Overview
This lecture provides an overview of Stoic philosophy, its historical development, key figures, core teachings, and ongoing influence from antiquity to modern times.
Origins and Core Teachings of Stoicism
- Stoicism emerged around 300 BC in Athens, founded by Zeno of Cition.
- The school is named after the "stoa poikile" (painted portico) where followers met.
- Stoicism emphasizes calm, emotional self-control, acceptance of fate, and striving for virtue and knowledge.
- Stoics believe the cosmos is a rational, ordered whole governed by a universal principle.
- The goal of Stoicism is to live in harmony with nature and recognize one's place in the universe.
Key Representatives and Historical Periods
- Early Stoics: Zeno of Cition, Kleanthes of Assos, and Chrysippus of Soloi.
- Zeno lost his wealth and taught virtue, asceticism, and the idea of a cosmic republic in "Politeia."
- Kleanthes, a former boxer, led the school after Zeno and developed Stoic theology.
- Chrysippus systematized Stoicism, wrote extensively on logic, and described the Stoic sage as free from emotions.
- Middle Stoics: Panaitios of Rhodes and Poseidonios of Apamea brought Stoicism to Rome and integrated elements from Plato and Aristotle.
- Roman Stoicism: Major figures include Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius; focus shifted to practical ethics and achieving inner peace (ataraxia).
Reception and Influence Through History
- Stoicism influenced early Christian thought, neo-Stoicism in the Renaissance, and Enlightenment philosophers like Kant.
- Major works and thinkers influenced by Stoicism include Erasmus of Rotterdam, John Calvin, Montaigne, Descartes, Spinoza, and Kant.
- In the 20th and 21st centuries, Stoic ideas influenced existentialism, cognitive behavioral therapy, and self-help literature.
- Modern Stoicism is popular in management, psychotherapy, and online communities, emphasizing practical life strategies.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Stoa poikile — the painted portico in Athens where early Stoics met.
- Ataraxia — peace of mind or inner tranquility.
- Cosmopolitanism — the idea of world citizenship and unity with the cosmos.
- Stoic Sage — an ideal person living in harmony with natural laws and free from passions.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Test your knowledge with the Quizlet set “Stoa: Historical Overview.”
- Prepare for the next lecture on Stoic logic (“the eggshell” of Stoic philosophy).