batik traders so they could compete with the big party batik traders from China. At that time, the Dutch made it easier for foreign traders, especially Chinese, to control the economy in Solo. At the first congress in Solo in 1906, the name Sarekat Dagang Islam was changed to Sarekat Islam. Meanwhile at the Surakarta Palace, PB He could carry out his duties as king of Surakarta who had to protect his people, but he could also maintain good relations with the Dutch government. Because of his clever strategy, in the future he succeeded in providing support to Sarekat Islam and Budi Utomo without being suspected by the Dutch. Before and after the founding of Sarekat Islam , PB PB PB X traveled by car, which was rare at the time. This visit was accompanied by the development of the spirit of nationalism transmitted by Sarekat Islam. The founding of Sarekat Islam inspired educated people who cared about the fate of indigenous people. In 1907, Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo encouraged prospective doctors studying at STOVIA to be willing to establish an organization that can raise the status of the nation. Then on May 20 1908 the first Budi Utomo congress was held in Yogyakarta. Apart from inspiring figures in other professions, SI itself is increasingly developing and inspiring internal figures such as RM Tirtoadisurjo who founded SI in Batavia in 1909 and then founded it again in Bogor in 1910 and Raden Mas Haji Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto in Surabaya in 1912. When Cokroaminoto founded Sarekat Islam in Surabaya, Yogya on April 12 1912. RM Sujadi had the son of RM Dorojatun who would later become an important person in the era of the Indonesian revolution. On September 10 1912, Cokroaminoto appeared before a notary and made Sarekat Islam a legal entity and expanded the goals of the organization's struggle, not only on batik issues but also economic, social, political, religious and nationalism issues. On November 18 1912, Kyai Ahmad Dahlan initiated the founding of the Muhammadiyah organization with the idea of Islamic reform starting from Yogya. In 1914, the first world war broke out in Europe. This war involved many countries that were part of the allied bloc and the central block. The allied bloc consisted of France, England, Russia, Italy, America, Romania, Japan, Serbia, Greece and others, while the central block consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria and others. When World War I was raging in Europe, Sarekat Islam grew rapidly. The development of the modern Islamic Sarekat began to be influenced by the ideology of revolutionary socialism spread by Hendricus Josephus Franciscus Marie Sneevliet or better known as Henk Sneevliet. On May 9 1914, Sneevliet together with Dutch and Indonesian activists founded the Indies Social Democratic Association Organization or ISDV (Indische Sociaal-Democratische Vereeniging). The association that would become the Indonesian Communist Party was initially not very well received in Java because it did not have the same historical roots as the condition of Javanese society. The spirit of resistance is different from conditions in Europe. Therefore, to incorporate the ideas of communism, the activists were included in Sarekat Islam. Meanwhile, SI at that time still allowed its members to join other parties. This was a weakness of Sarekat Islam. In 1916, even though Mangkunegaran's relatives were allowed to follow the same religion as the Dutch, Mangkunegara VI was still not close to the Dutch because he was considered to be able to be independent without Dutch interference. Meanwhile, the old nobles thought that MN VI had destroyed the old order. For this reason, when Mangkunegara VI had the desire to make his son crown prince, his wishes were opposed by the old and Dutch nobles. Knowing this, Mangkunegara VI had no problem and chose to step down from the throne at the age of 59, even though he could continue on the throne until the end of his life. On January 11, 1916, Mangkunegoro VI and his family left Mangkunegaran and moved to Surabaya. In Surabaya, his son and daughter-in-law became activists in the Boedi Oetomo movement and co-founded the Parindra party with Dr. Soetomo. After that, Mangkunegaran's throne was succeeded by his nephew who was also his adopted son, RM Suryo Suparto, the biological son of Mangkunegara 5 who at that time was studying in