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How does the case study of Donald illustrate the concept of repressed and recovered memories?
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Donald claimed amnesia for the murder he committed while under PCP influence, but later remembered after a head injury, illustrating the potential for repressed memories to be recovered.
Explain the concept of embodied cognition and its influence on perception.
Embodied cognition proposes that physical experiences, such as holding a warm cup of coffee, can influence cognitive perceptions, like perceiving others as warmer.
Why does correlation not imply causation in psychological research?
Correlation does not imply causation because two variables may be related without one causing the other; there could be other unexamined variables affecting both.
What did Carol Dweck's research reveal about the impact of praise on mindset and performance?
Praising effort rather than intelligence fosters a growth mindset, leading individuals to embrace challenges and view failures as opportunities for development.
What is the 'WEIRD' problem in psychological research sampling?
The 'WEIRD' problem refers to the over-reliance on samples from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich Democracies, which can limit the generalizability of findings.
How has the stress and empathy levels among college students changed, and how is it measured?
College students today report higher stress and lower empathy compared to previous generations, typically measured using consistent self-report questionnaires.
How does experimenter bias influence the outcomes of psychological studies?
Experimenter bias can lead to subconsciously influencing participants or interpreting results in a way that confirms their hypotheses, thus affecting the study's validity.
What roles do authority and repetition play in psychological studies according to research in psychology?
Authority and repetition are often perceived as indicators of truth in psychological claims, but science requires empirical evidence and rational analysis to substantiate such claims clearly.
Discuss one common psychological belief challenged by scientific evidence.
The idea that high self-esteem directly correlates with better outcomes is challenged; evidence suggests that specific praise for effort has a more positive impact on development.
How do folk psychology and scientific evidence differ in the evaluation of psychological phenomena?
Folk psychology often relies on intuition and anecdotal evidence, whereas scientific evidence is based on systematic research and empirical data, revealing nuanced insights.
What are the challenges of studying human behavior compared to physical sciences?
Studying human behavior is more challenging due to the complexity of human organisms and the influence of numerous variables, including psychological, biological, social, and environmental factors.
Describe how money-related thoughts can affect behavior, according to studies.
Experimental studies suggest that priming individuals with concepts of money can make them more self-reliant and less inclined to help others.
What is the broken windows theory, and how does it relate to environmental influences on behavior?
The theory suggests that visible signs of disorder, like graffiti, can lead to further crime by signaling neglect and encouraging more deviant behavior.
Describe the historical evolution of psychological experiments.
Psychological experiments began with mental chronometry in the 1800s and evolved through phases like introspection, behaviorism, and the cognitive revolution.
What were the findings of the speed dating study regarding gender differences in desire?
The study found that when gender roles were reversed, the differences in desire typically attributed to evolutionary factors disappeared, highlighting the role of environmental factors.
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