Lecture Notes on Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Introduction

• Good evening to all students.
• Overview of topics: Ketones and Carboxylic Acids.

Ketones vs. Alcohols

• Oxidation of Alcohols
  • Primary Alcohols (1°): Same number of carbons, produce aldehydes.
  • Secondary Alcohols (2°): Same number of carbons, produce ketones.
• Reactions:
  • Dehydrogenation of alcohols:
    • Example: C3H8O (Propyl Alcohol) at 573°C.

Chemical Reactions

• Reactions Involving Ketones:
  • Hydrogenation removes hydrogen.
  • Addition reactions with nucleophiles.
• Important Reactions:
  • Grignard Reaction:
    • Reacts ketones with alkyl halides.
  • Rosenmund Reduction:
    • Ketones to benzaldehyde.
• Reduction Reactions:
  • Various reduction methods mentioned:
    • Wurtz reduction, Clemenson reduction.

Carboxylic Acids

• Formation:
  • From alcohols and other carbon compounds.
• Reactions:
  • Esterification Reaction: Carboxylic acid + Alcohol = Ester.
  • Decarboxylation: Removal of CO2 from carboxylic acids.

Aromatic Compounds

• Preparation of Aromatic Compounds:
  • Via oxidation and chlorination reactions.
  • Important reagents include Chromium trioxide and Hydrolysis.
• Reactions involving Benzene:
  • Electrophilic substitution reactions.

Properties of Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

• Boiling Points:
  • Carboxylic acids have higher boiling points due to hydrogen bonding.
• Reactivity:
  • Ketones are more reactive in nucleophilic addition than aldehydes.

Summary of Key Reactions

• Reactions to Remember:
  • Kirchoff Reaction, Friedel-Crafts Reaction, Wurtz Reaction.
  • Important reagents: PCl3, PCl5, metallic sodium, etc.

Exam Preparation Tips

• Understand functional groups and their reactions.
• Practice chemical equations and mechanisms.
• Focus on distinguishing between similar compounds (e.g., propanol vs. propan-1-ol).

Questions and Answers

• Clarified various reactions and mechanisms.
• Encouraged students to ask questions for better understanding.