Leiden. He was recalled and then crowned with the title Mangkunegara VII at the age of 30. Because he had received his education in Leiden, Mangkunegara VII was actually also someone who thought modernly. Even so, MN 7 still paid attention to Javanese culture and identity and was more cooperative in continuing the reforms of MN 6. On October 25 1917, in Russia there was unrest called the Bolshevik Revolution. This revolution began as a protest against the Russian government which continued to participate in world wars and was cruel to its people, especially workers and peasants. The small people called the proletariat succeeded in defeating the arbitrarily rich. Rich people are called the bourgeoisie, which consists of nobles and people who have a lot of capital. This spirit of social class equality later became the ideology called communism. Same, same taste. And this revolution made the ideology of communism spread to other countries and even Java. In 1918, although both sides of the world war had their own problems, the central bloc led by Germany weakened first. Bulgaria had requested a ceasefire in September 1918 following which the Ottoman Empire lost the war at Moudros and then followed with a ceasefire. This year marked the end of the first World War which was won by the allies. When the first world war had just ended, MN 7 moved the mosque which was originally behind the temple to the west side of the temple, or to the right. The aim is to promote religious activities, this mosque is named the Al Wustho mosque. MN 7's interaction with Ki Hajar Dewantara while studying in the Netherlands made him have many ideas for raising the status of indigenous people through education. After building a mosque, he is now building a school whose management is handed over to Muhammadiyah. - Oh, this is the class you used to have - Ha? - Classroom - What class? - Special class for women - Ohhhh Apart from being active in Mangkunegaran, MN 7 is also active in the Boedi Oetomo organization as an advisor to Jong Java. He also built churches and temples for people of other religions. In 1919, the German empire collapsed when Prince Maximilian failed to obtain political asylum from the allies. He then fled to the Netherlands and the German kingdom underwent constitutional changes to become a republic called the Weimar Republic. At that time in Surakarta, Pakubuwono X was apparently diligent in paying attention to the international political situation. He asked Surakarta Resident Sollewijn Gelpke for help in translating a Dutch newspaper published in Semarang, De Locomotief, about the first world war. Gelpke often knew that Pakubuwana X sympathized with Germany. This attitude represents the attitude of the indigenous people and Sarekat Islam people who support the central bloc led by Germany and Ottoman Turkey. Four years after being appointed, in 1920 Mangkunegara 7 had a son, BRM Saroso Notosuparto. RM Saroso was the eldest child born to a concubine's wife. If at that time King Surakarto PB This is a photo of PB Mangkunegara VI's decision to resign from the throne before the end of his life may have been an inspiration for Hamengkubuwono VII. In 1921, the 81 year old Sultan Hamengkubuwono VII chose to step down from the throne before the end of his life and was replaced by his son, RM Sujadi. In March 1921 another Sarekat Islam congress was held. At that time Sarekat Islam had split into two, Sarekat Islam Putih and Sarekat Islam Merah. Sarekat Islam Putih, which uses right-wing ideology, is supported by H. Agus Salim, Abdul Muis, Suryopranoto, and Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosoewirjo whose center is in Yogyakarta. Meanwhile, the Red SI, which has a leftist ideology, is strengthened by Semaoen, Alimin and Darsono, whose center is in Semarang. HOS Tjokroaminoto became the mediator between the two camps. Sarekat Islam Putih wants to realize Pan-Islamism, namely a political concept that unites all Muslims throughout the world to fight colonialism, while Sarekat Islam Merah wants to form an international communist state under the 3rd International Organization. The aim was also to fight invaders. The goal is the same but the method is different. This method is called ideology. When the island of Java was being dominated by Pan-Islamism and Communism, PB In December 1921, Pakubuwana X accompanied by 52 courtiers made another visit to Semarang, Pekalongan, Cirebon