Palpation, Percussion, and Auscultation

• Palpation: Feeling with firm pressure.
• Percussion: Sharply tapping specific body sites to detect vibrations.
• Auscultation: Listening to organ sounds.

Upper and Lower Limb Anatomy

Upper Limb

• Shoulder
• Axilla
• Arm
  • Elbow to shoulder
• Forearm
  • Elbow to wrist
• Hand

Lower Limb

• Gluteal
• Thigh
  • Knee to hip
• Leg
  • Knee to ankle
• Foot

Anatomical Terms

• Arm = Brachium
• Forearm = Antebrachium
• Axilla = Armpit
• Manus = Hand
• Pes = Foot
• Crural = Leg

Movement Terminology

• Circumduction: Think circle.
• Rotation: Think dot.
• Protraction: Moving a body part anteriorly.
• Retraction: Moving a body part posteriorly.
• Flexion of Thumb: Coronal/frontal.
• Abduction/Adduction: Sagittal plane.
• Superficial: Close to surface.
• Deep: Deeper in body.

Fascia and Skin

• Fascia
  • Superficial: Loose, fatty
  • Deep: Thin, fibrous, no fat
• Cutaneous: Anything associated with skin

Anatomical Sides and Structures

• Ipsilateral: On the same side (e.g., gallbladder and right lung)
• Contralateral: On the opposite side (e.g., gallbladder and spleen)
• Unilateral: Only on one side (e.g., spleen or appendix)
• Bilateral: On both sides (e.g., lungs or ovaries)
• Process: Bone protrusion for muscle attachment or where bones meet
• Facet: Where bone meets another bone
• Foramen: Hole
• Fossa: Bone depression
• Tubercle: Muscle attachment site

Specific Anatomical Points

• Inferior angle of scapula: Around T7
• Iliac crest: Around L4
• Triangle of Auscultation: Gap in muscle above the scapula
• Pectoral Girdle: Clavicle and scapula
  • Attachment for appendicular skeleton
• Pelvic Girdle: Os Coxae
  • Attachment for appendicular skeleton

Vertebral Column

• Cervical: Neck
• Thoracic: Trunk
• Lumbar: Lower back

Abnormal Curvatures

• Scoliosis: Lateral deviation of vertebrae
• Kyphosis: Posterior curvature in thoracic region
• Lordosis: Increased lumbar curvature

Vertebral Structures

• Intervertebral foramen: Exit for spinal nerves
• Bifid Spinous Process: Split in cervical vertebrae
• Transverse Foramen: In cervical vertebrae

Muscles Overview

Superficial Back Muscles

• Connect upper limb to trunk, stabilize pectoral girdle
• Originate on the scapula:
  • Deltoid
  • Teres Major/Minor
  • Infraspinatus
  • Supraspinatus
  • Subscapularis
• Insert on humerus

Rotator Cuff Muscles

• Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis

Serratus Muscles

• Serratus Anterior: Protracts scapula
• Serratus Posterior Inferior: Depresses ribs
• Serratus Posterior Superior: Elevates ribs

Nerve and Muscle Function

• Muscles at an angle often involved in rotation.
• Rotatores: Vertebrae to vertebrae
• Levator Costarum: Rib to vertebrae
• Intertransversarii: Lateral rotation
• Interspinales: Back extension

Bandage Muscles

• Splenius Capitis
  • Origin: Ligamentum nuchae
  • Insertion: Skull/cervical vertebrae
• Splenius Cervicis

Suboccipital Region

• Responsible for head nodding "yes" and "no"
• Atlanto-Occipital Joint: Between C1 and Head

Gluteal Muscles

• Laterally rotate thigh; Gluteus medius/minimus medially rotate & abduct thigh

Spinal Cord

• Ends around L1-L2
• Larger in cervical/lumbar regions (nerve innervation)
• Filum Terminale: Continuation of pia mater, not a nerve

Spinal Nerves

• Carry sensory and motor information

Proprioception

• Body's non-visual awareness of surroundings

Vertebral and Nerve Counts

• Cervical Vertebrae: 7; Nerves: 8
• Thoracic Vertebrae: 12; Nerves: 12
• Lumbar Vertebrae: 5; Nerves: 5
• Sacral Vertebrae: 5 (fused); Nerves: 5
• Co1
• Total: 31 nerve pairs

Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid

• Covers brain/spinal cord
• Meningitis: Inflammation of meninges
• Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): Shock absorber, diffusion medium
• Pia Mater: Vascular
• Denticulate Ligaments: Pia mater extensions

Reflexes

• Spinal Reflex Arc: Sensory impulses path
• Monosynaptic: Direct synapse with motor neuron
• Polysynaptic: Interneurons present
• Stretch Reflex: Monosynaptic (e.g., knee jerk)

Dermatomes and Spinal Tap

• Dermatomes: Sensory regions by single spinal nerve
• Spinal Tap: CSF examination, epidural anesthesia

Tissue Types

1. Epithelial: Layered cells; covers organs, forms glands
   • Functions: Protection, secretion, absorption
2. Connective: Less cells, more extracellular material
   • Functions: Support, protect, bind organs
3. Muscle: Contractile cells
   • Types: Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Muscle Shapes

• Parallel: Fibers parallel (e.g., Rectus abdominis)
• Circular: Concentric fiber arrangements (e.g., Orbicularis oculi)
• Convergent: Broad area fibers (e.g., Pectoralis major)
• Pennate: Short fibers, tendon along muscle
  • Unipennate: Palmar interosseous
  • Bipennate: Rectus femoris
  • Multipennate: Deltoid

