we're now gonna start unit for unit four is kind of a collection of four chapters that do pretty much go together chapter 6 is going to be urinary system 7 is male reproductive 8 is female reproductive and 9 is obstetrics and neonatology so pregnant ladies and the you know babies that they have so that's why we kind of lumped these four chapters together because they are related there are similar functionary parts that are used both in the urinary and reproductive systems each individual chapter doesn't have you know a crazy amount of words like you might have seen in chapter 4 so that's why we're putting four together on a test as well but here we go on the urinary system it's fairly simple it doesn't have a whole lot of pieces involved you can see them pictured here as a general system so first we're going to learn those parts and its function thinking about what the urinary system does so obviously you know you pee through your urinary system so it's responsible for removing waste by doing that it's also regulating fluid volume within your own body within that if you think about what your kidneys do and filtering and everything like that it helps to maintain electrolyte concentration and because of that fluid volume that volume can also lead to pressure so it assists in blood pressure regulation so anatomically males and females their urinary system has all the same parts but there are a little bit of difference in a couple of things so you know everybody's got kidneys you have two of them everybody's got a ureter or your reader depending on how you want to pronounce it that goes down from the kidney and you can see down to the bladder the bladder you can tell from male to female does look different the male bladder is larger which is why women have to go pee more uh-huh and you can also see the uterus is smack right on top of the bladder which kind of explains why pregnant ladies have to pee even that much more and then from the bladder you have the urethra so for the male that urethra is a lot longer and goes out through the penis but for females you can see it's much much shorter and there's a separate urinary meatus that exists for them so there are a couple of differences though all of the the technical pieces are the same alright so as I mentioned you have two kidneys they're shaped like beans which is why kidney beans are called what they are they are situated on either side of the body and then if you were to zoom in on one of these little segments here and then continue to zoom in farther our basic functional unit is called a nephron and this microscopic structure is responsible for producing urine and when I say microscopic I mean microscopic because there's over a million of them located in each kidney and there's all kinds of special functionary parts within a nephron like the glomerulus and the tubules and everything else but we're not going to necessarily go into any of that crazy detail just knowing that the basic unit is a nephron all of those nephrons together kind of pool in what we call the renal pelvis it's a little funnel shaped collection area that collects all the urine produced by the individual nephrons and then passes it down the ureter or ureter to the bladder the ureters are two slender tubes so they're about a foot long between 10 and 13 inches and they transport the urine that's created in the kidneys down to the posterior portion or the back portion of the bladder the bladder itself is a muscular hollow organ and its job is to just basically temporarily hold urine until you're ready to pee the organ itself is one of the like most simplistic organs that you have in your entire body and this is one of the reasons why I like science today can actually 3d print bladders which is kind of crazy once the bladder is full then we reach the urethra which is the lowest part of the urinary tract and then it goes through the urethra to the outside of the body and as I mentioned you know for females this is only about an inch and a half but for males it's roughly eight inches so that's one of the other characteristic differences the urinary meatus is the actual opening if we've learned through the ear we had the auditory meatus meatus just basically means an opening and so in this case it's the opening to the outside world so just looking at the flow of urine again it's a basic kind of four part thing from the kidneys to the ureter to the bladder to the urethra and then outside the body so thinking about the differences which gender do you think it's more bladder infections definitely female only because if you think about pathogens and things in invading it's a lot easier to get from the outside to the bladder for a female because the urethra is much shorter than it is for a male all right so now we're to the actual word parts and there's not a ton but here they are if you have your diagram you can label it appropriately but Sisto is what we've kind of learned to be bladder vesikko could also be used but generally we're going to use Sisto to mean both bladder or a Zach in general we think about when we learned the gallbladder you had a coldie Sisto for the bladder part glomerular is for glomerulus that's one of the functional portions of the nephron miedo is for the meatus so that's a general term that could apply to many body systems but in this case we're going to talk about the urinary meatus Neff Rowe and Reno both generally mean kidney so for example whenever you hear like renal failure that would be a kidney related since nephrons are the basic unit of the kidney nefra means kidney as well pilo is specific to the renal pelvis area so that collection of where each nephrons urine output is collected that's got its own term pilo ureter her ureter again I'm probably gonna use them a million times interchangeably means ureter and urethra is for the urethra so looking at this picture we have renal pelvis and glomerulus so renal pelvis would be PI low gloom aerialists would be glomerular and this is one of those easy things that you can kind of look to the word to spell it correctly alright so now we're getting combining forms that are used with the urinary system but don't actually point to specific structures in the urinary system and a lot of these go along with what is in you know what's floating around in the blood thanks to digestion that needs to get filtered out so we have albumin o which is for albumin and I'll kind of talk about that a little later as o2 is urea or nitrogen that's something again that needs to be filtered out of your blood and one of the functional parts of the kidney blasto we've learned before that means devel Bing cell and again that's a such a general term that it can be a developing cell anywhere but it'll show itself here again in the disease terms glyco so and glyco i you should instantly think of glucose because this means sugar hydro i hope you know that that means water not to be confused with hydro with an eye from our chapter 4 section litho means stone and we'll have I think another term calculi is another one we'll see you later that means stone as well but litho is stone knock D think of nocturnal knock D means night and this is gonna come into play because we are talking about the urinary system night like bedwetting kind of thing oligo means a few so I don't know why I'm not good at history but I always think of an Oleg are key which is a country ruled by a few so that's how I always remembering urine oh and euro both mean urine or generally urinary tract like you would go to a urologist if you're having trouble with your urinary system alright moving on we have a couple suffixes there's no prefixes and included in this chapter some of these you've seen before because we have been skipping around a bit yeh sis and esis both mean condition and we've had condition before so now we're at like three or four different suffixes that mean condition I'm fine if you use them interchangeably just as long as you pick one that means when it's supposed to lysis would be dissolution or spreading or breakdown potosi is drooping in this case usually reference to a kidney rafi means suturing or repairing so general it can really go and uh knee each other tripsy tripsy means surgical crushing and this is gonna be used for things like kidney stones so instead of having a person just try to pass it so to speak oftentimes they might go in and and mash them up or surgically crush them and that's when you would have trips trophy is gonna be development hypertrophy hypo trophy that kind of thing and urea is urine or urination okay so I feel like this is just a reference to what we have seen before we have not gotten to chapter five yet but we have seen some of these suffixes before so they have that rrh to it and sometimes people use them interchangeably so Rio is going to be discharged ragia is basically excessive discharge and Rafi like we just learned on the last line is for suturing something or repairing some so which suffix do you know it's a surgical crushing so again in here they're showing you a kidney stone and they are not going in with instruments in this graphic but they are using a shock wave so they put a little thing that sends kind of like sound waves that vibrate and then hopefully crush the stone that way this would be a trip thee okay so in this slide a lot of people continue to get Graham and graphi confused so I just wanted to again reintroduce those here Graham is the image it is the x-ray picture that you get so for example a cystogram is the x-ray picture of the bladder please keep in mind that there was contrast media involves to make the bladder look as bright as it does in the picture graphy is the actual process of going through to get that picture so for example Sisto graph II is the process of taking the picture you do a cystogram to get a cystogram okay we've successfully made it to the actual diseases and disorders there is a lot of them but again from word parts we just got to put them together so for example ozo tinea would be urea in the blood and that one's a little bit weird in the terms of how it is pronounced because normally we start at the end of the word and then go to the beginning but this one's a little bit different it's also called uremia just to mean like urine in the blood because urea and urine are sometimes used interchangeably there's a lot of itis is depending on what might be inflamed I do have a suffix highlighted here steel I can't remember if we've seen it before but seal means protrusion or like a hernia for example a cyst Oh seal would be a protrusion of the bladder it's sticking out in a direction that it probably shouldn't lift means stone so depending on where you might have a stone in this case there would be the bladder Neff row with the ASIS would be a condition of having kidney stones ureter or ureter with the ASIS would be having your at are stones it's just basically where the stone has been made and where it's progressing let's see if you have a condition of water in the kidney that would be an example of that there are tumors in the kidney as well so if you have a tumor of the developing kidney cells that would be an F ro blastoma if your kidney is developing too much or it's too large you would have nephron megali cousin Michael means enlargement and if you're not sure if we saw this stenosis stenosis as a suffix means narrowing so you're at our stenosis would be a narrowing of the ureter which can kind of be a problem because that tube needs to be open to transport urine so if it can't do that then that can lead to all kinds of problems so take a look at these a little bit in more detail work on exercise pen on page 203 and then we can move on to the ones not from word parts as I mentioned on the last slide he matter urea is a little different and we have OHS Artemia as well so hematuria means you specifically have okay sorry tiny interruption but back to this slide so we have a matter urea which means blood in the urine so you have some kind of kidney injury or something like that and you're peeing blood essentially as ot Mia means that you have waste products that should have been filtered out of the blood still in the blood so you're not peeing blood what should have been in your urine is staying in your blood is really the problem so they're a little bit different so hematuria is when you're peeing blood like that's a symptom of a bigger problem Oso tinea is its own separate serious disorder okay so now we get to the ones where these are not built from word parts and they get a little weird and tricky so the first one is epi spud dayss if I'm pronouncing that correctly and that is what it goes along with hypo spot Isis it really has to do with where the urinary meatus is located sorry guys but you know if all is going according to plan the urethra and the urinary meatus go right down through the center of the penis where they're supposed to be however congenitally that does not always happen so if that pathway and hole is above then that would be a piece body ASIS if it is below like here so this would be an example of hypo it would be below where it's supposed to be so the dotted lines tell you where it should have been versus where it is yes this is still functional it's just a little weird so polycystic kidney disease is a problem where cysts you can see here continue to grow on the kidney and then begin to slowly interfere with its function and it is a progressive thing so it gets worse and you can see if this is your happy healthy kidney on the left this is obviously definitely a problem renal calculi is another way to say basically a kidney stone so like a Reno with from word parts is the same as a renal calculus so don't think of baths think of kidney stones and then if you're going plural you would say calculi so if you have more than one kidney stone it would be renal calculi renal failure just means that your kidney is not working anymore so you can be diagnosed to be in kidney failure if it can no longer remove waste products from the body on its own renal hypertension so if your kidney is not filtering waste products out of the blood and water out of the blood then you can get an increased pressure in the blood and so that's why we have renal hypertension it's high blood pressure because of the kidney problem urinary retention means that you are having trouble urinating so your bladder is filling up and you cannot empty your bladder for some reason urinary suppress Chane is a kidney problem where you're no longer making urine so then you can think about the consequences of that and you're no longer filtering your blood removing excess liquids and then a UTI or a urinary tract infection is very general it just means one or more areas of the urinary tract is infected you can kind of have an upper and a lower UTI depending on where that is but usually it has to do with the urethra possibly the bladder it becomes an upper UTI if it goes all the way up the to the kidneys okay so again this picture just articulates kind of what I just said you have a lower tracked down by the urethra into the bladder and then upper would be all the way up the URI your reader to the kidney and you can see what that might look like in the bladder so this is a cross-section of the bladder inflammation of any of those areas can kind of be lumped under a UTI so cystitis could is a UTI urethritis is a UTI but you can see it it's not happy your book on page 205 goes through the different types of renal failure I'm not gonna expect you to know the breakdown I just thought it was you know interesting it can be an acute problem so something has happened to you a trauma a bad drug reaction something where it's a sudden issue that can be reversed if you treat immediately if it's a chronic condition then it's progressive it gets worse over time and you can't make it better and then at a certain point kidney disease turns into end-stage renal disease where at that point the kidney if left alone to function for you could not keep you alive alright so stones in the kidney hopefully you're saying see renal calculi I don't know if it helps think of throwing stones at your calculus teacher sometimes maybe you're learning math alright this brings us to our surgical terms these are the ones from word parts they are a lot but they're all built from word parts so look at the suffixes they're pretty much all very very similar we have Ekta Me's you can remove a lot of stuff we have aa Tamizh meaning you can make incisions and a lot of stuff if we remember tripsy is the surgical crushing of stones so that's what a lithotripsy is let's see lysis would be dissolution PEC c has to do with surgical fixation so if you have a drooping kidney and they need to put it back into place asked me if we remember is creating an artificial opening so if there's not a drainage problem so go ahead and try exercise 18 on page 210 and then we'll go to the ones not for more parts okay so to review looking at this diagram so in this case they're making an incision into the renal pelvis to get a stone so this one would be hopefully be the only difference is an S this is why spelling is so important a pile of lithotomy is surgical incision to remove a stone ostomy would be creating an artificial opening to remove a stone okay and I just gave it away so this one would be creation of an artificial opening in this case if you are having ureter or urethra problems or anything like that and you need direct drainage or from the renal pelvis then you would use this it would be a Rin you could say rain ostomy which sounds a little weird or Neph rasta me okay so here's what it looks like to do the incision to remove stones so they you know your kidneys are more towards the back area of your body so they would insert through the back and then they would go into the in this case renal pelvis where the kidney stones are and try to like suck them up with a little vacuum and this is called percutaneous because it's through the skin they are not you know slicing you open per se they're just making a tiny little incident all right so surgical nut from word parts is a happy short list though the picture is not very inviting for our male friends the first one is it's called es WL extra corporeal shock wave lithotripsy super long it's also called shock wave lithotripsy extracorporeal just means outside of the body so what they do here is they basically put a little pack on you that sends little shock waves over your kidney so that hopefully these stones break apart into tiny tiny little pieces that then you can just pass naturally makes it much less painful if that doesn't work then they'll have to go in and surgically remove them but that's the first full duration is the destruction of living tissue with electrical sparks so they basically kind of zap cells this happens a lot for bladder growths or if you think of the cystic kidney disease they basically go in and zap little growths with electrical currents to prevent further growth and then you can kind of see what that looks like in this picture here if there's a little tumor in the bladder they have this super long awesome scope here and then at the end they have a little electrode that shocks the the tumor cells and then renal transplant basically giving someone else your kidney you only need one to survive but interesting so when you get a new kidney and every no transplant they don't actually take the bad one out I don't know if all of you knew that but if you think about you know is it better or worse to just leave it in you might have less complications if you just leave it in because then you don't have to worry about you know cutting the bad one out so really what they do is they you know leave whatever one is bad so let's say this the patient's right kidney is bad they take the donor kidney and they basically reroute some of the arteries that were attached to the bad kidney and they reroute them to the donor kidney and then they connect the ureter from the donor kidney down to the bladder so the bad one is still there and kind of hooked up partially but then they put this new one in there and they kind of nestled it right by the iliac crest of your pelvis to help protect it okay so now we get to the diagnostic terms and most of these just have to do with visualization so being able to see different things in your urinary tract we talked about Graham versus graphi earlier so depending on what you're trying to get an image of you'll have those differences so cystogram and graph II would be for the bladder nefra graph II would be for the kidney renal Sano graph II so that's going to be using ultrasound instead of x-rays to get a good idea of what's going on there there's also something called a retrograde urogram retrograde just means that it's in the opposite direction as normal so they would probably do some kind of catheter so instead of going from like mouth down they would insert a that are going bottom-up to look at what's going on vcug voiding Sisto urethra graphi that is built from word parts it's going to take an image of the bladder and the urethra again this is going to be a radiographic image and then there's a lot of endoscopic things so you use an Saito scope to perform Saito sculpey to look at the bladder and then same thing with the kidney or the ureter take a break with these just you know get in the habit try exercise 26 on page 216 here's an example left we have a CT of the kidney it's kind of hard to tell you can see all kinds of stuff this big white part right here is actually the spine this is probably one vertebra you can see this is the hole for the spinal cord where that goes through and then you can kind of see where this would be your kidney back here and then you can see that there's you know kidney stones in there Arina Graham again these dark images would be the kidney stones that are within the kidney looking at ones that are not from word parts in terms of diagnosis gnostic imaging we have a KUB receiving cube and this is looking simply at the kidney the ureter and the bladder which is why it's called that it's basically an abdomen x-ray and they're looking for things like kidney stones or obstruction so it's like a chest x-ray except shuffled down to the abdomen in the lab there's tons of blood tests you can do to kind of look at the the filtering aspect of the blood so we have a bun blood urea nitrogen to figure out how much urea is in the blood if there's too much that would signal a kidney problem creatinine is a blood test to measure creatinine in the blood again if you have too much it's a filtering issue with kidney specific gravity our SG has to do with kidney function again but in terms of how concentrating or diluting it can be for the blood and then your analysis or your UA that's your basic pee in the cup test so you pee in the cup and they run a basic panel for glucose proteins other things to kind of get general health picture that's what your analysis is so which of these can diagnose a stone in the tube leading from the kidney to the bladder hopefully you're seeing see your it Orozco pee because the ureter is the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder all right we're getting there we are to the complementary terms these ones are from word parts so anytime we have urea it's really in the in the urine so if we have albuminuria it's albumin in the urine if you have sugar or glucose in your urine it's glycol or glycosuria if you have blood in your urine weird but you can't have pi area which is pus in the urine we remember pi o means pus but you get rid of the O if you have no pee or absence of urine that's an area so not urine if you have too much or if you have too little so you can produce urine just not enough that would be illegal llúria if you have way too much urine that would be poly urea so there's differences in what's in your urine and the amount that you urinate knocked urea again knock t means night so this would be bedwetting or night urination let's see me Adel is pertaining to the meatus so looking at that urinary meatus nephrologist and nephrology so if you need help with your kidney you would go to the nephrologist if it's general to the urinary tract you would go to the urologist who studies urology but i think that pretty much covers everything on here so give exercise 34 a try it's on page 221 in your book these are the ones that are not built from word parts and some of these you might have seen before or just know from your everyday life catheter or calf is a tube like device that gets inserted up through the urethra to the bladder to kind of aid in withdrawing urine if necessary or also instilling fluids so if they're gonna do some kind of x-ray that requires contrast media they can do that distended just means stretched out so your bladder becomes distended as it fills with urine electrolytes is a general term it just means like your minerals within the body so thinking about all of the sodium and potassium things that are in Gatorade kind of we need to have a certain balance to help your body function and that's the kidneys job to do that and ureases is involuntary urination so you are urinating when you don't want to so think of nocturia night urination that's kind of like nocturnal enuresis diurnal enuresis would be daytime wedding so if you have a super tiny bladder bladder and you have involuntary urination okay hemodialysis HD that's basically something that people in kidney you can go and do it's a procedure hooks you up to a device that basically allows you to remove the impurities from your blood because the kidneys aren't functioning properly to do that for you incontinence is the inability to control your bladder and/or your bowels so you can't necessarily control when you go to the bathroom Mik direct is the fancy word for urinate so anytime you go pee you can say Mik do it if it makes you feel more sciency peritoneal dialysis is another version or another treatment for kidney failure peritoneal dialysis is another way to remove wastes from the kidney it's just a different process where you kind of hook up a bag that collects all those bad things and you swap it out but both hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis are two different forms of blood filtering during kidney failure stricture means that you're having a narrowing of a tube in general so in this case it would be the urethra so if you have urethral stenosis and that tube is narrowing that could be an example of that urinary catheterization is this is basically the process of putting in a urinary catheter you already know what a urinal is urodynamics has to do with the force and flow of urine that as it goes through your urinary tract so it's kind of like how much pressure how much speed all of that I guess there's a standard way that that should happen and so if there's differences in pressure speed all of that then it could point to certain problems and then void just means to evacuate waste material so kind of like Mick drew it it's just you I'm doing your bladder contents for example so go ahead and try exercise 37 it's fill in the blank you can try 38 or 39 those are matching if you like that better on 224 um so just to give you a little idea again electrolytes are different types of minerals in the body and so if you've ever had to learn about action potentials and things like that you need it to have your body function and so certain things are listed here we always think of sodium potassium but then we have chloride carbon dioxide and there's more so pertaining to hearing would be urinary and you can see what that looks like here so it for this is obviously a female and you can see that it was inserted to the urethra and then the little catheter portion is right here in the bladder okay last but not least you do have abbreviations to learn I won't go through each individual one they're kind of introduced throughout the chapter so please make sure you go through looking at this the only one we might not have specifically talked about is OAB which just means overactive bladder means you have to pee a lot but otherwise everything is tied to some kind of disease or diagnostic procedure you can practice these on exercise 41 in your book similar pictures I had before which should give it away which of these is used to withdraw or instill fluids if you're saying catheter then your unborn or cat okay abbreviations what is the abbreviation for this procedure if you can see they are using shock waves to try to crush kidney stones so this would extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy es WL okay at the end of the chapter as always in this case on page 230 you get that paragraph that ties it all together so please take a moment read through this see if you can say these words if you understand them in context practices multiple choices questions a tie it all together use your online resources all of that good stuff to hopefully tie it all together for you and you've made it to the end