and finally stayed for a long time in Garut and Tasikmalaya. In February 1922, PB PB Apart from being admired for his vehicle, people were also impressed by his authority. Javanese people began to have hope in native leaders other than the Dutch. The Dutch were clearly starting to worry about this action because it had succeeded in inflaming the spirit of nationalism among the people in the areas visited by PB So since then PB However, in 1923, PB There, PB In Surakarta, in 1925 PB Suryo Guritno. PB His eldest son, RM Ontoseno, was actually the son of a concubine. However, RM Ontoseno was finally appointed crown prince. To educate his son, RM Ontoseno was given the position of Wedana Tengen and Deputy Chair of the Nagari Surakarta Advisory Council . When PB The national movement is increasingly rising because this organization has strong roots in the Islamic boarding school environment and traditional Javanese society. On July 4 1927, another association was established called the Indonesian National Association in Bandung. The figures are Dr Tjipto Mangunkusumo, Sartono, Iskaq Tjokrohadisuryo and Sunaryo. On December 29 1929, the PNI was considered dangerous by the Dutch and its figures living in Yogyakarta such as Soekarno, Gatot Mangkupraja, Soepriadinata and Maskun Sumadiredja were arrested. On August 18 1930 Pak Karno and his friends were tried and put in Sukamiskin prison, Bandung. Eight years later In August 1938, RM Ontoseno represented his father, the elderly PB On February 22 1939, PB X fell ill and died at the age of 72 years. The throne of Surakarta was then succeeded by his son RM Antasena at the age of 53 years with the title PB XI. - That's the hearse covered with cloth . became a national hero in 2009. After PB This is a challenge for PB XI who has just been appointed, because this event will have a big impact on the Javanese government. Likewise for Yogyakarta. On 22 October 1939 Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwana VIII died after sending RM Dorojatun to return to Java from the Netherlands. The Yogyakarta throne was then succeeded by RM Dorojatun on March 18 1940 at the age of 28 with the title of 9th Sultan HB. On December 6, 1941, the General of the Dutch East Indies declared war on Japan, which had bombed the American naval base, Pearl Harbor. On March 8 1942, the Dutch Government in the Dutch East Indies officially surrendered to Japan and then the entire Dutch East Indies region was controlled by Japan, including Surakarta. During the Japanese era, the Surakarta region was a region that had a special status like Yogya, so that status was called Kochi and the Japanese called the King of Surakarta Solo Koo. However, Japan did not understand that Mangkunegaran was under Surakarta, so Mangkunegaran was also given the status of Kochi and the king was called Mangkunegara Koo. The arrival of Japan not only made Surakarto and Mangkunegaran bankrupt, but also made Mangkunegaran have the same status as Surakarta. This will cause new problems in the future. At that time the Mangkunegaran Army, called the Mangkunegaran Legion, was disbanded by Japan. On April 3 1944, the Dutch East Indies Civil Government (Nederlandsch Indische Civiele Administratie abbreviated as NICA) was established in Australia. This was an effort by the Netherlands to ensure that Indonesia did not escape. NICA is supported by allied countries such as America, France and England. On July 19 1944 Mangkunegara VII died at the age of 58 years and was succeeded by his son RM Saroso Natasuparto at the age of 24 years and with the title Mangkunegara VIII. RM Saroso is not the eldest child, the eldest is his older sister named GRAy Siti Noeroel Kamaril Ngasarati Kusumawardhani. Pak Karno once had the intention of marrying the beautiful Gray Nurul but was rejected. Coincidentally, with his queen's wife, her child is the daughter of Gusti Nurul from here, so she couldn't become the next king because her child was a girl. So the one who became the 8th Mangkunegara was this one. He (Gusti Nurul) had actually been proposed to by big figures such as Bung Karno, Sultan HB IX, king of Yogya, Sutan Syahrir and many more, but all of them were rejected. One of them was Pak Karno because he didn't want to be married because Pak Karno at that time already had a wife too. Many of Mangkunegaran's assets had been confiscated by Japan and Mangkunegaran's legions had also