Learning Objectives: Exam 1 Study Guide
Introduction to Anatomy
* Know the following direction-related terms: anterior/posterior; superior/inferior; proximal/distal; rostral/caudal
* Anterior: toward front of body or in front of (ex sternum is anterior to the heart)
* Posterior: toward back of body or behind (ex vertebra is posterior to the heart)
* Proximal: closer to origin of body (part or point of attachment to limb to the body trunk (ex elbow is proximal to wrist)
* Distal: farther from origin of body part of point of attachment fo limb to body trunk (ex knee is distal to thigh)
* superior/rostral/cranial: toward the head end/nose/beak or uppear part of a structure or the body; above (ex the head is superior to the abdomen)
* inferior/caudal: away from head end or toward the lower part of a structure or body; below (ex intestines are inferior the liver)
* Lateral: away from midline of body; on the outer side of (ex thumb lateral to pinky)
* Medial: toward midline of body on the inner side of (ex heart is medial to lungs)
* Understand how blood flows through a capillary bed, including the significance of the hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures. Know the importance of lymphatic vessels within capillary beds and how they prevent edema under normal conditions.
* Blood flows through capillary bed bc of hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures
* Blood enters arteriole to the capillary bed and exits from venule
* Hydrostatic pressure pushes plasma/fluid out of capillary
* Colloid osmotic pressure pulls plasma/ tissue fluid into capillary
* Lymphatic vessels take excess fluid that escapes the capillaries and put them back to the bloodstream to prevent edema (buildup of fluid in tissues)
* Know the different type of neurons, as well as their structural and functional classifications, and glial (aka neuroglia) cells in the PNS and CNS, as well as their function
* Central Nervous System / CNS:
* Neurons:
* Sensory neurons: transmit impulses toward the CNS
* Motor neurons: carry impulses away from CNS to effector organs, cell bodies are within CNS
* Interneurons: lie between motor and sensory neurons, confined to CNS
* neuroglia/ glial:
* Astrocytes:
* Sense when neurons release glutamate
* Extract blood sugar from capillaries for energy
* Take up and release ions to control environment around neurons
* Involved in synapse formation in developing neural tissue
* Produce molecules necessary for neuronal growth (BDTF)
* Propagate calcium signals involved with memory
* Microglia:
* Smallest and least abundant
* Phagocytes - macrophages of CNS
* Engulf invasive microorganisms and dead neurons
* Derive from blood cells called monocytes
* Migrate to CNS during embryonic and fetal periods
* Ependymal cells:
* Line the central cavity of the spinal cord and brain
* Bear cilia- helps circulate cerebrospinal fluid
* Oligodendrocytes:
* Wrap their cell processes around axons in CNS
* Produce myelin sheaths in CNS
* Peripheral nervous system / PNS:
* Neurons:
* Sensory neurons
* Motor neurons
* Neuroglia / glial:
* Satellite cells: surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia
* Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes) surround axons in the PNS, form myelin sheath around axons of PNS
* * Know the organizational structure of skeletal muscles and nerves
* Skeletal muscles:
* Muscle fibers (organized into groups called fascicles)
* Bundles of muscle fiber: myofibrils made of myofibrils
* Connective tissue (epimysium, perimysium, endomysium)
* Epimysium: dense regular connective tissue surrounding entire muscle
* Perimysium: surrounds each fascicle (group of muscle fibers)
* Endomysium: fine sheath of connective tissue wrapping each muscle cell
* Blood vessels
* nerves
* Understand how a neuron interacts with a skeletal muscle fiber to cause a contraction; know the importance of the neuromuscular junction
* Muscle contractions are under the control of impulses from neurons. These impulses will reach the PRESYNAPATIC TERMINAL (bouton) of the neuron, release a neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) into the SYNAPTIC CLEFT from vesicles (by exocytosis) and diffuse to the muscle fiber.
* On the muscle fiber, there is a specialized area immediately under the axon terminal = MOTOR END PLATE, also referred to as the POST SYNAPTIC MEMBRANE. This motor end plate contains the RECEPTORS for the acetylcholine.
