Overview
This lecture explains how imaginary lines on the globe (latitude and longitude) are used to divide Earth's surface into climate zones and discusses the main features of each climate zone according to the Köppen Climate Classification.
Imaginary Lines on the Globe
- Imaginary horizontal and vertical lines (latitude and longitude) divide the Earth into coordinate boxes.
- The equator is the horizontal line that divides the globe into northern and southern hemispheres and is set at 0° latitude.
- Latitudes measure distances north (LU) and south (LS) of the equator.
- Longitudes measure distances east or west from the prime meridian, set at Greenwich, England (0° longitude).
- Longitude lines divide the globe into eastern and western hemispheres.
- These lines help determine locations, create time zones, and serve as benchmarks for climate zones and navigation.
Climate and Climate Zones
- Climate is defined as the long-term weather pattern of a region, usually measured over at least 30 years.
- Key factors influencing climate zones include geographic location, distance from the equator, oceans, and wind direction.
- Climate zones help track changes in regional conditions and are vital for understanding habitats and agriculture.
Köppen Climate Classification & Main Climate Zones
- The Köppen Climate Classification divides the world into four main climate zones:
- Tropical Zone: Lies between the equator (0°) and about 23.5° N/S; features high temperatures, heavy rainfall, and high biodiversity.
- Subtropical Zone: Between 23.5° and 40° N/S latitude; characterized by warm climates, long summers, short winters, and seasonal rainfall patterns.
- Temperate Zone: Between 40° and 66.5° N/S latitude; has four distinct seasons and generally even rainfall, with both warm and cold periods.
- Polar Zone: Above 66.5° N/S latitude; marked by very cold temperatures, long winters, and short, cool summers (e.g., Arctic, Antarctic).
Key Terms & Definitions
- Equator — The imaginary line at 0° latitude dividing Earth's north and south.
- Latitude — Horizontal lines measuring distance north or south of the equator.
- Longitude — Vertical lines measuring distance east or west of the prime meridian.
- Prime Meridian — The 0° longitude line passing through Greenwich, England.
- Climate Zone — A region classified by its typical long-term weather conditions.
- Köppen Climate Classification — System dividing the world into climate zones based on temperature and precipitation.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review examples of countries within each climate zone on a world map.
- Study how climate zones influence local habitats and agriculture in your region.