Lecture Notes on Arabic Grammar

Visibility and Assumption of Harakat

• Visibility of Harakat

  • Harakat (vowel markings) are sometimes visible and sometimes assumed.
  • Assumed harakat are not visible due to enunciation purposes.

• Examples of Assumed Harakat

  • Ghulami (my slave)
    • In context of historical texts before emancipation.
    • Structure with a hidden kasra due to 'ya' zamir (possessive pronoun) demanding it.

Concept of Mukaddara Harakat

• Zamir Muthakalim (First Person Possessive Pronoun)
  • Ya before requires a kasra.
  • Examples: 'waladi' (my son)
    • Manifested haraka becomes mukaddara (assumed/hidden).
  • Different Cases:
    • Mansub state: Example - 'raaytu waladi' (I saw my son)
    • Kasra mukaddara (assumed/hidden)

Special Cases for Harakat Visibility

• Words ending with Alif
  • Alif cannot have a haraka visible.
  • Any word with alif will have its haraka assumed/hidden.
    • Ex: 'Fataha' – harakat cannot be visibly marked.

Types of Words and Their Harakat

• Ismun (Noun) Classifications
  • Ending structure dictates haraka visibility (e.g., 'ismi' – assumed kasra).
    • Ex: 'Kadhi' – ism with assumed kasra.
• Narcissist Verbs
  • End in Harf Illa (weak letter – alif, yaa, waaw).

States of the Verb

• Marfoo' (Nominative)
  • Ex: 'yaksha' (He fears)
• Mansoob (Accusative)
  • Ex: 'yakha' from 'yaksha'
• Majzoom (Jussive)
  • Ex: 'lam yaksha' (He didn't fear)
• Visibility: Harf illa in the verb influences the visibility of haraka.
  • Ex: 'yajidu' (He finds) and 'lam yajid'

Summary and Structure

• Grammar Classification
  • Nouns (Ism) and verbs classified by visibility of harakat.
  • Anomalies addressed with rules (e.g., specific nouns, weak letters).
• Future Lessons
  • Will cover what influences the grammatical states.

Questions and Clarifications

• Q&A sessions for certain parts to clarify student doubts.