AP World History: Unit 5 - Revolution & Industrialization

Overview

• Time Period: 1750 to 1900
• Main Themes: Political Revolutions & Industrial Revolution
• Influential Movements: Enlightenment, Political Revolutions, Industrial Changes

Enlightenment

• Characteristics: Period of intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism
• Key Thinkers:
  • John Locke: Natural rights (life, liberty, property), government’s role to protect these rights
  • Rousseau: Social contract, individual freedoms vs. community good
  • Montesquieu: Separation of powers (executive, judicial, legislative)
  • Voltaire: Advocated for free speech and religious toleration
• Effect on Society: Questioned divine right, monarchies, and traditional power structures

Major Revolutions

American Revolution

• Causes:
  • Enlightenment ideals
  • Financial strains from the French and Indian War
  • Taxation without representation
• Effects:
  • Declaration of Independence
  • Establishment of a democratic government (inspired by Montesquieu)
  • Influenced other global revolutions

French Revolution

• Causes:
  • Economic problems, loss of wars, Enlightenment ideals
  • Social inequality (Three Estates system)
• Events:
  • Estates-General meeting, Tennis Court Oath
  • Storming of the Bastille
  • Reign of Terror
• Effects:
  • Attempted constitutional monarchy
  • Rise of Napoleon

Haitian Revolution

• Causes:
  • Social class tensions
  • Large slave population revolting for rights
• Effects:
  • End of slavery, independence from France
  • Economic struggles due to indemnity payments

Latin American Revolutions

• Characteristics: Driven by Creoles, inspired by American Revolution
• Key Figure: Simón Bolívar
• Outcomes: Independence from Spanish rule in many South American states

Enlightenment & Social Changes

• Women’s Rights:
  • Olympe de Gouges: Declaration of the Rights of Woman
  • Mary Wollstonecraft: Vindication of the Rights of Woman
  • Seneca Falls Convention (1848) in the U.S.
• Abolition of Slavery:
  • Gradual outlawing of the slave trade and slavery in European countries and the U.S.

Industrial Revolution

First Industrial Revolution

• Characteristics: Transition to machine manufacturing, increased production
• Key Innovations: Waterwheel, factories, steam engine
• Social Impact: Urbanization, poor working conditions

Second Industrial Revolution

• Characteristics: Advances in steel, chemicals, electricity
• Key Innovations: Railroads, telegraph, telephone, assembly line
• Social Impact: Rise of middle class, continued poor conditions for workers

Global Spread

• United States: Laissez-faire approach, industrial growth in textiles, oil, steel
• Russia: State-directed industrialization, Trans-Siberian Railroad
• Japan: Meiji Restoration, rapid state-supported industrialization
• Effects: Decline of traditional industries in non-Western countries, increased global trade

Political and Economic Shifts

• Capitalism vs. Communism:
  • Adam Smith: Advocated for capitalism and free markets
  • Karl Marx: Critiqued capitalism, advocated for communism
• Government Regulations: Emergence of labor laws, safety protocols, union activism

Conclusion

• Revolutionary Changes: Major shifts in political structures, industrial production
• Continuities: Continued exploitation and inequality based on gender, race, and class

Study Tips

• Review major events, figures, and changes using Quizlet or similar tools
• Understand key Enlightenment ideas and their impact on revolutions
• Compare and contrast different revolutions and their outcomes

These notes provide a comprehensive overview of Unit 5 for AP World History, highlighting essential topics and historical relationships between Enlightenment ideas, revolutions, and industrial changes.