A&P Semester 2 Final Study Guide
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What to expect on the final:
* All multiple choice
* About 5-7 questions from 5,6,7,8, and 10- all questions pulled from the previous tests
* Concept questions, labeling, etc
* Half of the questions to be from Unit 9
* Review homework questions, DQs, and quiz questions
Unit 5:
1. What are the two major divisions of the nervous system?
2. Describe the anatomy of a neuron. Be sure to include all structures. Sketching and labeling a picture would be most helpful.
3. What structure makes nerve impulses travel faster and protects it from damage?
4. Explain the basic physiology of a nerve impulse.
1. Describe the transmission of a signal at a synapse.
5. Describe the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic systems and their effects on the body.
Unit 6:
Sight:
1. Explain how the functions of rods and cones differ.
2. Trace the pathway of light through the eye to the retina.
Hearing:
3. Identify structures of the external, middle, and internal ear. Including but not limited to:
1. auricle/pinna, ear canal, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals, auditory/eustacian tube, vestibulocochlear nerve
Smell/Taste:
6. Describe the location, structure, and function of the olfactory and taste receptors
7. Name the five basic taste sensations
Unit 7:
1. Accurately label the parts of the heart
2. Describe and trace blood flow through the heart
3. Define the heart imbalances including tachycardia, bradycardia, and myocardial infarction - what is the leading cause of death in the US?
4. Define blood pressure and list factors affecting or determining blood pressure
Unit 8:
1. Name the organs forming the respiratory passageways from the nasal cavity to the alveoli of the lungs and describe the function of each.
* be able to trace the pathway of air
* Be able to label the names of the structures
2. Explain the relative importance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in modifying breathing rate and depth
3. Describe how breathing works - what happens during inspiration and expiration - how is volume and pressure change during the process and what is happening to the diaphragm
4. Describe the general conditions of COPD, emphysema, and asthma
* How are these affected by smoking/vaping - how are cilia in the trachea affected by smoking?
Unit 9: Study your reproductive quiz
1. Discuss the common purpose of the reproductive organs
2. Male Reproductive System
1. When provided a model or diagram, identify the organs of the male reproductive system and discuss general functions of each
2. Name the endocrine and exocrine products of the testes
3. Define spermatogenesis
4. Describe the structure of sperm and relate its structure to its function - specifically the acrosome
5. Describe the effect of FSH and LH on testis functioning
3. Female Reproductive System
1. Identify the organs of the female reproductive system and discuss the general function of each.
2. Define endometrium, myometrium, and ovulation - where does implantation happen?
3. Define oogenesis
4. Describe the influence of FSH and LH on ovarian function
5. Describe the phases and control of the menstrual cycle
1. What hormones are involved?
4. Pregnancy and Embryonic Development
1. Define fertilization- where does it commonly occur
2. Describe implantation - where does it commonly occur
3. Describe how labor is initiated, and briefly discuss the three stages of labor
1. How long is pregnancy?
2. What is parturition?
5. Describe several ways of preventing pregnancy and STIs
Unit 10: Juniors only
DIGESTION - study your quiz and DQs in this unit
1. Define digestion
2. List the steps of digestion
3. Examples of chemical and mechanical digestion
4. List the organs found in this system and explain their function.
1. Specifically the pathway that food will take and main functions
5. Know the accessory organs and their functions
1. Salivary gland, gallbladder, and liver
6. Understand how macromolecules are digested and used in the body
1. Specifically lipase, amylase, and protease