been disbanded at that time. Even though MN 8's struggle to get Mangkunegaran's assets back through court was defeated, Mangkunegara VIII could still look for other opportunities, namely Mangkunegaran's status which had been designated as kotchi by the Japanese government. The rise of NICA in Australia made Japan more active in promoting Japan's Light of Asia. In anticipation of the return of allies in the Dutch East Indies, Indonesian nationalists proposed to Japan to form a semi-military body. Japan agreed, so that on November 1 1944, Barisan Pelopor was founded under the command of Djawa Hokokai. Even though the Barisan Pelopor's initial task is only to gather mass action and secure speeches by national figures, the Barisan Pelopor will have a strong organizational structure down to the Kawedanan and even sub-district levels. This line would later be known as the Anti-Royal Bull March. Anti-monarchy, anti-dynasty or anti-sufficiency. On April 29 1945, in Italy, German Axis forces surrendered to the Allies. On June 1 1945, two months before the proclamation of Indonesian independence, PB XI fell ill and died at the age of 59 years. PB XI's rather sudden death meant that many royal relatives did not know who would be appointed as the next king. The public thought that his successor was the eldest son PB 11 of the wife of Empress GKR. Kencana KGPH Mangkubumi. But because of GKR. Kencana had died before PB 11 ascended the throne, so KGPH Mangkubumi could not be considered the crown prince. Therefore, the successor, the Empress's son after PB 11 became king, was the son of KRAy. Koespariyah or GKR Pakubuwono whose name is RM Surya Guritno. Even though RM Suryo Guritno was the youngest son, in the end he was the one who ascended the throne with the title PB XII. This is different from HB IX Yogya, who was 32 years old when he ascended the throne, and had studied in Leiden. PB The PB XII government was a difficult government for Surakarta. It was difficult, because apart from being opposed by his own royal relatives , such as his older brothers and uncle, his coronation was also not approved by the Kooti Jimu Kyoku Tyokan, namely the government of the Governor of Japan. Not to mention, relations with Mangkunegaran were not good because Mangkunegaran had been given kotchi status by Japan. PB Sultan Syahrir, one of Indonesia's freedom fighters, heard the news via radio and urged the fighters to prepare the proclamation without having to wait for Japanese approval. In accordance with applicable international rules, the colonial territories of the country that loses the war will be handed over to the country that wins the war. That happened when the Netherlands lost to France and then England. After being urged by the young fighters, on August 17 1945, at 10 am, Bung Karno and Bung Hatta declared the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence. "Proclamation..." Indonesia became an independent country without having to ask permission from Japan and the Netherlands. At the time of the proclamation of Indonesian independence, PB XII had only been in office for two months while HB 9 had been in office for 5 years. Even though he was still young, PB XII was ready to face this situation. On September 1 1945, Surakarta officially issued a proclamation to join Indonesia as a special region. Separately on the same date, Mangkunegaran also released a similar announcement. If we refer to this data, it means that Surakarta and Mangkunegaran sent the information to the center four days faster , compared to Yogyakarta and Pakualaman. So before Yogyakarta, it was here first, September 1, 1945, if Yogyakarta was September 5, 1945. On September 2, 1945, Japan signed the surrender document on the deck of the USS Missouri. This was a sign that the second world war had ended. On September 5 1945, only then did Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX and Paku Alam VIII jointly send a proclamation to the central government that Yogyakarta and Pakualaman were part of the Republic of Indonesia. With Special Region status. The difference with Surakarta and Mangkunegaran, Yogya and Pakualaman agreed to merge their regions into one, while Surakarta and Mangkunegaran asked for separate regions. Central government representatives, Sartono and Alex Maramis, then came to hand over the charter designating Yogyakarta and Surakarta as Special Regions. This charter was