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Topic particulate Nature of matter
solid liar Gates
particles are particle particles are
arranged in can move far away
fixed pattern and Slide
Lattice Fatty No IMF
000 No forces of
000 moderate attraction
> forces
of attraction
attractive
is very strong
forces
## 0080
00
I
lattice
Boiling happen at Specific temperature
Boiling has Bubbles
condensation EFFI I sublimation gfofiusminwate.FI c
Grey Black Iacar purple
Brown solution Valus
5 tetany ch gsins
E only tier liar solid Cooling
State Change curm
g onsolid
disson
Tipitation Gidpoint
IF IT
1 355 IN 3H
3059 21144 11710
ftp i
white solid is formed at point A
NH has lower Mr so it diffuses
faster
factors of diffusion
Mars
Temperature Atomq.FI 1manNo P N
Atomic No Go of protons
9P 19
at 1 Atom is Electrically
Neutral
19 9 10N
chatgereeah mk.IE tte
Ies Atoms of Same Element
having same No of protons and
Electrons But different number
of Neutrons Isotopes are
chemically
# Ey alike Because
> they
have same
e C I Noovalene
> electron i
920108
270 29 6
> 929
> 36 59 27
32 36
> 27 2
27
Is
Ar 63 70 65 301 6 6 631
63100
copper
1.6
13
## 9501
63 5
Cu Cu
70 30 Betomcman As
It is the weighted average
of all the Isotopes of
> an
Element relative to
of the Man of C 12 atom
Iaivemolecular Man
> e
Molecule
Relative Formala ManYIomi comp
It is the weighted average
man of formulaucnit relative
to Fy of the man of C 12ohm Mdecate when two or more
atoms are covalently Bonded
together
Ionic compounds are made up
of fortes Iic chemicalBanding
centBand
This Bond is formed by mutual
Sharing of election blow two
atom
# Q.NO
H H
H2 L2 L1 Ift an icon
covalent mutual Sharing of E
C belongs to Group VII so it has
Seven Electron in its outer shell
0 o Bonding Electrons
monaste a a
> aNitrogen
belongs I group so it
has 5 e in its outer shell
MEM
gestation
S Cla
Sulfur Belongs to Group 6 so it has
6 Valence electron
> 00
XX COCI
> 10
00 00 00 8
of covalent Compounds
covalent Gianto
content
Tpecffffhba.tt
## flat
filet It
Countable water
chlorine Diamond
Ozone 03 Graphite C
Glucose C6H1206 Silica SIG low MP low BP death
H H INTER
H H
poor conductor of heat
and Electricity due to
the lack of free Ims
or lack of free
Electrons
Diamond
# EETI.EE tweag
each Carbon is
2 3 Connected with Bree
> other
Carbon atoms
each Carbon is Connected layered Structure and
with four other Carbon hexagonal oing
atoms High M.P B P
Angle 109.5 due to Strong Covalent
Bond
Tetrahedral Structure Graphite is good
> conductor
of heat
Diamond high MP BP and Electricity
due to the due to the
Strong Covalent Bonds presence of free
Electrons
poor conductor of heat Due to its
and Electricity slippery Nature
it is used
Diamond is very hard as a dry
due to its covalent lubricant
linkage Due to its
hardness we use it
> in
cutting tool drilling
Machines
silicon dioxide silica
9
Sir
si
TIt is used in glass Sand paper
Imicompound at invest
Iriend This Bond is present blw
oppositely charged Ion and
this Bond is formed by transfer of
electron
Electrostatic force of attraction b w
oppositely charged Ion
Mg 12 2 8 2 Mg
# 0.8.2.625
> 10
# 0 1
00 Al 13 2,8
## i O
# fiii.is
11
O
>
compounds have
Giants and
Lattice Struck
M.P and B P is very high in
Ionic compounds due to the Strong
Ionic Bond strong Electrostatic force
attraction b w oppositely charged of a
Iot
In Solid State Ionic Compounds are
poor conductor of heat Electricity
due to the lack of free Ions
In Aqueous form or in Molten
form Ionic Compounds Can conduct
Electricity due to the presence of
free Iom
Metal
