Overview of the Anatomy of the Skeleton

Introduction

• Presented by Tom from zero2finals.com
• Written notes available at zero2finals.com/skeleton
• Flashcards available at zero2finals.com/digital-flashcards
• Purpose: To provide a foundational understanding of the basic bones of the skeleton

The Skull

• Cranial Bones: Surround the brain

  • Frontal Bone: Front of the skull
  • Parietal Bone: Top of the skull
  • Occipital Bone: Back of the skull
  • Temporal Bone: Beside the ear
  • Sphenoid Bone: Anterior to the temporal bone
  • Ethmoid Bone: Closer to the midline, posterior to the nose, inferior to the frontal bone

• Facial Bones: Structure of the face

  • Nasal Bone: Forms the bridge of the nose
  • Maxilla: Connects nose, cheekbones, and upper teeth
  • Zygomatic Bones: Cheekbones
  • Mandible: Jaw bone, connects to the temporal bone at the TMJ (temporomandibular joint)

The Spine

• Composed of vertebrae:
  • Cervical Vertebrae (7): C1-C7 (C1=Atlas, C2=Axis)
  • Thoracic Vertebrae (12): T1-T12
  • Lumbar Vertebrae (5): L1-L5
  • Sacrum and Coccyx

The Upper Limb

• Clavicle (Collarbone): Horizontal bone between sternum and shoulder
• Scapula (Shoulder Blade): Flat, triangular bone at the back
• Humerus: Bone of the upper arm
  • Connects to the glenoid fossa of the scapula to form the glenohumeral joint
• Elbow Joint: Connection between humerus, radius, and ulna
• Wrist: Radius and ulna connect to carpal bones (8 total)
• Metacarpals: Numbered 1-5 from thumb to little finger
• Phalanges: Each finger has proximal, middle, and distal phalanx; thumb has proximal and distal phalanx
  • Joints:
    • MCP Joint: Metacarpophalangeal joint
    • PIP Joint: Proximal interphalangeal joint
    • DIP Joint: Distal interphalangeal joint
    • CMC Joint: Carpo-metacarpal joint (base of thumb)

The Thorax

• Clavicle: Attaches to sternum at the sternoclavicular joint
• Sternum:
  • Manubrium: Top part
  • Body: Joins with the manubrium at the sternal angle
  • Xiphoid Process: Small bone at the end
• Ribs (12 total): One for each thoracic vertebra, labeled 1-12
  • Floating Ribs: 11th and 12th ribs, do not connect to sternum

The Pelvis

• Made up of three main bones:
  • Ileum
  • Ischium
  • Pubis
• Sacrum: Attaches to ileum at the sacroiliac joint
• Pubic Symphysis: Front joint of the pubis bones
• Hip Joint: Formed by acetabulum where the three pelvic bones meet

The Lower Limb

• Femur (Thigh Bone): Longest bone in the body
  • Connects with the acetabulum of the pelvis to form hip joint
• Knee Joint: Formed by femur, tibia (medial), and fibula (lateral)
• Patellar Bone: Kneecap at the front of the knee

The Ankle and Foot

• Ankle Joint: Tibia and fibula meet with tarsal bones
• Tarsal Bones (7 total):
  • Talus: Joins with tibia and fibula
  • Calcaneus, Cuboid, Navicular, Cuneiform bones
• Metatarsals: Numbered 1-5 from big toe to little toe
• Phalanges: Similar to fingers, with proximal, middle, and distal phalanx (except big toe)

Study Tips

• Using flashcards is an effective way to learn anatomy
• Test yourself frequently to consolidate information
• Mastering basic bones prepares for deeper learning of each bone and joint

Conclusion

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