welcome back to AP World History modern test prep for unit 5 today this video is going to be revolutionary or at least that's gonna be the theme of unit 5 we're gonna spend some time looking at political revolutions and then spend some time exploring the Industrial Revolution so what's led really to all of this change in the period of 1750 to 1900 well context tells us how we got here and the major thing to point out and this unit is going to be the Enlightenment we often think of change as something that happens fast all of a sudden and many times it is like an event that suddenly changes everything but change is often slow and while we can usually point in an event where there is a before and after the event itself usually came after a long series of events that built up to that point the Enlightenment was much like this no one really knew they were in the middle of the Enlightenment when it was happening it's when people look back at history and could see all the moving pieces and the writings and could group them together and see well a movement was at work it's like when we look back at our almost 3-year old and don't realize how big he's getting because we were just in the middle of it you see many Enlightenment thinkers actually lived and wrote their ideas prior to the period that we are in of 1750 to 1900 way back in the late 1500s and 1600s and even some into the early 1700s but it wasn't until the late 1700s that they really started to gain steam the ideas were printed more and circulated more and people then thought hey this is good I agree with this but even popular movies that we've enjoyed like The Hobbit in Lord of the Rings trilogy where books that were written back in the 1930s way before they were ever popular movies now the philosophers of the Enlightenment began to push back on the norms of the social and kind of political structures at the time they started to question the idea of divine right and monarchies that had all of the power they started questioning rights and how much money and family line really shouldn't determine if you have more or less rights we eventually see that people challenge the ideas of women having West rights than men and even the institution of slavery for thousands of years these power structures existed in the Enlightenment changed the whole game now for the AP test you don't need to know all of these philosophers but I would know a few number one John Locke he's pretty much the original og he's the guy that originally wrote that people have natural and unalienable rights and those rights included life liberty and property the job of the government was to protect those rights and if a government failed to do that well the people were justified to overthrow or revolt against that government hmm seems like for unit 5 is all about revolutions we're gonna circle back to John Locke's ideas alright number two Rousseau he wrote the book the social contract now the idea of the social contract is that people give up some of their freedoms for the good of the community when you do this the individual is protected then by the community but obviously is still free it's the idea of giving up some of your rights to follow a laws because those laws protect the good of all the people usually I equate this to speed limits where we give up the right to drive a hundred miles an hour on the highway because we know it's good for the community and it's safer if we have a speed limit that decreases accidents or let's just totally be honest with the recent events of koban nineteen pandemic the idea of giving up your right to hang out in large gatherings or even just sit in a Starbucks which I miss so desperately but that will decrease the spread of the corona virus and protect the community and that as a whole is the exact idea of the social contract Rousseau easy one for you to remember number three Montesquieu he wrote about the ideas of separation of powers which directly then challenges the idea of divine right and having three branches of government executive judicial and legislative this separation that makes it most likely that someone can abuse their power because there are these checks and balances number four Voltaire now Voltaire wrote about basically the importance of free speech I was remembered v from Voltaire now he also was all about religious toleration and the famous quote that he actually didn't write sums it up very well I disagree with what you have to say but I will defend to the death your right to say it yeah he didn't actually say that but many people it comes from his ideas there are many other Enlightenment thinkers like Hobbes and Hume Descartes Diderot Conte and many many more writers many of them Locke Hume Rousseau are also popular characters in the TV show Lost and if you have any extra time for another Netflix series let's say when you're done with the AP test obviously check out lost you will thank me later now one key thing to remember is that the Enlightenment didn't push one political structure like let's say democracy but really pushed for governments that protected rights and challenged the social hierarchies that have been around for generations but it did lead to major revolutions and there are three revolutions that I want you to be familiar with for the AP test the American the French and the Haitian now Central and South America will also have other revolutions named to be Latin American revolutions they will create the independent States and end Spanish and Portuguese colonial rule in the Americas now you need to know the major causes and effects of these revolutions so let's break it down pretty quickly now I'm the notes sheet that you could find in the description below you can first just write down enlightenment