signed by Sukarno on August 19 1945. At that time Mangkunegaran had its own territory, namely Mangkunegaran City, Wonogiri and Karanganyar Districts. Meanwhile, Surakarta controls Surakarta Regency, Klaten Regency, Boyolali Regency and Sragen Regency. On 15 September 1945, British-Indian allied troops landed in Jakarta and on 25 October 1945 landed in Surabaya. His task was to disarm the Japanese army. However, apart from that, the British army had a mission to return Indonesia to the Dutch government called NICA. On November 10 1945, a battle occurred in Surabaya which resulted in the deaths of around 15,000 Indonesian fighters. This was like a mass massacre, so that day is celebrated as Heroes' Day. On December 16 1945, the Barisan Pelopor which was formed during the Japanese era to face the allied troops changed its name to Barisan Bateng Republik Indonesia. The formation of Barisan Banteng was carried out in Surakarta under the command of Dr. Moewardi, a warrior doctor from Pati whose name is now the name of a hospital in Solo. Barisan Banteng at that time still had 20,000 army members who had complete and modern weapons and had the strongest network in remote areas of Java and Sumatra. Barisan Banteng was assigned by General Sudirman to fight against the Dutch and allied troops who were starting to run rampant. On January 4 1946, because Jakarta was deemed no longer safe, the capital of the Republic of Indonesia was officially moved to Yogyakarta. It lasted for four years until 17 December 1949. Three months after the capital was moved to Yogya, on 2 April 1946 HB IX gave birth to RM Herjuno Darpito. When Yogya became the capital, Sri Sultan helped fund the running of the Republic of Indonesia government and carried out reforms in Yogyakarta. All official activities had to use Indonesian and Latin script, replacing the Javanese script which was the official royal script at that time. HB IX's efforts made anti-monarchy freedom fighter groups not dare to protest in Yogya. Apart from that, Yogyakarta has become the capital of the Republic of Indonesia. Even though there were Indonesian fighters at that time who were anti-monarchy, the Republic of Indonesia at that time imitated the Dutch Kingdom in dealing with the large number of kingdoms in the archipelago . All local kings were given the rank of Titular Major General including Yogya, Surakarta, Mangkunegaran and Pakualaman even though they were not actual soldiers. Kings who were willing to join Indonesia were still respected by the Soekarno government. At that time, in the Surakarta palace, there was an anti-monarchy movement initiated by a group of intellectuals, youth and students led by a royal relative, KPH Mr. Sumodiningrat. In contrast to Yogyakarta, which is relatively safe because it is the capital of the Republic of Indonesia, the situation in Surakarta is less stable. Because this intellectual group is supported by the Indonesian Nationalist Party and Barisan Banteng. PNI is Pak Karno's party which was originally led by Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, while Barisan Banteng at that time was also led by a doctor named Dr. Muwardi. This anti-self-government group believes that the monarchy system which determines rulers based on lineage is outdated and should not be continued in the era of democracy. Rulers chosen based on lineage have proven to have failed to unite the Indonesian people to expel the invaders. So there's no need to continue. The PNI, supported by Barisan Banteng, demanded that Surakarta and Mangkunegaran be disbanded and their assets returned to the people. In April 1946, Barisan Banteng finally succeeded in controlling Surakarta after besieging the Kepatihan and the logistics warehouse belonging to Sunan PB XII. On April 30 1946, Sunan Pakubuwono XII was kidnapped by Barisan Banteng. To calm the situation, Pakubuwono XII then returned the Special Region of Surakarta to President Sukarno. Mangkunegara VIII's fate was slightly better than Susuhunan Pakubuwono XII because he was not kidnapped. He was braver and more determined to maintain his power. MN 8 provided propaganda that the services of its predecessor, Raden Mas Said, who participated in the struggle against the Dutch, should not be forgotten. On May 1 1946, Mangkunegaran VIII established the Constitution of the Mangkunegaran Kingdom which established Mangkunegaran as a special region under the President