[Music] [Applause] [Music] hi this is tom from zero2finals.com in this video i'm going to be going through an overview of the anatomy of the skeleton you can find written notes on this topic at xero2finals.com skeleton and you can also find flashcards to test your knowledge on the anatomy of the skeleton at zero to finals dot com slash digital flash cards so let's jump straight in we're gonna go from top to bottom taking an overview and learning the basic bones of the skeleton which will help create a solid foundation before we look at each bone and joint in more detail in later videos let's start by looking at the skull the skull consists of the bones of the head the cranial bones surround the brain at the front is the frontal bone at the top is the parietal bone and at the back is the occipital bone beside the ear is the temporal bone anterior to the temporal bone is the sphenoid bone the final cranial bone which is a bit more difficult to visualize is the ethmoid bone which is closer to the midline posterior to the nose and inferior to the frontal bone the facial bones form the structure of the face the bone that forms the bridge of the nose is the nasal bone the bone that connects the nose cheekbones and the upper teeth is the maxilla either side forming the cheek bones are the zygomatic bones finally the jaw bone is called the mandible the mandible connects to the temporal bone at the temporomandibular joint or tmj next let's look at the spine the spine is made up of seven cervical vertebrae in the neck twelve thoracic vertebrae in the thorax five lumbar vertebrae the sacrum and the coccyx vertebrae are numbered from the top down so c1 connects to the base of the skull and this is followed by c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 and then c7 which connects to the first thoracic vertebra called t1 you then get t1 to t12 then l1 to l5 and then the sacrum c1 and c2 have special names c1 is called the atlas and c2 is called the axis next let's talk about the upper limb the clavicle lies horizontally between the sternum and the shoulder at the front and upper portion of the chest the clavicle is commonly called the collarbone the scapula is the flat triangular shaped bone at the back commonly called the shoulder blade the humerus is the name for the bone of the upper arm on the scapula there's a concave area called the glenoid fossa and the head of the humerus meets the glenoid fossa to form the glenohumeral joint of the shoulder if we move further down the humerus meets the radius and the ulna bones at the elbow joint looking a bit closer at the wrist the radius and the ulna connect to the carpal bones and there are eight of these carpal bones the carpal bones connect to the metacarpal bones the metacarpals are numbered one to five from the thumb to the little finger meaning that the first metacarpal is at the base of the thumb and the fifth metacarpal is at the base of the little finger fingers and thumb contain the phalanges each finger has a proximal phalanx a middle phalanx and a distal phalanx the thumb only has a proximal phalanx and a distal phalanx if we move from the base to the tip of each finger there is the metacarpophalangeal joint or mcp joint proximal interphalangeal joint or pip joint and the distal interphalangeal joint or dip joint at the base of the thumb is the carpo metacarpal joint or cmc joint next let's move on to the thorax at the top of the thorax is the clavicle which attaches to the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint the top part of the sternum is called the manubrium this attaches to the body of the sternum at the sternal angle at the very end of the sternum there is a small bone called the xiphoid process there are 12 ribs one for each thoracic vertebrae the ribs are labeled 1 to 12 corresponding to the vertebra they attach to the costal cartilages are what connect the ribs to the sternum the 11th and the 12th ribs do not connect to costal cartilage or to the sternum and they're called floating ribs next let's move on to the pelvis the pelvis is made of three main bones the ileum the ischium and the pubis bones at the base of the spine is the sacrum and this attaches to the ileum of the pelvis at the sacroiliac joint on either side at the front of the pelvis is the pubis bones the pubis bones join in the center at the pubic symphysis inferiorly there is the ischium the socket of the hip joint is called the acetabulum and this is located at the point where all three bones of the pelvis meet together next let's move on to the lower limb the longest bone in the body is the femur or the thigh bone the head of the femur connects with the acetabulum of the pelvis in order to form the hip joint the femur joins with the tibia and the fibula at the lower leg to form the knee joint the tibia is medial closer to the midline and the fibula is lateral on the outer aspect of the leg at the front of the knee is the patellar bone which is commonly called the kneecap finally let's move on to the ankle and the foot at the ankle joint the tibia and the fibula meet with the tarsal bones of the foot there are seven tassel bones the talus which is the bone that joins directly with the tibia and the fibula at the ankle joint the calcaneus the cuboid the navicular and then three cuneiform bones distal to the tarsal bones are the metatarsals and these are numbered one to five with the first metatarsal joining the big toe and the fifth metatarsal joining the little toe distal to the metatarsals are the phalanges there are proximal middle and distal phalanges except for the big toe which only has a proximal phalanx and distal phalanx a final tom tip for you the best way that i found to learn anatomy is by using flashcards you can find flashcards to test yourself on the information we've just been through at to finals dot com slash digital flash cards you can keep running through the flash cards and testing yourself until you can easily recall each answer and then when you can recall all the basic bones of the skeleton you know you're ready to move on to learning each bone and joint in more detail testing yourself shortly after learning something is an extremely powerful way to consolidate that information in your memory and to retain it longer let me know in the comments if you found this anatomy video helpful and depending on the response i'll prioritize making more videos similar to this one if you like this video consider joining the zero to finals patreon account where you get early access to these videos before they appear on youtube you also get access to my comprehensive course on how to learn medicine and do well in medical exams digital flash cards for rapidly testing the key facts you need for medical exams early access to the zero to finals podcast episodes and question podcasts which you can use to test your knowledge on the go thanks for watching and i'll see you in the next video