enlightenment enlightenment in all the boxes because it's a cause for every single revolution but also really could be good contextualization if you ever had to write an l eq or a DBQ about revolutions and then could be more specific about causes or effects in the actual essay so why did the American Revolution begin well besides you might meant ideals that you already wrote down you need to understand the French in indian war to really get the whole picture now the French and Indian War was between the British on one side and the Native Americans and the French on the other remember the Native Americans and the French got along much better than pretty much every other European group short version later seven years the British win the French lose now Wars cost money in Britain as the mother country foots the bill for all that fighting so who do they tax the colonists they're the ones that are gonna make up that money the Revenue Act the Stamp Act the Tea Act all raised taxes on those British colonists and they were unhappy with that and it led to the familiar phrase no taxation without representation remember the Enlightenment is challenging those existing political structures and they're fighting for more individual rights and after the Boston Tea Party in battles at Lexington and Concord we eventually have the Declaration of Independence which essentially is a official breakup note saying America is leaving the relationship King George the 3rd disagrees and then we have the American Revolution now the American Revolution ends with the colonists winning as you probably know the major effect is a new Confederacy born in North America eventually the Articles of Confederation fail in a federal system is utilized where they form a representative democracy guided by a constitution that espouses the ideas of Montesquieu and separation of powers six months later they add the Bill of Rights which had a lot of Enlightenment ideas like the First Amendment which supported free speech and freedom of religion I'm looking at you roll there it will also inspire other revolutions across the globe the French Revolution was different in that it was not a colony breaking away from a mother country but a European state that had citizens challenging the monarchy with the desire really for political rights and a constitutional monarchy to be created at least that was the goal initially it too was caused by Enlightenment ideals but the context is important to understand here the French had some seer is financial issues they lost lands to the British and with the losing of the Seven Years War that was kind of a big deal and Wars always cost money and so it caused economic issues for France plus the people were starving and hangry people let me tell you will always revolt so the estates-general was called in France to deal with this financial crisis and they have to remember that the events leading up to the French Revolution included inequity in the power structures of the three estates system the first estate was the clergy it was less than 1% of the population the second estates was the aristocracy or the nobles about two percent and a third estate 98 percent of the French citizens and how do you get out of financial crisis you raise taxes and who do you think they should tax the Third Estate the commoners now enlightenment ideals fuelled the pushback of a system that benefited the top percent and after some disagreements with the third estates and they got locked out they met at the tennis courts created the Tennis Court Oath and the National Assembly was birthed they demanded a constitutional monarchy which limited the rights of the king now for the sake of brevity it gets crazy in France there's the storming of the Bastille and the establishment of the Declaration of Rights of Man and citizen or as John Green calls it the Douro map that's pretty easy now they achieve a constitutional monarchy but then their crazy side occurs when they no longer desire them constitutional monarchy and they want a republic it leads to the reign of terror with maximilien robespierre and the guillotine and lots of beheadings and hypocrisy of wanting more rights while also denying people rights and freedoms fast-forward there's lots of beheadings that also includes King Louie Marie Antoinette and even maximilien robespierre and if you want more on his story you got to look that up because that's pretty intense alone as we look at effects the French Revolution feels successful and unsuccessful depending on where you look at it and the timeline short version they did in the absolute monarchy and they achieved a constitutional monarchy they wanted but then they wanted a republic and then there was the reign of terror and then they did establish the directory as a republic yay and then Napoleon came along and overthrew the whole system and then we went back to an authoritarian government and then we went back to a constitutional monarchy eventually after Napoleon it gets very tricky as you look at France that was the French Revolution the Haitian Revolution was similar to the American Revolution and that they were a colony that was attempting to throw off France their colonial mother country it's important to remember the events of the Haitian Revolution often mirror the events of the French Revolution because they were happening concurrently or at the same time let me explain what I mean by that there were clear tensions in the social classes in Haiti and there were white plantation owners but there were also free wealthy mixed-race citizens mulattoes there were also petite Blanc's or poor whites in Haiti and a very very large number of enslaved people who were the byproduct of the Atlantic slave trade now the