Blood Vessels

• Tunica Externa: Outermost, anchors vessel
• Tunica Media: Smooth muscle, regulates diameter
• Tunica Intima: Innermost, elastic fibers

Joint Types

• Gliding: Carpal/tarsal bones
• Hinge: Knee, elbow
• Condyloid: Biaxial (e.g., MCP joint)
• Saddle: Biaxial (e.g., carpometacarpal)
• Ball and Socket: Multiaxial
• Pivot: Rotation (e.g., elbow)
• Mobility vs. Stability: More mobile = less stable

Forearm and Hand Muscles

• Extensor Muscles: Posterior forearm, radial nerve
• Flexor Muscles: Anterior forearm
• Extensor Compartment: Various muscles for wrist/digit extension
• Anatomical Snuffbox: Tendons of abductor and extensor pollicis

Leg Muscles

• Lateral Leg
  • Superficial Posterior: Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Plantaris
  • Lateral: Fibularis longus/brevis
• Anterior Compartment: Tibialis anterior, Extensor digitorum longus, Extensor hallucis longus

Pectoral Region

• Axilla: Triangular area, arm-thorax junction
• Muscles moving humerus/shoulder originate from clavicle, sternum

Flexors of the Leg

• Gracilis, Sartorius, Gastrocnemius

Hand and Foot Structures

• Retinacula: Fibrous bands at wrist/ankle
• Thenar Group: Median nerve innervation
• Lumbricals: Median and ulnar nerve

Elbow Joints

• Hinge joint (humerus-ulna/radius), supported by ligaments
• Radioulnar Joints: Proximal/distal, pivot type

Knee Joint

• Extracapsular Ligaments: Outside joint capsule
  • LCL, MCL, Patellar ligament, Quadriceps tendon, ACL, PCL
  • Menisci: Fibrocartilage, shock absorbers

Ankle Joint

• Talocrural Joint: Tibia/fibula with talus
• Deltoid and Lateral Ligaments: Supports

Rectus Sheath and Abdominal Wall

• Formed by oblique muscles aponeuroses
• Arcuate line: Below which no posterior rectus sheath

Abdominal Wall Nerves

• Thoracoabdominal N: Lower intercostal nerves
• Subcostal N, Iliohypogastric N, Ilioinguinal N

Heart and Circulation

• Right Atrium: Receives from vena cava, coronary sinus
• AV Valves: Chordae tendineae, papillary muscles hold
• Pacemaker: SA node sets heart rate

Coronary Circulation

• Right Coronary A: Marginal, SA/AV nodal, posterior A
• Left Coronary A: LAD, circumflex, marginal
• Venous Drainage: Coronary sinus system, great/middle/small cardiac veins

Fetal Circulation

• Umbilical arteries become ligaments
• Ductus venosus, foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus changes postpartum

Pathologies

• Arteriosclerosis: Artery wall thickening
• Aneurysm: Vessel wall bulge

Lungs and Pleura

• Trachea: Bifurcates, open via cartilage rings
• Pleura Types: Cervical, costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal

Digestive System

• Peritoneum: Serous membrane
• Mesenteries: Organ support and stabilization
• Intraperitoneal vs. Retroperitoneal Organs: Organ positioning relative to peritoneum

Abdominopelvic Wall Muscles

• Quadratus lumborum, Iliacus, Psoas major/minor

Posterior Abdominal Wall Nerves

• Lumbar Plexus: Iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, genitofemoral, lateral femoral cutaneous, femoral, obturator nerves

Gastrointestinal Tract

• Small Intestine: Divided into duodenum, jejunum, ileum
  • Duodenum: Mixes chyme, digestive secretions
  • Jejunum: Absorption site
  • Ileum: Controls flow to cecum

Large Intestine

• Function: Compaction, feces formation
• Divided into ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
• Cecum, Appendix, Rectum: Storage, elimination of fecal matter

Accessory Digestive Organs

• Pancreas: Exocrine/endocrine functions
• Liver: Bile secretion, nutrient storage
• Gallbladder: Bile storage
• Biliary Apparatus: Duct system for bile transport

Other Systems

• Spleen: Immune response, RBC reservoir
• Adrenal Glands: Hormone production

Male Reproductive System

• Testes: Sperm production
• Ducts: Transport sperm
• Prostate and Seminal Vesicles: Fluid secretion

Female Reproductive System

• Ligaments: Broad, suspensory, round
• Uterus, Vagina, Uterine Tubes: Reproductive functions

External Genitalia

• Perineum: Area between pubic symphysis and anus
• Homologous Structures: Labia and scrotum comparatives

Skull Anatomy

• Divided into neurocranium and viscerocranium
• Sutures, foramina, and fossae detailed

Meninges and Cranial Spaces

• Dura Mater: Protects brain, forms sinuses
• Arachnoid Mater: Delicate layer, CSF suspension
• Pia Mater: Adheres to the brain surface

Brain Structures

• Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Brainstem, Cerebellum: Functional areas
• Limbic System: Emotional processing

Neck Viscera

• Endocrine, Respiratory, Alimentary Systems: Associated organs
• Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands: Hormonal regulation

Respiratory and Alimentary Pathways

• Larynx: Voice production, air/food routing
• Pharynx: Shared respiratory/digestive path