Metallic Band is poesentnetelpo.si tetiismaienom
ISodium That fixed delocalised
> positive Electrons
or
Ion mobile Electrons
Sodium It is the force of attraction
which is present b w positive Iar
and delocalised Election
To melt or boil the metals you need
to break the Metallic Bond
All Metals have Giant Structure
# Time
Simple Covalent Camp IMF is present
> blov Molecule
Giant Covalent Structure To melt Boil you
need to break
Strong Covalent
Bond
Ionic Compound To Meet Boil
you need to break
Strong Ionic Bond
Metals To Melt Boil you need to break
Metallic Bad
4
Giant content
Silicon Toxide
grap halayered Structure and
hexagonal ring
It has free electrons
> 7292
61
Tme watt metal 02
Eliane
Diamond has Tiant Covalent Structure
and to melt the Diamond you need
to break Story Covalent Bond while
Iodine has simple Covalent structure and weak
IMF is present blw Molecule
Calcium has free Electrons
while Iodine has no mobile
Electrons
Graphite has layered Structure
weak IMF is present and layers
Can slip over each other
9150 12100 rated reaction
Chemical Energetics Equipnum Organey
Chemicalenergetics
Exothermic reaction in which heat
energy is released
Example Combustion
Nytf taT
## But touts heat
Jeep
> a
Eftat chiding
balemust have
to read __ Energy H 1
Chalky educ
Tessfreaann 171s
Eberme heat energy is absorbed
photosynthesis All decomposition
reaction
Calls cattle
## Leafeant product
## my Arms Petitions
7m
Nz 02 Thy
hat Ie the 2ND
Bond Energy required to break
energy gaseous form
Bordig Endolbergi Conflation
3
## Fr 5 c H 1 c 4 1 ca
3050
90
0
6 C H 1 c c 1 a a 2460 350 240 3050
6 410 1 350 1 240
13050T
5 C H 1 c U 1 H d
5 410 1 350 1 340 1 430
2050 350 3401430 93175
H Energy taken in Energy given out
3050 3170 1
3050 170 120 Fat EXI Fiatiitfire co.ca otm19
minimum energy that colliding
particles must have to react
By add acatalyst Ratefreactions
Rate changinqyqntnton.am ees
Factors acastheratedreaeh _
Temperature
T KoE Noof collision Rate of reaction
in a Unit time
of
> frequency
of Collision
At higher temperature more molecule have
energy equal or greater than EA
## Ii.am as
1sec 30
> molecules
haye
exert uof odut gardenagy equal or
EA When we Increase the temperature
rate of forward reaction and
rate of Backward reaction
both Increases
Indfate
Concentration particles are frequency
more crowder of collision Pffachon
E CTD
1mol.am em
e
> Particles
are
> more crowded
> frequency
of
Collision Increases 3rd oct pressure only for gases
pressure frequency of Rate of reaction
collision
Icator suface agtjg.tt ome
Collision
Rate of Surface Area fervency
yeah parked
> Bigger Surface
Area
5
factor Catalyst
Catalyst Increases the rate of reaction
Treatgalerate having
Lower Activation energy
> FM
data Valled After the Addition of
Molecule have energy
> Ef ftp.ff
yYpeIater
Thatta
product
fastaction
Ivon Treacho Ht lesser gradient
time
In HU Encla He
159 lump Excess
15Spondered Excess Iic Chemical Equilibrium
Dynamic
term equilibrium is used for reverably
Reversiblenaction
# fi 3Hat2niti Haber's process
Temp 4502
1 kpa pressure 200am 20,000 Kpa
Catalyst Iron Fe
Senior By fractional distillation
of liquid air
S Hydrgen Methane Contactpros manufacture
of Hison
i St 02 502 Vanadium Ioxide
# cisso.IT n2TtI II 503 Has Oy H2 5207 otell
Iv Has 07 H2o 2H01
# a
Ng 3
# I2NIT start TVFrogram
t 1min 909 log
comin
## 53301 t 120min 759 properties of dynamic Equilibria
Concentration oftantand
# fafff.lt f
# inm
isequattrateof
Backward reaction
Factorsaffectingthepositional
equilibrium novum
Lechtelispcle when a dynamic
equilibrium is disturbed by changing
the conditions Temp Conc pressure
then position of equilibrium react
in Such a way as to counter
at bat change I
Hg nII m
# THEE
If we Increase the concentration of Ha
then these Extra H moleculecombine
Is and form HI and position
of equilibrium reaction more shift
towards RH'S and more HI
is formed
Effect of Temperature
## mapE mE sect
# M.IE Ifi I e
I
Temp decreases
What happens If we Increase the temp
Too
position of equilibrium shift towards
L HS as Backward reaction is Endothermic
## Taiwan iott
heat Nz 0 2ND
BackwardisEI
Temp Increased
If we Increase the temp
position of earniliborm Shift towards
R H S and More No is formed
Effeta pore only on gases
250 tt
# dsIfety T.pl smote
More Volume lets Vol
## humoral
If we Increase the pressure position
of equthftowarasR.AT
lesser are as m 1
If we decrease the pressure P
position of equilibrium shift towards
L H S where more moles are
equal moles on
> both
side then t.IE Tvi
> pressure
on position Air
Meltane
enthalpy change
> a
is NegatiT
450
> 201000 Lovation
Latin 100 KPa
Fe
rate POSIIanilibown
decreases
> _o
decrease decreases
No change
h Installed
Tole amole Feroz hematite ZnS 0 Zno
502
Also Bauxite Ens Emblende
IS
Zincblende
Strong heating in Air
Contact process
450 C
2502 0 5250 12 200119
Vanadium I oxide
No change in concentration of reactants products
Rate of forwood reaction is equal to ratbacke
position of earwilibrum shift towards Liks
at Backward reaction is Endothermic
position of equilibrium shift towards
as lesser mold are present
# mm 2502 0 250 PVd
Toler Imok
> More Vol
tell V1
# Iw
Organicchemistry
Hydrocarbons Compounds which
consist of Carbon and Hydrogen
only
CHy
Celts
C3H6
C3H OH Hydrocarbon
Saturated Unsaturated
Carbon Carbon Single Bond Carbon Carbon
C C multiple bond
s a
CIE
Alkenes Allys
Q What are Alkane
And Alkanes are saturated Hydrocarbons
General formula of Alkane Celts In Alkanes there is No follow
# Ff
Chromes are least reactive
0246801 H H H
# 1mIt C3H8IH Alkane is Ettore What are Alkenes
Alkenes are Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Its general formFCE
son.sc EHX
Alten
If 1 3 3 He pooped all member have
# If I ffffaff ttdfmu
Same functional
If n 5 To pentene group
functional group reactive part
All members
have same
of a molecule Chemical properties
H dueto same
H H F G
H H H physical properties
changes gradually
In Alkene 2nd
member is Two consecutive 0 members differ
by one CHI
group
Functionaland
Alkane No Functional group
Alkene Carbon Carbon double bond
Cattan
Alcohol OH group is attached
with carbon its general
formula is CI _Hanty OH
If n 1 CH OH Methand
If n 2 Cults OH Eltanal If 3 C3H7OH propanol
## If n 4 CultaOH Butanol
> mm
Carboxylic Acid COOH is
the functional group
General formula is Cont.net
# coo H9fn IHCOOHH E oH Metton
90 n 1 Cost could Ethanoicted
If n 2 CH CH COOH poopanoic Acid
If 4 4 CH CH CH COOH Butanoic Acid Isomerin Aland
Same molecular formula
slimmer But different
Structural formula
Cute Butane
11119ohm
# 111 11 13
Butane
Cultio Butane
I 1 it
> e
Butane Branch
## Is2 metdpom Alkyl Culture
CH meltyl
End
Csltt propyl
Draw the Isomers of pentane Gte
# fk
EE
H H H H H I
__
pentane Displayed 2 Methyl Butane
I at 7Lets
## gOFF l
## ffie
> e
2 2 dimethyl propane
Wfmerishn mt
CHCH CHCH
> Displayed structural
formula
Ethene
## i I I H CHICH CHL
H propene structural
formula
Displayed
on
_ d d H CHsutacH cH
It it structural
But 1 ene A C H Chatches
H It It It
But 2 one
Draw the Isomas of Cults
## I I I_In Gut tone TH It
> it c
c E It But 2 ere
It It it it
meets ch