colonies white population numbered about 40,000 mulattoes and free blacks about 28,000 but the enslaved Africans an estimated 450,000 due to this so there are various voices who want freedom or at least increase rights really all four groups really people in Santo Ming the name of the colony at the time we're very much inspired by both the French and the American Revolution the Haitian Revolution was different from the American Revolution in that who was really leading the charge in Haiti story it began as a slave revolt and will result in the elimination of slavery there and the establishment of Republic of Haiti those most clearly are the effects if we kind of went backwards here cause as you asked it is definitely caused by the tensions and social classes but truly it is caused by the number of enslaved people who revolt against the terrible mystery and denial of the most basic rights Toussaint L'Ouverture is the guy that you need to remember for his leadership he was enslaved but then later was part of the free black population he eventually joined the revolt and that was started already by enslaved Africans and then fought for an independent Haiti more and more Santo Ming is gaining more and more freedom and autonomy or the right to rule themselves now this revolution is complex as it's constantly being impacted by the events that are occurring simultaneously in the French Revolution eventually Napoleon takes control and then there are huge fears back in Haiti that they would reinstate the slavery that they fought against and since that was a major moneymaker for France in the sugar and coffee industries that was a legit fear they have been the French forced to sock back to France and then the revolution continued 1804 they broke free of France and became a Free Republic unfortunately the French required ridiculous indemnity payments for the loss of revenue and financial independence for Haiti was never really fully able and they could never really thrive once they were free from their colonial chains the Latin American revolutions were a series of revolutions that took place in the 1800s which resulted in a number of independent countries in Latin America whereas the American Revolution was led by educated and off the wealthy colonists and the Haitian Revolution was sparked by a slave revolt Creoles led the fight for independence in much of Latin America remember the Creoles were Europeans who were born in the Americas they never knew life back in Europe in South America Creole named Simone Bolivar was greatly impacted by the American Revolution once again and he wanted to create a confederacy of States in South America while that did not happen he did help the States of Venezuela and Bolivia and Colombia Ecuador Peru and Panama all achieved independence from the Spanish Empire now there are a few sources that the College Board wants you to be familiar with let's say I made this claim the ideals of the Enlightenment are clearly reflected in revolutionary documents and influence resistance to existing political authority it's my claim as we look at some of these sources and documents I want you to find evidence that support the claim that I just gave that indeed the documents were impacted by the alignment and influence revolutions I'm going to show you three documents on the screen pause the video and read each of them and see if you can find the evidence to support my claim that indeed that the documents were impacted by the Enlightenment now what would you pull out from this document that was inspired by the Enlightenment most clearly the line on alienable rights that among these life liberty and pursuit of happiness are near replicas of John Locke's ideas of life liberty and property you also see the idea of consent of the governed right in there I think this is what most people would identify right away as evidence of the Enlightenment ideals I think the most powerful part of this document is the line then at the end of it says that how governments that fail to uphold these rights the people have the right to alter or to abolish it and to institute new governments this really is just right from the playbook about how the Enlightenment then urged people to rise up and fight against the British and King George the 3rd and have the entire Revolution the French Declaration of Rights of Man and citizen was birth during the French Revolution let's look at a small excerpt of their first five articles do you see evidence of enlightenment ideals here my hope is again you see John Mach in article 1 but do you also see evidence of Rousseau's ideas forever Rousseau who wrote the social contract and the idea of we give up some of our individual liberties for the good of the group do you see that in the text number four and five discuss how our liberty allows certain freedoms but is limited if it hurts a society Olivarez letter from Jamaica on the eve of the Latin American Revolution says this what evidence or support of our claim do you see in this passage I hope you see that this is reminiscent of the principles of John Locke that the government has a contract whom which the people insist on a good government and respecting the rights of the people if I were to challenge Bulevar I would maybe challenge his comparison of being a colony of Spain puts them in a position lower than slavery when he more than anyone back in Spain would have known firsthand what it looks like to be asleep anyway I were writing a DBQ I could create a claim paragraph that puts all of these documents together much like organizing you know your research note cards and it would look like this the ideals of the Enlightenment are clearly reflected in the revolutionary documents for example the Declaration of