Overview
The lecture covers six types of feedback in sports and skill learning, explaining their definitions, strengths, and weaknesses to help students evaluate each method.
Types of Feedback
1. Positive Feedback
- Provides information about successful performance (e.g., "Nice shot").
- Strengthens the stimulus-response (SR) bond and reinforces correct skill learning.
- Increases motivation, especially for cognitive stage learners (beginners).
- Builds confidence in performers.
- Weaknesses: May reinforce incorrect actions, is ineffective when unspecific, and often lacks direction for what to do next.
2. Negative Feedback
- Gives information about unsuccessful performance or errors.
- Can motivate some individuals and provides areas for improvement.
- Especially useful for autonomous (expert) learners for fine skill refinement.
- Prevents drive reduction by setting new goals.
- Weaknesses: Can demotivate or reduce confidence, does not tell what was done right, and is unsuitable for cognitive stage learners.
3. Knowledge of Performance (KOP)
- Information about the quality or technique of performance.
- Enhances kinesthetic sense and helps focus on positives during tough competition.
- Essential for skill learning and improvement in technique.
- Best for fine detail and expert learners; boosts motivation and confidence.
- Weaknesses: Detrimental if inaccurate, may overload with too much data, less desired by those only interested in outcomes.
4. Knowledge of Results (KOR)
- Provides information about the outcome (e.g., winning, scoring).
- Important for both beginners and experts for motivation and satisfaction.
- Should be linked to KOP for optimal effectiveness.
- Measurable and objective.
- Weaknesses: Can demotivate if results are poor, lacks detail about performance, may be unrepresentative of true skill.
5. Intrinsic Feedback
- Feedback from within, based on kinesthetic sense and proprioception.
- Constantly available and does not rely on others.
- Concurrent and allows for real-time adjustments.
- Crucial for autonomous learners and self-correction.
- Weaknesses: Not useful for beginners and depends on a well-developed schema.
6. Extrinsic Feedback
- Feedback from external sources such as coaches.
- Provides different perspectives, especially helpful from experienced coaches.
- Critical for cognitive stage learners.
- Weaknesses: Hard to deliver concurrently; lacks intrinsic kinesthetic information; not always available and often delivered to groups rather than individuals.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Stimulus-Response (SR) Bond — The connection formed between a stimulus and a specific response through feedback.
- Cognitive Stage Learner — A beginner or novice in skill acquisition.
- Autonomous Stage Learner — An expert with highly developed skills.
- Kinesthetic Sense — Awareness of body movement and position.
- Knowledge of Performance (KOP) — Feedback on the quality and technique of performance.
- Knowledge of Results (KOR) — Feedback on the outcome or result of performance.
- Schema — A generalized memory trace of how a skill should feel or be performed.
- Intrinsic Feedback — Feedback that comes from the performer's own sensory systems.
- Extrinsic Feedback — Feedback from external sources such as coaches.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Number and review the six feedback types, focusing on their strengths and weaknesses.
- Revisit operant conditioning and the SR bond if unclear.
- Prepare examples for each feedback type to deepen understanding.