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Eye and Ear Diagnostic Procedures Overview

May 7, 2025

Lecture Notes: Diagnostic Procedures and Treatments for Eye and Ear Disorders

Part 1: Eye Diagnostic Procedures and Treatments

Diagnostic Procedures for the Eye

  • Fluorescein Angiography: Injection used to examine blood flow in the retina.
  • Ophthalmoscopy: Examination of the pupil.
  • Slit Lamp Microscopy: Magnifies various structures of the eye.
  • Snellen Chart: Visual acuity test, e.g., 20/20 vision indicates clarity at 20 feet.
  • Visual Field Test: Assesses peripheral vision with eyes fixed forward.

Treatments for Eye Disorders

  • Enucleation: Removal of the entire eyeball.
  • Laser Photocoagulation: Argon laser seals retinal tears and leaky vessels.
  • LASIK: Laser corrects refractive errors by reshaping the cornea; recommended before age 40.
  • Keratoplasty: Surgical repair (corneal transplant) replacing scarred/opaque cornea with a donor cornea.
  • Scleral Buckle: Silicone band sutured to sclera over detached retina.
  • Phacoemulsification: Ultrasound breaks up a lens for cataract removal.
  • Vitrectomy: Removal of vitreous and replacement with a clear solution.

Common Abbreviations Related to Eye Treatment

  • ALT: Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty
  • AMD: Age-Related Macular Degeneration
  • IOL: Intraocular Lens
  • IOP: Intraocular Pressure
  • LASIK: Laser In Situ Keratomileusis
  • OD/OS/OU: Right Eye/Left Eye/Both Eyes
  • PEARL: Pupils Equal, Round, Reactive to Light
  • POAG: Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
  • PRK: Photorefractive Keratectomy
  • SLT: Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty
  • VA: Visual Acuity
  • VF: Visual Field

Part 2: Ear Structure, Function, and Associated Conditions

Structure of the Ear

  • Outer Ear: Receives sound waves.
    • Pinna/Auricle: Projects to collect sound waves.
    • External Auditory Meatus: Canal leading to the eardrum.
  • Middle Ear: Transmits sound vibrations.
    • Tympanic Membrane: Eardrum vibrating with sound.
    • Ossicles: Malleus, Incus, Stapes - amplify sound.
    • Oval Window: Transmits vibrations to the inner ear.
    • Eustachian Tube: Equalizes pressure; shorter in children leading to infections.
  • Inner Ear (Labyrinth): Conveys sound to brain and maintains balance.
    • Cochlea: Converts vibrations into nerve signals.
    • Semicircular Canals and Vestibule: Maintain equilibrium.

Ear Disorders and Conditions

  • Acoustic Neuroma: Benign tumor on the eighth cranial nerve causing hearing issues.
  • Cholesteatoma: Skin cells and cholesterol mass in the middle ear.
  • Deafness: Loss of ability to hear.
  • Meniere's Disease: Labyrinth disorder causing tinnitus, sensitivity, and hearing loss.
  • Otitis Media: Middle ear inflammation.
  • Otosclerosis: Hardening of the labyrinth's bony tissue.
  • Tinnitus: Noise-like ringing or buzzing in the ears.
  • Vertigo: Sensation of spinning or irregular motion.

Ear Diagnostic Tests

  • Audiometry: Measures hearing loss.
  • Cochlear Implant: Assistive device for hearing impairment.
  • Ear Thermometry: Measures body temperature via the eardrum.
  • Otoscopy: Visual examination of the ear.
  • Tuning Fork Tests: Assesses hearing via bone and air conduction.

Common Abbreviations Related to Ear Treatment

  • AD/AS/AU: Right Ear/Left Ear/Both Ears
  • AOM: Acute Otitis Media
  • ENT: Ear, Nose, Throat
  • ETD: Eustachian Tube Dysfunction
  • PE Tube: Pressure Equalizing Tube
  • SOM: Serous Otitis Media

These notes provide a comprehensive overview of the diagnostic procedures and treatments for eye and ear conditions, structured to support study and understanding of related medical practices.

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