Independence is undoubtedly influenced by John Locke's principles of natural rights as the Declaration speaks of life liberty and happiness additionally it describes how people have the right to overthrow unjust government's wish was the purpose of the Declaration of Independence and then I would cite DAC one similarly the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of citizen says that the people are born and remain free and equal in rights which again demonstrates Locke's influence it is also a clear demonstration of the social contract in articles four and five where people gave up personal liberties for the good of the community dok2 cited finally Simone Bolivar also demonstrates Locke's ideas where he is attempting to protect the death the rights of citizens in the letter from Jamaica dock 3 it is obviously clear that these historical documents were influenced by the Enlightenment writers and then after writing that I would for sure have added a point of view analysis on Simone Bulevar as a Creole and then the whole we are a slave to Spain part that I would critique the alignment also doesn't just inspire revolutions we will see that it also challenges power structures that deny rights to women and exploits people through slavery the first feminist movement begins during this time now before you get all huffy on the other side of the screen where you think that feminism means things that it doesn't let's just remember that feminism is simply giving equal rights to women the majority of women during this time we're fighting for suffrage which means the right to vote Olympe de gouges out the declaration of the rights of women and female citizen which yes sounds like the Dora mag as she was from France and felt that the French Revolution left out women in their fight for equality Mary Wollstonecraft wrote a vindication of the rights of women and she fought for women's education and the simple belief that women were equal to men and not mere arm ornaments for them the most famous event regarding women's in this first wave of feminism would be the Seneca Falls convention in 1848 which was a women's rights convention I often think people think of it was only ladies at the convention but rather there were many male allies who worked alongside of women for equality there unfortunately the enduring continuity from every single unit of this course including this one still is patriarchy and the denial of equal rights to women in the United States do you know when women gained their right to vote not until after World War one that's when the 19th amendment was ratified in august of nineteen twenty one hundred years ago additionally the Enlightenment brought about thoughts to challenge the Atlantic slave trade the movement is built upon previous ideals and starts first with Great Britain outlawing the trade of slaves and eventually slavery as a whole in its colonies this will then spread to other European nations and eventually to the United States who ended the slave trade in 1807 but it was an act until the Civil War in 1865 of the 13th amendment was ratified and ended the institution all right back to 1750 to 1900 we have another major major change in a evolutionary shift in history the Industrial Revolution on the most basic level the Industrial Revolution is the change from making things with your your hands to then making them with a machine this will increase production exponentially and will be so much quicker the revolutionary part is how this changed the world economically environmentally socially in my AP class we spend a day as groups sitting around tables with giant white birds playing the urban game with their giant whiteboard they have to draw a rural village from 1700 they start with two roads ten houses sporadically around there and lots of trees and a river as then I make them draw all 100 trees now as the game goes on students have to add to their drawing first the waterwheel was invented people could harness the power of the river on their map soon the first factory was built on the river and a new machine could spin and weave cloth 100 times faster than it could be by hand making this much cloth increased profits exponentially as well this creates new jobs and so people move into your community and then you need more houses and then you even need more and then more factories emerge on the river and so you start building tenement buildings or apartment buildings as we call them today workers work long hours in the factory setting the average workday goes from 6 a.m. till 9 p.m. with one 30-minute break for lunch after work people are exhausted and stressed out so they go to pubs so they have to drop pubs on their map alcohol begins to be consumed throughout England in record numbers during this time women are working in factories then kids work in factories there's no safety measure so there's lots of injuries illnesses and deaths pay is low because there's so many workers available now while we play this game students can't erase anything or replan where they put houses or factories they simply just need to keep drawing them in more factories on the rivers and other establishments now once they've reached the year 1785 a man named James that's a new machine called the steam engine this steam engine involves burning coal which is a fossil fuel to create steam and somehow that makes energy anyways let's skip over the math and science part of how that all works the bottom line is this it is far more efficient and allows factories to be built away from the river now more and more factories are drawn on their whiteboards eventually I give them the OK to cut down the trees and I feel like I all of a sudden had a classroom full of one slurs and I was the Lorax trying to save the trees they're so excited to cut down trees erase it on their whiteboards so they could build more factories and apartment buildings when we're done with the game our Maps went from peaceful rural villages to looking like this now my hope in seeing all these scribbles gives you a picture of how fast change occurred and revolutionized villages into city centers or urban centers the industrial revolution started in Great Britain due to a variety of factors their proximity to waterways and access to rivers Geographic luck is they naturally had coal iron and timber improved agricultural productivity allowed for people to be freed up from doing it your culture and could work and it all goes from there suddenly there's so many technological innovations you don't need to know all of these but I would know some of them so that you could use them in evidence in Si such as the flying shuttle or the spinning jenny both helped with the textile industry as people could weave faster and they could make more thread available the cotton gin sped up how quickly cotton could be produced the steam engine was absolutely huge as it allowed factories to be powered by coal and be anywhere not just by rivers later they put the steam engine on a vehicle on tracks and we had our first locomotive and railroad this all describes much of how the first Industrial Revolution happened we you know this is kind of the age of mechanical production the age of the machine moving from hand making things to the machine the Second Industrial Revolution is Age of Science and mass production it led to new methods in production of steel and chemicals and electricity and precision machinery during the second half of the 19th century the late 1800s scientific principles were brought right into the factories the assembly line was born which effectively powered mass production by the early part of the 20th century Henry Ford's company was mass producing the groundbreaking Ford Model T a car with a gasoline engine built on an assembly line in his factories Thomas Edison will invite the lightbulb the Telegraph and then the telephone was created just imagine what your life would be like with just no electricity we had some crazy storms last summer in which most of our city was out of power for a few days to a week you start learning fast what life used to be like before electricity now during this time there were inventions that allow people to travel more easily move Goods faster increase trade and live more comfortably a new working middle-class emerged and was often the people that owned the factories or had management positions the middle class now had additional money where they had spent it on the leisure activities like going to the theater or dining out in restaurants but this by no means was the majority the factory workers this age offered a non-stop cycle of working and sleeping and going back to work in these dangerous conditions it uprooted families and children who had to work for lower wages meanwhile the factory owners were just getting a richer and richer the rapid and urbanization that accompanied the Industrial Revolution increased pollution poverty it increased crime public health crisis there was shortages of health care insufficient infrastructure to accommodate urban growth there were lots of negatives as well as a response to this one of the most famous and controversial works was published by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels the Communist Manifesto while Adam Smith believed that free market capitalism would lead to a better opportunities for everyone Karl Marx pointed out that the factory workers were being exploited by the owners to make money in this capitalist system one thing you need to remember about the historical context of the Communist Manifesto is this Marx knows and nothing about the history of the Soviet Union and of Chinese communism because none of that's occurred yet that is what we think of when we hear the Communist Manifesto now his point of view was rather just looking around and watching people firsthand be exploited through low wages and long hours in the factory setting now while his beliefs will gain followings in Russia with intellectuals like Vladimir Lenin there were others in the United States that also found hope in his message however in the United States we will see that eventually more government regulations will be the answer for most people who are frustrated by the realities of the factory system eventually minimum wage laws safety protocols labor unions will collectively bargain for these measures with a potential to strike if they do not follow through and then this brought a more productive and a happy workforce without the need for Karl Marx's ideals the Industrial Revolution spread initially from Great Britain to neighboring European nations like France and Belgium in Germany as well as across the ocean to the United States it will also spread to Russia and Japan let's spend just a little time comparing these areas because some areas do this through private ownership and free market capitalism and others are gonna be more steep directed and led industrialization in the United States with their representative democracy they had a more laissez-faire or hands-off view of industrialization they did some tax breaks and they offered some public land for the building of railroads for the transport of goods but overall there were very few regulations on industries the US was known for textile industries as well as oil steel car making you probably are familiar with the names of Rockefeller with Standard Oil and Andrew Carnegie with steel production and Henry Ford in the creation of the Model T now the downfall in the United States was the gap between the rich and the poor new slum neighborhoods developed and immigrants were taken advantage of as low-wage earners meanwhile in Russia they still had an absolute monarchy and the czars power was pretty unchecked much like Peter the Great's push for westernization and modernization in the early 1700s the Russian government itself pushed for industrial growth in the 1860s they had state-directed industries versus those independently driven ones that we see in the United States and European nations they focused on building the trans-siberian railroad which connected their vast empire this also connected them to Asian markets they focused on heavy industries like iron and shipbuilding and steel and it's important to note that the freeing of the serfs in 1861 allowed them a new free labor source in the factories and additionally a middle class also emerged in Russia but many countries were negatively impacted by the Industrial Revolution centered around Europe the United States and somewhat Russia there was a steep decline in Middle Eastern and Asian manufacturing shipbuilding in India and Southeast Asia declined significantly and just shifted towards Europe the same is true of textile production in India and also in Egypt which couldn't compete with the British in American textiles additionally the long-term effects of international trade shifting to maritime routes since the 1500s will continue to impact the revenue of the ottoman and Safavid empires plus like intricate rugs that were made by hand in the Middle East were harder to sell when the British and the Americans could produce them much faster and much cheaper newly independent countries in Latin America had some rough periods of stability with authoritarian style governments once they were independent and we're still focused on export industries which led to some development but no large-scale industrial revolution for them often this is called dependent development as they were dependent on foreign nations to buy their raw resources in other areas European imperialism will dominate much of Africa and Asia during the late 1800s where they're gonna simply steal their natural resources ignore their sovereignty and force them into unequal treaties yea Europeans China will industrialized in some ways with this self strengthening movement and the Ottomans will attempt to with their tans and Matt reforms but we're gonna learn way more about that in the unit six video there's one Asian country that is the exception and that is Japan remember Japan was very isolated prior to this point during this time of the Tokugawa Shogunate they cut off all international trade with Europeans except with the Dutch and they were very opposed to outsider beliefs like Christianity in 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry from the United States arrived to Japan with four giant Navy steam ships outfitted with advanced weaponry they're called the black ships due to their billowing black smoke that arose from the burning of coal for power thanks Industrial Revolution and we're something that the Japanese had never seen before the United States was looking for more places to sell their goods and wanted access to their markets check out this letter from Matthew Perry to the Tokugawa leadership for years several countries have applied for trade but you have opposed them on account of a national law if you are still to disagree we would then take up arms and acquire the sin against the divine principles and you also make sure of your law and fight in defense when one considers such an occasion however one will realize the victory will naturally be ours and you shall by no means overcome us if in such situation you seek for reconciliation you should put up the white flag that we recently presented to you and we would accordingly stop firing and conclude peace with you turning our battleships aside now a source that clearly would be good to analyze point of view and challenge Perry's talk of seeing and divine principles or the idea that they sent them a white flag to surrender before this it's like the ultimate flex of military might and gross confidence in their power but what happens is the Shogun creates this treaty and allows them access to train there was never fighting and they never flew that white flag due to these events there is a shift of power away from the Shogun and the Tokugawa line and they restored power to the Emperor this is known as the meiji restoration it was during this time that japan adopted state supported industrialization they built railroads and they had steamships factories were created private corporations arose industrial families like the Mitsubishi Company became really wealthy and Japan's growth was exponential in fact we will continue to talk about this later as Japan takes a page from the European playbook and becomes imperialistic themselves in Asia and I'll leave you with this is a final claim about the changes and continuities during this period 1750 and 1900 was indeed revolutionary as political structures and production changed significantly while continuities of gender inequality racism and exploitation of lower classes continued I hope this summed up a lot of unified more clearly in your head and prepares you for the upcoming test take the time to study the Quizlet deck in the description below as you can feel more comfortable as some of the aspects that we left out of this video look at the terms look at the key events the places and the economic changes as always thanks for tuning in and hopefully you found this video very helpful in the test prep videos playlist subscribe hit the bell to stay tuned for future videos and we will see you for unit 6 in the future thanks again for watching