Philosophical Insights into the American Revolution

May 4, 2024

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Lecture Notes: Philosophical Foundations of the American Revolution

Summary

Today's lecture explored the philosophical underpinnings that influenced colonial attitudes towards government and liberty in the years leading up to the American Revolution. This discussion is crucial for understanding how revolutionary thoughts evolved from loyal sentiments towards the British crown to a strong desire for independence, largely inspired by Enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Baron de Montesquieu.

Key Developments in Colonial Attitudes

  • Stamp Act Congress (1765): Colonial delegates petitioned against the Stamp Act, asserting their rights as British citizens without advocating for revolution.
  • Continental Congress (1774): Delegates passionately debated British impositions, seeking to protect their liberties yet hoping for reconciliation rather than revolution.
  • Shift Towards Independence: Over time, increased frustrations and perceived tyranny pushed the colonies towards seeking independence, especially influenced by Thomas Paine’s pamphlet "Common Sense" in 1776.

Enlightenment Influence

John Locke

  • Argued for government by consent of the governed; power lies with the people.
  • Advocated for natural rights: life, liberty, and property, which are inherent and cannot be taken away by the government.
  • Promoted self-rule through elected representatives, challenging the notion of hereditary privileges.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

  • Introduced the idea of a social contract between the people and their government.
  • Believed that laws without the people's consent can be considered null and void, fueling resistance to taxation without representation.

Baron de Montesquieu

  • Suggested a republican government divided into three branches (executive, legislative, judicial) to maintain a balance of power and protect liberties.

Impact of Thomas Paine’s "Common Sense"

  • Widely read and influential pamphlet that made a compelling case for independence using simple, relatable language.
  • Articulated emerging colonial sentiments and translated elite philosophical concepts into accessible ideas.
  • Critiqued monarchy using straightforward arguments and biblical references.

Conclusion of the Movement

  • Emerging revolutionary thoughts culminated in the drafting of the Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson, deeply rooted in Enlightenment ideals.
  • Declaration adopted and publicly announced on July 4, 1776, marking a decisive break from British rule and the start of the Revolutionary War.

This lecture is part of the AP U.S. History curriculum, covering how philosophical ideologies shaped the revolutionary fervor that led to America's fight for independence and subsequent formation of a government based on Enlightenment principles.

Next Steps

  • Review Enlightenment thinkers’ original works to understand deeper philosophical meanings.
  • Read "Common Sense" to grasp the rhetoric that swayed public opinion towards independence.
  • Prepare for discussions on how these philosophies were practically implemented during and after the revolution.