of the Republic of Indonesia. This was MN 8's strategy to gain support from President Soekarno, who at that time had an office in Yogyakarta. As a result of the riots in Solo, in May 1946, Prime Minister Sjahrir arrested 12 leaders of the PNI and Barisan Banteng, including Dr. Moewardi. The Banteng ranks grew hotter, and held a large-scale demonstration in Solo. The leader of the Indonesian Republic Army, General Soedirman, was more pro towards Barisan Banteng because he had served in the guerrilla war, so that 12 leaders of the PNI and Barisan Banteng were released again. Even though the Government of the Republic of Indonesia at that time did not agree to Mangkunegaran's desire to go his own way without Surakarta, Sukarno also refused to fulfill the demands of anti-swapraja groups to share the kingdom's assets with left-wing groups who considered themselves representatives of the people. Therefore, the government, which was still facing a bigger problem, namely the arrival of the Dutch who wanted to re-colonize Indonesia, finally withdrew the power of Mangkunegaran and Kasunanan to the center. The Special Region of Surakarta had its status revoked in July 1946 and was changed to the Surakarta Residency Government. After that, from 1946 to 1948, there were many negotiations between the Netherlands and Indonesia. The Linggarjati Agreement was signed on March 25, 1947 and the Renville Agreement was signed on January 17, 1948. In the Renville Agreement, Indonesia was represented by Amir Syarifudin. Amir Syarifudin is an Indonesian intellectual who was the initiator of the Indonesian Christian Student Movement. In fact, he was born into a Batak Muslim family, but converted to Christianity while studying in the Netherlands in 1931. At the time of the Renville Agreement, he had already occupied the position of Prime Minister for the second period. However, the results of the Renville Agreement were disappointing because the Dutch were only willing to recognize Indonesian territories, namely Central Java, Yogyakarta and Sumatra. Because it was considered a failure, Prime Minister Amir Syarifudin was replaced by Mohammad Hatta. The Left camp led by Amir Syarifudin was hurt and refused to be invited to join Hatta's cabinet. The left camp was willing to join if Amir Sjarifuddin was given the position of Minister of Defense (at that time held by HB IX). This request was not granted by Pak Hatta. Amir Syarifudin then formed the People's Democratic Front whose members were the PKI, the Socialist Party, the Indonesian Labor Party, the All-Indonesian Central Labor Organization, and the Indonesian Socialist Youth. In the spirit of defending the proletariat, FDR demanded that the Renville agreement should not be adhered to, negotiations with the Dutch would no longer be carried out and all foreign company assets would be returned to the state, or nationalized. Barisan Banteng, which carries the slogan of being uncompromising with the Dutch, has parted ways with the PNI which supports the government. However, Barisan Banteng did not join FDR. Barisan Banteng then met with supporters of Tan Malaka who also had the principle of not wanting to compromise with the Dutch but did not conform to the PKI style at that time. Therefore, on January 25 1948, the Revolutionary People's Movement was formed in Surakarta, namely an alliance between the nationalist group Barisan Banteng who joined forces with supporters of Tan Malaka and communist groups other than the PKI. On June 28 1948 , PB The situation in Surakarta is heating up again. The establishment of the People's Revolutionary Movement in Surakarta was not liked by the People's Democratic Front, which was sponsored by PKI Musso and PSI Amir Syarifudin. On September 13, 1948, Dr. Moewardi, as Chairman of the GRR, was kidnapped by unknown forces, believed to include members of the PKI. In September 1948 when Sri Sultan HB 9 became defense minister in Hatta's cabinet, the FBR held a rebellion in Madiun which became known as the PKI Musso rebellion. This rebellion was supported by Amir Syarifudin, a former Prime Minister who was one of the leaders of the FBR. Six days after the outbreak of the Madiun rebellion, dr. No news of Moewardi being kidnapped has ever emerged. It turned out that at that time, he was ordering the People's Revolutionary Movement troops to join the Siliwangi Division to end the PKI's power. So not everyone who