* Know the two types of bone ossification, and when each occurs during growth and development; which bones are developed through each physiological method
* Intramembranous ossification:
* Direct ossification
* At 5-6 weeks (fetal) of development mesenchyme forms fibrous connective tissue membrane around membrane where mandible and clavicles will be
* Mesenchymal cells become osteochondral progenitor cells that then become osteoblasts
* Only happens in flat bones of skull, mandible, and clavicles
* Endochondral ossification:
* Indirect ossification
* mesenchymal cells differentiate into stem cells (osteochondral progenitor cells)
* Stem cells become chondroblasts and form hyaline cartilage model that have the same shape as the future bone
* New stem cells go to cartilage via blood then become osteoblasts to replace the chondrocytes; the osteoblasts produce bone to replace the cartilage, starting at the primary ossification centers of each bone
* Replacement of cartilage by bone continues until all cartilage except in epiphyseal plates is replaced by bone
* Happens in all bones, except those formed via intramembranous
* Bones derived from hyaline cartilage
* Begins late in 2nd month of embryonic development
* Continues until early adulthood throughout our life to heal bone fractures
* Know the difference between compact and spongy bone, including location of each. Where would you expect to find red bone marrow?
* Compact bone: dense outer layer of bone and organized with osteons
* Spongy (cancellous bone): found within flat bones and within epiphyses (ends) of long bones, organized with trabecula (little beams of bone)
* Red bone marrow can be found in the trabeculae of spongy bone
* Know the Clinical significance of the following: osteoporosis, osteomalacia, osteosarcoma, and arthritis
* Osteoporosis:
* Low bone mass
* Bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposition
* Occurs in most women after menopause (secretion of estrogen helps maintain bone density)
* Osteomalacia (in adults) / rickets (in children):
* weakened and bowed legs,
* malformation of head and ribs (bc dietary vitamin D and calcium phosphate deficiency)
* Osteosarcoma: form of bone cancer
* Arthritis: different types of joint damaging diseases
* Rheumatoid arthritis
* Osteoarthritis
* Gouty arthritis
* Know the Clinical significance of atherosclerosis. How is this formed?
* Atherosclerosis: narrowing of arterial wall bc of lipid deposition within the wall
* What is the purpose of a lymph node? What is a sentinel node?
* Lymph nodes:
* Lymphatic vessels collect residual fluid to prevent edema.
* Lymph nodes act as filters.
* Sentinel nodes:
* First node in a given region to receive lymphatic fluid.
* Important for cancer treatment.
Head and Neck
* Know the paired and unpaired bones of the skull
* Skull bones:
* Paired bones:
* Temporal bones
* Parietal bones
* Unpaired bones:
* Frontal bones
* Occipital bone
* Sphenoid bone
* Ethmoid bone
* Facial bones:
* Unpaired:
* Mandible
* Vomer
* Paired:
* Maxillae
* Zygomatic
* Nasal
* Lacrimal
* Palatine
* Inferior nasal conchae
* Within the meninges, where would you find cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)? How is CSF “produced?” How is CSF recycled back into the blood? What is the importance of the choroid plexus? Where is it located?
* CSF is located in the subarachnoid space
* CSF is produced by the choroid plexus
* The Choroid Plexus is located in the 3rd and 4th ventricle that allows CSF to be filtered from the blood by having modified ependymal cells work with the capillary endothelium for the CSF to enter through the sagittal sinuses, get filtered from blood and metabolic wastes and enter bloodstream through dural sinuses
* Know the Clinical significance of hydrocephalus and meningitis. What causes these conditions? How are they diagnosed? How are they treated?
* Hydrocephalus: Excess buildup of CSF in the ventricle system (due to overproduction or decreased reabsorption of CSF)
* - Diagnosed w/ notable swelling is seen in children (mainly) and adults
* - Treated by installing a shunt and valve that connects the abdominal cavity and swelled location to drain CSF
* Meningitis: Inflammation of the meninges
* -Diagnosed w/ CSF
* -Treated by having patient curl in fetal position, locate the L4 and L5 vertebrae in which a catheter is placed to reach the subarachnoid space, and proper medication is given whether it be due to viral or bacterial infection
* Know the organization of the brain: all four regions and their components as well as unique functions as noted in the lecture slides.