H
2 methyl propene HITCH
1
H C C H
1 cyclo Butane
H C C H
I
H
Cyclo Alkane and Alkenes have
same general formula Reactionofalkans
Cfg Breakdown of long chain
hydrocarbons into small
Chain hydrocarbons
Cin high temp high pressure
Catalyst SIO
or
Al 203
1 to get the more
Useful fraction
Gene
Home Alkene
# Fh tf cuts 5H10
high temp hish I
5102 Pressure
C3H6 Catty
2oibilb Alkene hydrogen gas
Catto CHU H2 mb uho
complete Co2 Ho
Incomplete Caphroxide
GI
Complete Combustion Excess of 02
CLI 2,9 10 2 24201
SHE 02 202 5H20
Combustionofalkens
ELI 302 2CO 2H20
Combystionfalcohol
Caltson 302 2CQ Substitution reaction in Alkanes
organi
H Inorgan
H a u H
## father
monochTomettome
THE fine
Dichloro Methane
1 Chloro propane
# mail.FI a
# nii fifianta
2 Chloropropane
Ite Alkanes give substitution
reaction Reactionofalkenes
Alkenes are reactive due to the
presence of Carbon Carbon double bond
Alkenes give Addition reaction
Hydrogenation Addition of H2
it
# ItHH a c c H
H H
Unsaturated Ethane
Saturated
H H a I I Et
H H H H
But 2 end Butane
Bre BIT
Brace Reddish brown coronoless
Bra car orange loan Browq.net
AdditiondBr
4 L H
Bypass
4 H
Lr Ba
1,2 dibromoethome
colourless
Alkenes decolonrise the
> Bromine .CI
t Noreaho
colour of Bromine will not discharge
CH 4 0 Br as
9Car
1,2 di bromo propane Add Carboxylic Acid Ester
preparation of Alcohol
Additionofsteaminalkene
## 1 IE H o I 1
HsPOn
H OH
Catalyst Ethomed
## 1 I aatiit
wabe
proton 2 01
> Lee
## 111 a
It 1
propanol Indebodtopepareehand
From An Glucose Renewable resource
Fermentation Bio chemical process
In this reaction we use living
organism Bacteriostat
Temperature 2 5 3Ic
In this reaction Impure elband is obtained
181
CoH1206 t acutson 202
or 25 352 9 01
By fractional distillation we purify the
Alcohol Pavement By the fiddonofane
for oxidation we need oxidising
Agent re EI
i Acidified Ke Cr 07 heat
Foranget green
1 Acidified Kmnon heat
purple To colourless
mutt mn t
# FI DI
# 1 ItHio 0
CHITOTH 2 0 CHOOH H2O
> e
Ettomicaid
CH CH WIT 2 0 Scout tho
Acid 19
## Ideas Acid fermentation
AI
CHSCH 02 1 as coolt tho
mum
Esterification condensation
Carboxylic Acid Alcohol Ester water
CH3ghfffh.at e ae CHICHs E fact the
Ethanol
III
Ethyl Ethanoate
chs ut.IE o u
# FL1fIItjii propanoic Acid Methanol
Meltyl propanoate
d
poopanni Methanol Aid Sodium ethanoate
2CHs O H Ca CH FY He
KEE Ica
CHS o H NaOH at IN a Hw
N sodium
ethanoat
mm
CH OH Caco Chs 8 oct
CH3C002Ca COTH Calar eh 0
Ca cH C002
Ist
When Monomers small molecules are
Chemically combined together they
form a polymer
i Addition polymerisation
> iMonomers
are Unsaturated C C
II No small molecule is formed with
polymer
4 I
# 1t f_fi It It 11
Cults polythene
Cath f Plastic D
Draw the polymer of polypropene
with
## terepeatngUnit smomeri ts ce
# ct sittsitatsit10
it
9 0
# 97 9 1H H H H
> Her
## 1
Hc dematinpolymesaion.se
A small molecule is formed
with polymen
NYLON
Functional Group Amide
# THE
Boomers Dicarboxylic and Diamine
> o
## IeetI.at ytftoY
# III y YE H
to End n
y 1 Dec
no
poota.name Tbintjhicn
Monomer AminoAd p H
R As
structure of Amino Acid
11 oct D C
Y I Y I Ho
H
Amide peptide
Y oH
y H
Y y Ie
# afaf _ya
> T1
# EEd e.no
Amide
protein PET PET polymer is used 1
the plastic bottle
make
functional group polyester
Dibalicand Did
## o Ine o D ok
# I
# FEster tho
PET MILON
# D
> I
11
# 18 I o it
H O O H
water
protein
Amino Acid Protein
## Initiated
> A
4 o n
Dicarboxylic Acid Did Feum Til
high temp high pressure
Catalyst
Cults
41sec 172
Thermal decomposition
polypoopene
1 72
# iii iii fii E.tt EQ eH
Is It It It It
Addition