is pro-communist automatically becomes PKI. For example, the People's Revolutionary Movement. And not all communists are atheists. For example, Tan Malaka and dr. Moewardi Both are devout Muslims. Muso was finally shot dead during the war in Ponorogo, while Amir Syarifuddin was finally caught and sentenced to death by being shot in the head in the middle of a cemetery one night. After that, Barisan Banteng did not appear again because it had joined the TNI army. Likewise, many former PKI guerrillas who had surrendered also joined the TNI. At that time, the Republic of Indonesia did not really care about the background of the troops it had because after the PKI Madiun incident, on December 19 1948, Indonesia faced the 2nd Dutch Military Aggression. The Republic needed a lot of troops to fight the Dutch who had succeeded in controlling Yogyakarta as the capital of the Republic of Indonesia. The capital was then moved to Bukittinggi in West Sumatra and the government was led by Syafruddin Prawiranegara as Prime Minister of the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia. At that time the Dutch considered Yogya and Surakarta still to have great influence, so the Dutch encouraged Yogya and Solo , led by HB IX and PB This is exactly like the VOC strategy in previous times. In January 1949, Sultan Hamengkubuwana IX and Sri Paku Alam VIII resigned from the positions of Governor and Deputy Governor of the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The reason was because the Governor's position at that time was under Dutch rule, while Sri Sultan's direction remained towards Indonesia, which at that time was led by Sjafruddin Prawiranegara in Bukittinggi. Meanwhile, at that time Surakarta and Mangkunegaran were floating around. Some fighters thought that Surakarta and Mangkunegaran wanted to restore their power again with the support of the Dutch. This causes anti-self-sufficiency groups to increase in number. On July 6, 1949, as a result of the March 1 General Strike, all detained Republican leaders were returned to Yogyakarta from Bangka. Then on July 13 1949, Syafruddin Prawiranegara returned the powers of the Emergency Government to President Soekarno. On August 23, 1949, the Round Table Conference was held in The Hague, Netherlands. Doctor Muwardi, who kidnapped PB XII, went with PB XII to the Netherlands to represent Indonesia. This is funny, so PB XII left and so did Dr. Moewardi. The Indonesian delegation was led by Mohammad Hatta, Mohammad Roem, and Prof. Dr. Soepomo. I went along, at that time with Mangkunegara but... went there and was given a... special decision that I became like a minister of state in the Republican government. On November 2 1949, after the Round Table Conference was held in The Hag, Kingdom of the Netherlands recognize and surrender Indonesian sovereignty. With the form of the United Republic of Indonesia. In Amsterdam, a handover ceremony was held at the Dam Palace by Queen Juliana and Moh Hatta. Meanwhile in Jakarta it was held at the Koningsplein Palace by Lovink from the Dutch side and HB IX from the Indonesian side. Symbolically, the Dutch flag was lowered and the Indonesian flag was raised. After the recognition of sovereignty and after President Sukarno was inaugurated as President of the Republic of the United States of Indonesia on December 17 1949, the Surakarta Special Region was officially abolished and joined the Central Java region. In 1950, the form of the country's constitution was returned to the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia because the United States of Indonesia was not suitable and had the potential for conflict. In 1951, Mangkunegara VIII had a son, GPH. Sujiwakusuma. At that time Mangkunegaran still existed and was not dissolved, the same as Surakarta but only became a cultural heritage without being given power. Surakarta, as a former large kingdom, is certainly struggling to continue preserving its cultural heritage because it no longer has financial resources. As strong as PB This activity must continue to be held as a sign that Surakarta is not over even though it is no longer in power. On January 15 1952, Pakubuwana XII gave information about the Surakarta Swapraja Region to the Ministers in Jakarta. However, his efforts have not been successful in restoring Surakarta's status as a Special Region. In 1954 after the birth of a son named GRM. Suryo Sutejo. PB XII decided