* Cerebrum
* * Cerebellum
* * Brainstem
* * Spinal cord
* * Know the Clinical significance of brain tumors.
* Can grow in several locations and symptoms will depend on size and shape and these can damage the brain (metastasis from primary tumors can be released in the brain aka cancer cells)
* How could the facial artery and cavernous sinus be involved in the development of encephalitis or meningitis?
* B/c the facial artery connects with the facial vein that has an anastomoses (connection) w/ the angular vein --> this leads to a connection point @ cavernous sinuses and since the brain sits directly on top of it, infections or bacteria that enter that connection point in the facial veins can now enter the brain and cause encephalitis or meningitis
* Know all cranial nerves (CN), their location, function, and if they are categorized as being motor, sensory, or both regarding function
* (S) CN.I - Olfactory Nerve (Smell)
* (S) CN.II - Optic Nerve (Sight)
* (M) CN.III - Oculomotor Nerve (Eye movement; pupil constriction)
* (M) CN.IV - Trochlear Nerve (Eye movement)
* (B) CN.V - Trigeminal Nerve (Touch & pain/chewing; Opthalamic, Branch, Maxillary Branch, Mandibular Branch)
* (M) CN.VI - Abducens Nerve (Eye movement)
* (B) CN.VII - Facial Nerve (Facial Expressions)
* (S) CN.VIII - Vestibulocochlear Nerve (Hearing & Balance/Understanding space)
* (B) CN.IX - Glossopharyngeal Nerve (Tongue & Pharynx)
* (B) CN.X - Vagus Nerve (Digestive System)
* (M) CN.XI - Accessory Nerve (Head movement)
* (M) CN.XII - Hypoglossal Nerve (Tongue)
* * Know the names, locations, and innervation for all mimetic muscles (Spoiler alert: they are ALL innervated by CN VII- facial nerve)
* Mimetic Muscle Groups (4):
* Scalp -
* 1. Epicranious (occipitofrontalis): wrinkles in the forehead; astonishment
* Eyelids -
* 1. Corrugator Supercilli: vertical folks, protects against light; thinker's brow
* 2. Orbicularis Oculi (orbital/palpebral/lacrimal): lateral folds; concern
* Nasal -
* 1. Nasalis
* Mouth -
* 1. Orbicularis Oris: closing mouth, sucking shape w/contraction
* 2. Zygomaticus Minor
* 3. Zygomaticus Major: lifts corners of mouth up; laughter/pleasure
* 4. Risorius: w/ zygomaticus major, produces nasolabial folds; laughing muscle
* 5. Levator Labii Superioris
* 6. Depressor Labii Inferioris: pulls lower lip down; perseverance
* 7. Levator Anguli Oris: lifts corners of mouth; self confidence
* 8. Depressor Anguli Oris: pulls corners of mouth down, sadness
* 9. Buccinator: blows air out mouth, keeps mucous membrane free from folds
* 10. Mentalis: chin lip furrow; doubt/indecision
* 11. Platysma: tenses anterior neck skin
* What is the Clinical significance of the TMJ?
* TMJ - Temporal Mandibular Joint
* TMJ Syndrome - Acute/chronic pain in the TMJ or mastication join (where condylar process and temporal bone meet)
* Know the location and innervations of the salivary glands.
* Sublingual Gland
* Submandibular Gland
* Parotid Gland
* All innervated with CN.IX - Glossopharyngeal Nerve and VII - Facial Nerve
* * What is the sensory innervation of the face?
* CN.V - Trigeminal Nerve (Ophthalmic/Maxillary/Mandibular Branches)
* What are the seven bones that form the eye orbit?
* Maxilla
* Zygomatic
* frontal
* Lacrimal
* Palatine
* Sphenoid
* Ethmoid
* What is the lacrimal apparatus, and where is it located?
* Located in the superolateral portion of the eye, tear production occurs (lacrimal gland produces tear --> goes through puncta lacrimalia --> into lacrimal canal --> enters lacrimal sac --> nasolacrimal duct --> runs down inferior nasal meatus)
* * What are the names, locations, and innervations for the extraocular muscles?
* 1. superior rectus (CN.III)
* 2. inferior rectus (CN.III)
* 3. medial rectus (CN.III)
* 4. lateral rectus (CN.VI)
* 5. inferior oblique (CN.III)
* 6. superior oblique (CN.IV)
* Know all the structures of the eye: external, and within the anterior and posterior chambers
* External Eye Structure
* 1. Cornea (anterior & transparent)
* 2. Lens (posterior to iris, pupil)
* 3. Optic Nerve (posterior; medial to optic axis)
* Anterior Chamber -
* Bordered by cornea, iris, & lens (contains aqueous humor; clear fluid)
* Posterior Chamber -
* Behind lens (vitreous body; jelly substance w/ H2O and holds eye open)
* Know the Clinical significance of the following: Horner’s Syndrome, Direct and Consensual Light Reflex, Glaucoma, and Cataracts
* Horner's Syndrome:
* Classic triad (miosis/constricted pupil, partial ptosis, hemifacial sweat loss/anhidrosis) typically see one normal eye, while the other eye has miosis, weaknesses of eyelid, sagginess in eye
* Direct & Consensual Light Reflex:
* Shows ability of CN.III, where light in shone in 1 eye, and the other eye covered still constricts (ipsa/contralateral constriction) is NORMAL and is lost if head trauma occurs
* Glaucoma:
* Increase of intraocular pressure and retinal flow, causes blindness and retinal ganglion cell loss (impaired drainage of aqueous humor)
* Cataracts:
* Progressive generation and opacity of lens due to deposited aggregated proteins, leads to blindness or vision impairment
* Know the names, locations, and innervations of the muscles of mastication
* Muscles of Mastication:
* - Temporalis (elevator of lower jaw)
* - Masseter (closes jaw by elevating mandible)
* - Lateral Pterygoid (guiding mandibular movements)
* - Medial Pterygoid (elevates and pushes mandible forward)
* Innervations of MoM: CN.V - Trigeminal (Mandibular Branch)
* Know the location and function of the paranasal sinuses
* Air filled sinuses surrounding nasal cavity (frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary bones) that warm and moisten inhaled air, help w/ sound resonance & making head lighter
* * Know the contents of the middle and inner ear
* Middle Ear:
* 1. Malleus
* 2. Incus
* 3. Stapes
* ***Auditory Ossicles - transmit sound from middle --> internal
* 4. Tensor Tympani Muscle
* 5. Stapedius Muscle
* Inner Ear:
* 1. Labyrinth (Outer boney labyrinth, perilymph, and filled w/ endolymph) ***located by petrous portion
* 2. Oval Vestibular Window (middle of boney labyrinth)
* 3. Vestibule (membranous saccule and utricle that carry sensory epithelium and help with balance/movement)
* 4. Cochlea (containing Organ of Corti; helping w/ sound production)
* What is the location, innervation and function of the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles? Which is important in the development of hypercusis?
* Tensor Tympani - Helps keeps the tympanic membrane tense so that sound can reverberate (Innervation: CN.V)
* Stapedius Muscles - Help regulate sound transmission (Innervation: CN.VII)
* Hyperacusis - Increased sensitivity to sound due to loss of stapedius muscle function (helps to dampen sound stimuli)
* What is the Clinical significance of Otis externa and Chronic Otitis media? How is a myringotomy used to treat the later of the two conditions?
* Otitis Externa: swimmers ear; may cause bone hyperplasia (degeneration of bone) & narrowing of meatus
* Otitis Media: infection of the middle ear
* Myringotomy: Incision is made in tympanic membrane to insert drainage tube for pus/secretions; will come out on its own
* Within the inner ear, what structure is considered the organ of balance? Which is considered the organ of hearing?
* Organ of Balance: Vestibule (Sacculi, Utriculi, & Labyrinth)
* Organ of Hearing: Organ of Corti (in cochlea where sound is produced)
* Know the clinical significance of the following: Cleft palate and Cleft lip.
* Cleft Palate - Fusion failure of the palatine process, nasal bone, and/or median palatine process (requires surgery; could be caused from increased steroid exposure or other factors unknown) (most common kind of posterior cleft palate)
* Cleft Lip - Fusion failure of the maxillary/medial nasal processes causing uni/bilateral labial groove (requires surgery)
* Know the locations and innervations of the following muscles: sternocleidomastoid, infrahyoid muscles, suprahyoid muscles, genioglossus, styloglossus, and hyoglossus
* Sternocleidomastoid - Long muscle connecting sternum to styloid/mastoid processes (Innervation: CN.XI - Accessory Nerve)
* Infrahyoid Muscles - Sternohyoid, Sternothyroid, Thyrohyoid, Omohyoid (Innervation: Cervical Ansa C1-C3)
* Suprahyoid Muscles - Mylohyoid, Stylohyoid, Geniohyoid, Digastric Muscles (Innervation: CN.V & CN.VII - Trigeminal & Facial Nerve) *ANTERIOR DIGASTRIC IS ONLY CN.V)*
* Genioglossus/Styloglossus/Hyoglossus - Areas of the tongue (Innervation: CN.IX - Glossopharyngeal Nerve)
* What is the location, function, and hormones produced by the thyroid and parathyroid glands?
* Thyroid Gland - capsule covered in sheath consisting of the isthmus (right and left lobe)
* releases Thyroxin (metabolism) and Calcitonin (Ca2+ blood metabolism)
* Parathyroid Gland - release parathyroid hormone (PTH) to stimulate osteoclasts in breaking down bone matrix and releasing Ca2+ into blood (parahormone)
* * What are the names, functions, and locations of the paravertebral muscles?
* Rectus capitis - flexes head
* Longus capitis - bends head forward and sideways
* Longus coli - brings spinal area forwards and sideways
* Know the blood supply and drainage of the head and neck.
* Starts from the common carotid artery and vertebral arteries (Circle of Willis) that bring blood up in the head and is drained out into the internal jugular (FACIAL blood supply comes from the external/internal carotid artery where facial artery SUPPLIES and facial vein DRAINS to jugular vein)
LECTURE HOMEWORK 1
1. When the body is in the Anatomically correct position, the palms of the hands are facing ______.
A. Medially
B. Laterally
C. Posteriorly
D. Anteriorly
2. Match the following terms with their descriptions.
Superficial, Deep, Inferior, Superior, Proximal, Distal, Lateral, Medial
A. When you are comparing two structures within a limb, this would be the name given to the one that is farthest from the attachment point (farthest from where the limb attaches to the body) distal
B. When you are comparing two structures within a limb, this would be the name given to the one that is closest to the attachment point (closest to where the limb attaches to the body) proximal
C. Toward the midline or middle of the body medial (opposite is lateral)
D. Away from the head or, when comparing two structures, the one located below the other inferior (opposite is superior)
E. On, closest to, or toward the body surface superficial (opposite is deep)
3. The pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities are referred to as serous cavities. The walls of these cavities and the organs that lie within them are lined/covered with a serous membrane. Serous membranes are named so because they secrete a watery fluid. The membrane that lines the walls of the cavity is called the parietal serosa and the membrane that covers the organs within the cavity is called the visceral serosa. As these two membranes secrete a thin layer of slippery fluid, it allows for the organs covered within the visceral portion to smoothly move against the parietal portion freely without friction occurring.
A. True
B. False
4. Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue?
A. Blood
B. Bone
C. Adipose
D. Neuron
5. Which type of burn causes blisters?
A. 1st degree
B. 2nd degree
C. 3rd degree
D. All burns cause blisters
6. Which of the following is the most superficial layer of skin?
A. Dermis
B. Hypodermis
C. Hyperdermis
D. Epidermis
7. 3rd degree burns are life threatening due in part to fluid loss.
A. True
B. False
8. When blood calcium concentration is high, _______ is secreted from the thyroid to sequester (store) it within bone.
A. Calcitonin, this is secreted by thyroid
B. Parathyroid hormone, this is secreted by parathyroid
C. Phosphotonin
D. Melatonin
E. Thyroxin
9. Osteoclasts are mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix (we also refer to bone matrix as simply bone).
A. True
B. False, osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix while osteoclasts are responsible for resorption (breakdown) of bone
10. The outermost layer of bone is comprised of compact bone.
A. True
B. False
11. Muscles of the face are referred to as mimetic. These muscles are responsible for expressions. These muscles are ALL innervated by which of the following?
A. Facial nerve
B. Trigeminal nerve
C. Hypoglossal nerve
D. Accessory nerve
12. Which of the following is NOT considered a suprahyoid muscle?
A. Digastric
B. Stylohyoid
C. Geniohyoid
D. Sternohyoid, suprahyoid means above hyoid bone the sternohyoid is below the hyoid
13. The area between the terminal buton of the neuron and the motor end plate of the muscle fiber is called the synaptic cleft. The neuron releases a neurotransmitter, Acetylcholine (AcH), that acts as a chemical messenger. AcH travels across the synaptic cleft to bind to receptors on the muscle fiber much like a key fits into a specific lock. The end result of the binding of AcH causes a muscle contraction to occur.
A. True
B. False
14. Match the following neuroglial cells with their function.
Schwann Cells, Oligodendrocytes, Astrocycte, Microglial, Ependymal, Satellite cells, Neurons
A. Form myelin sheath in the CNS oligodendrocytes
B. Line the central cavities of the brain ependymal
C. Form myelin sheath in the PNS schwann cells
D. CNS phagocyte microglial
15. An example of an effector is:
A. the eye
B. Sensory neuron
C. Motor neuron
D. skeletal muscle
16. A light ray passes through the refractory structures of the eye in which of the following order?
A. vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor, cornea
B. cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor
C. cornea, vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor
D. lens, aqueous humor, cornea, vitreous humor
17. Which of the following structures separates the external acoustic meatus from the middle ear?
A. Eustachian tube
B. Tympanic membrane
C. Oval window
D. Stapedius muscles
18. Your brain requires a lot of blood to deliver oxygen and glucose. Two arteries in particular deliver blood into the cranium. The right and left internal carotid arteries, branches of the common carotid arteries, pass through the carotid canal. The left and right vertebral arteries, small branches of the left and right subclavian arteries, pass through the foramen magnum. Once through, the left and right vertebral arteries converge to form the basilar artery. Together, the basilar artery along with the left and right internal carotid arteries work together to form the:
A. Circle of William
B. Circle of Willis
C. Circle of Wilma
D. Circle of Nutella
LECTURE QUIZ 1
Question 1
The knee is ________ to the foot.
1. lateral
2. anterior
3. proximal
4. superior
5. deep
Question 2
The lip is ________ to the chin.
1. superior
2. proximal
3. anterior
4. deep
5. lateral
Question 3
The ankle lies ________ to the thigh.
1. lateral
2. distal
3. proximal
4. inferior
Question 4
Collective name for the structures that drain the cranium.
1. vascular anastomosis
2. internal jugular vein
3. inferior vena cava
4. cavernous sinuses
5. dural sinuses
Question 5
Of the various types of skeletal muscle fibers, the type with the most mitochondria are:
1. fast oxidative fibers.
2. slow oxidative fibers.
3. slow glycolytic fibers.
4. fast glycolytic fibers.
Question 6
The prime movers of jaw closure and biting are the
1. masseter and temporalis muscles.
2. temporalis and lateral pterygoid muscles.
3. buccinator and masseter muscles.
4. temporalis and buccinator muscles.
Question 7
The muscle fascicle arrangement for Orbicularis oris is best characterized as
1. bipennate.
2. circular.
3. parallel.
4. convergent.
5. unipennate.
Question 8
The pulse of the facial artery is palpated
1. anterior to the sternocleidomastoid.
2. anterior to the masseter muscle at the inferior margin of the mandible.
3. in the anterior triangle of the neck.
4. anterior to the auricle of the ear near the temple.
Question 9
The internal carotid artery branches to form the
1. posterior cerebral and posterior communicating arteries.
2. middle meningeal and middle cerebral arteries.
3. facial, maxillary, and superficial temporal arteries.
4. anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, and ophthalmic arteries.
Question 10
A muscle that inserts on the lateral surface of the ramus of the mandible but not on the coronoid process is the
1. digastric.
2. masseter.
3. temporalis.
4. lateral pterygoid.
Question 11
A long bone that is fractured midshaft has damaged the
1. articular cartilage.
2. diaphysis.
3. meniscus.
4. epiphysis.
Question 12
Of the various types of skeletal muscle fibers, the type that produces the most power is
1. slow glycolytic fibers.
2. slow oxidative fibers.
3. fast glycolytic fibers.
4. fast oxidative fibers.
Question 13
Delayed-onset muscle soreness is caused by
1. depletion of ATP during prolonged activity.
2. overnight cramps that occur after strenuous exercise.
3. microscopic tears and resulting inflammation.
4. accumulation of lactic acid.
Question 14
A muscle fascicle is a
1. single muscle cell.
2. tendon.
3. bundle of cells.
4. bundle of myofilaments.
Question 15
Of the various types of skeletal muscle fibers, the fibers that experience fatigue sooner are
1. fast glycolytic fibers.
2. fast oxidative fibers.
3. slow oxidative fibers.
4. slow glycolytic fibers.
Question 16
Of the various types of skeletal muscle fibers, the fibers most resistant to fatigue are
1. slow oxidative fibers.
2. fast glycolytic fibers.
3. fast oxidative fibers.
4. slow glycolytic fibers.
Question 17
A joint capsule (articular capsule) has two layers. The function of the capsule's internal layer is to
1. contain all of the nerves and blood vessels of the joint.
2. act as a meniscus.
3. produce synovial fluid.
4. strengthen the joint against tension.
Question 18
Which of the following lever systems always work at a mechanical advantage?
1. first-class
2. third-class
3. second-class
4. all lever systems work at a mechanical disadvantage
Question 19
In pronation,
1. the forearm is laterally rotated.
2. the ulna rotates, but the radius does not.
3. the palm faces anteriorly.
4. the radius and ulna are crossed.
Question 20
An example of a multiaxial joint is
1. an intervertebral joint, between the articular processes.
2. the proximal radioulnar joint.
3. the pubic symphysis.
4. the hip.
Question 21
The only category of articulations with a joint cavity is a
1. synovial joint.
2. cartilaginous joint.
3. synostosis.
4. fibrous joint.
Question 22
A pre-adolescent has more joints than an adult because of these immovable cartilaginous joints.
1. synovial joints
2. gomphoses
3. sutures
4. epiphyseal plates
Question 23
The lateral movement of the arms away from the body is called
1. flexion.
2. adduction.
3. abduction.
4. extension.
Question 24
The "cells" of both skeletal muscle and this muscle type are correctly called muscle fibers.
1. smooth muscle
2. serous muscle
3. cardiac muscle
Question 25
Contractions of these muscles are under voluntary control.
1. smooth muscle
2. skeletal muscle
3. cardiac muscle
LAB HOMEWORK 1
True or False
Determine whether each statement is true or false.
1. Most cranial nerves carry both sensory and motor innervation.
A. True
B. False
2. There are 24 cranial nerves (12 pairs).
A. True
B. False
3. The pia mater is the most superficial layer of the meninges.
A. True
B. False
4. The pons is inferior to the midbrain.
A. True
B. False
5. The point at which the coronal suture and the sagittal suture intersect is known as lambda.
A. True
B. False
6. The jugular foramen is anterior to foramen spinosum.
A. True
B. False
7. Foramen rotundum cannot be seen from an inferior view of the skull.
A. True
B. False
8. Thyrohyoid is an infrahyoid muscle.
A. True
B. False
9. The mimetic muscles of the face receive motor innervation via the facial nerve.
A. True
B. False
10. The middle scalene muscle passes through the scalene gap.
A. True
B. False
Matching
11. Match each muscle with its corresponding motor innervation. Each nerve can be used more than once. Be as specific as possible.
_D_ Temporalis m. A. Oculomotor n.
_H_ Sternohyoid m. B. Trochlear n.
_F_ Stapedius m. C.Hypoglossal n.
_B_ Superior Oblique m. D. Mandibular n.
_F_ Levator Labii Superioris m. E. Abducens n.
_D_ Tensor Tympani m. F. Facial n.
_E_ Lateral Rectus m. G. Vagus n.
_A_ Superior Rectus m. H. Cervical Ansa
_D_ Lateral Pterygoid m.
_G_ Levator Veli Palatini m.
Fill in the Blank
Select the appropriate response from the options listed.
12. The ____________ is made up of ependymal cells and secretes cerebrospinal fluid into the ____________.
A. thalamus, superior sagittal sinus
B. septum pellucidum, subdural space
C. choroid plexus, subarachnoid space
D. choroid plexus, subdural space
E. third ventricle, cavernous sinus
13. The ___________ sits in the sella turcica.
A. fornix
B. pituitary gland
C. pineal gland
D. anterior commissure
E. hypothalamus
14. Saliva is produced in the ____________ and empties into the mouth at the ________________.
A. submandibular gland, palatine tonsils
B. sublingual gland, palatine tonsils
C. submandibular gland, uvula
D. Stensen’s gland, lower second molar
E. parotid gland, upper second molar
15. The stapes sits against the ______________.
A. round window
B. oval window
C. cochlea
D. scala vestibuli
E. utricle
16. Relaxation of the ciliary body will _________ tension on the ciliary zonules causing the lens to become _________.
A. increase, thinner
B. increase, thicker
C. decrease, thinner
D. decrease, thicker
Identification
Match the question number to the number on the pin. Name the pinned structure at the tip of the arrow.
A person wearing a mask
Description automatically generated with low confidence
17. Identify the pinned structure.
A. Levator Labii Superioris
B. Levator Labii Inferioris
C. Levator Anguli Oris
D. Depressor Anguli Oris
E. Depressor Labii Inferioris
18. Identify the pinned structure.
A. Levator Labii Superioris
B. Levator Labii Inferioris
C. Levator Anguli Oris
D. Depressor Anguli Oris
E. Depressor Labii Inferioris
A picture containing indoor
Description automatically generated
19. Identify the pinned structure.
A. Perpendicular Plate of the Ethmoid Bone
B. Vomer
C. Later Pterygoid Plate
D. Medial Pterygoid Plate
E. Horizontal Plate of the Palatine Bone
20. Identify the pinned structure.
A. Foramen Rotundum
B. Foramen Spinosum
C. Foramen Ovale
D. Carotid Foramen
E. Jugular Foramen
A close-up of a brain
Description automatically generated with low confidence
21. Identify the pinned structure.
A. Septum Pellucidum
B. Cingulate Gyrus
C. Fornix
D. Corpus Callosum
E. Choroid Plexus
22. Identify the pinned structure.
A. Hypothalamus
B. Thalamus
C. Midbrain
D. Pons
E. Medulla
23. Identify the pinned structure.
A. Hypothalamus
B. Thalamus
C. Midbrain
D. Pons
E. Medulla
A picture containing nut, fruit
Description automatically generated
24. Identify the pinned structure.
A. Trochlear n.
B. Trigeminal n.
C. Optic n.
D. Facial n.
E. Oculomotor n.
25. Identify the pinned structure.
A. Trochlear n.
B. Trigeminal n.
C. Optic n.
D. Facial n.
E. Oculomotor n.
INTRO TO ANATOMY NOTES LINK: https://coconote.app/notes/b4ecbbe3-cf6f-490d-9e9c-6331f9ce5842
HEAD AND NECK NOTES LINK: https://coconote.app/notes/4e25fb2e-97e4-4612-b9ac-5ba0269f71fe