Unit 4: Overview

• Unit 4 encompasses four related chapters:
  • Chapter 6: Urinary System
  • Chapter 7: Male Reproductive System
  • Chapter 8: Female Reproductive System
  • Chapter 9: Obstetrics and Neonatology (Pregnancy and Newborn Care)
• These chapters are grouped due to their interrelated functions and anatomical parts.

Chapter 6: Urinary System

General Function

• Responsible for removing waste and regulating fluid volume.
• Maintains electrolyte concentration and assists in blood pressure regulation.

Anatomical Parts

• Same in males and females:
  • Kidneys (2)
  • Ureters (2)
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
• Differences:
  • Male bladder is larger; female urethra is shorter.
• Kidneys:
  • Bean-shaped, located on both sides of the body.
  • Basic functional unit: Nephron.
    • Over a million nephrons per kidney.
    • Parts include glomerulus and tubules.
• Nephrons:
  • Microscopic units producing urine.
  • Collect urine in the renal pelvis.

Urine Flow

1. Kidneys
2. Ureters
3. Bladder
4. Urethra

Gender Differences

• Females more prone to bladder infections due to shorter urethra.

Medical Terminology

Word Parts

• Cysto: Bladder
• Glomerulo: Glomerulus
• Miedo: Meatus
• Nephro/Reno: Kidney
• Pyelo: Renal pelvis
• Uretero/Uretero: Ureter
• Urethro: Urethra

Combining Forms

• Albumino: Albumin
• Azoto: Urea or Nitrogen
• Blasto: Developing cell
• Glyco/Glycoso: Sugar
• Hydro: Water
• Litho: Stone
• Nocti: Night
• Oligo: Few
• Uro: Urine/Urinary tract

Suffixes

• -esis: Condition
• -lysis: Dissolution
• -ptosis: Drooping
• -rrhaphy: Suturing/Repairing
• -tripsy: Surgical crushing
• -trophy: Development
• -uria: Urine/Urination

Diseases and Disorders

• Azotemia: Urea in the blood.
• Hematuria: Blood in urine.
• Hydronephrosis: Water in kidneys.
• Nephroblastoma: Kidney tumor.
• Nephromegaly: Enlarged kidney.
• Renal failure: Kidney dysfunction.
• Urinary tract infection (UTI): Infection in urinary tract.

Surgical Terms

• -ectomy: Removal
• -otomy: Incision
• -ostomy: Creating an opening
• Lithotripsy: Crushing of stones
• Nephrectomy: Kidney removal
• Cystectomy: Bladder removal

Diagnostic Terms

• Cystogram/Graphy: Imaging of the bladder
• Nephrography: Kidney imaging
• Voiding cystourethrography: Imaging of bladder and urethra

Diagnostic Tests

• Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN): Measures urea in blood.
• Creatinine Test: Measures creatinine in blood.
• Urinalysis (UA): Tests urine for glucose, proteins, etc.

Complementary Terms

• Albuminuria: Albumin in urine.
• Glycosuria: Sugar in urine.
• Nocturia: Night urination.
• Oliguria: Low urine output.

Miscellaneous

• Catheter: Tube for urine withdrawal.
• Electrolytes: Body minerals like sodium, potassium.
• Incontinence: Lack of bladder control.
• Urinal: Device for urine collection.
• Urodynamics: Study of urine flow dynamics.

Abbreviations

• Review and familiarize with common medical abbreviations related to the urinary system.