to leave the palace to go to school in Jakarta. Better to be late for school than never. He then gave the opportunity to his uncle, KGPH. Kusumayudha became temporary deputy at the palace. Unfortunately, when he left for school, on November 19 1954, a fire broke out at the Surakarta Palace which burned down the Sangga Buwana stage, the tallest building in the Surakarta Palace, but did not spread to other buildings. On September 29 1955, the first election was held in the Republic of Indonesia. The top 5 election winners were PNI, Masyumi, NU, PKI, Indonesian Islamic Sharia Party. In 1957, Kasunanan Surakarta took the initiative to move the body of Pakubuwana VI who was buried in Ambon to Astana Imogiri. PB VI is a national hero who supports Prince Diponegoro. When excavated, evidence was found that Pakubuwana VI's skull had a hole in the forehead. There is an opinion that PB IV's death was shot by the Dutch in 1849. After that, PB XII's activities were not really recorded in history because he did not enter the world of politics. Meanwhile, HB IX Yogya chose to continue the struggle and enter the cabinet from the Soekarno to Suharto era. On March 28 1973, during the Soeharto era, in the Cabinet called the Second Development Cabinet, Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX became Vice President until March 29 1978. Mangkunegara VIII was also traced to entering the world of politics and became a member of the MPR from Golongan Karya or Golkar in 1973. 1977. On Friday night around 9 pm January 31 1985, the core complex of the Surakarto palace building caught fire again. In this incident, more people were burned, namely Sasana Parasdya, Sasana Sewaka, Sasana Handrawina, Dalem Ageng Prabasuyasa, Dayinta, and Paningrat. All of these buildings and their contents burned down. Because he no longer had the strength to handle it alone, on February 5 1985, Pakubuwana XII reported to President Soeharto. The government then provided 4 billion in funds and formed a committee of 13 people to renovate the Surakarta Palace. In 1987, the rehabilitation of the palace was successfully carried out. When the Surakarto palace was just inaugurated, Mangkunegara VIII died on September 3 1987 at the age of 67 years. He was succeeded by his son Raden Mas Soedjiwo Koesoemo who later assumed the title Mangkunegara IX at the age of 36. Mangkunegara IX was married to Pak Sukarno's daughter before ascending the throne, namely Sukmawati Sukarnoputri in 1974. However, they divorced in 1984. On October 2 1988, Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX died while undergoing a medical examination in America at the age of 76. The throne of Yogya was then succeeded by his son, Bendoro RM Herjuno Darpito at the age of 43 years with the title HB Followed on November 9 2004, GRM Suryo Partono's younger brother, namely GRM. Suryo Sutejo or Tedjowulan was crowned by his followers as PB XIII. This resulted in Surakarta having two kings for approximately 8 years. In 2012 there was another reconciliation with his brother, and finally RM Tejowolan recognized his older brother as PB XIII and he was appointed supreme minister with the title Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Haryo Panembahan Agung (KGPHPA) Pakubuwono Of six wives. On August 13 2021, Mangkunegara IX died at the age of 69 years. Mangkunegaran's throne was vacant for almost a year due to confusion in choosing a successor. His eldest son was actually Prince Haryo Paundrakarna Jiwo Suryonegoro, son of Mrs. Sukmawati and grandson of Soekarno. However, because his mother had divorced before MN 9 ascended the throne, it was considered invalid. Another candidate is GPH. Bhre Cakrahutomo Wiro Sudjiwo, who was born from the second empress, this was legal, but the problem was that at that time he was not yet Muslim. Mangkunegaran actually did not have a problem with religion in the royal family other than Islam, but to become king you had to be Muslim, because Mangkunegaran was a descendant of Islamic Mataram. This is confusing. GPH Bhre Cakrahutomo Wiro Sudjiwo then converted to Islam and ascended the throne with the title Mangkunegara It's been quite long, I think that's all I can say. The good ones please take and the bad ones please leave. Thank you for being willing to listen until the end. Greetings Karahayon. Billahittaufiq walhidayah. Wassalamu alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh.