I run dr. Mike here now let's look at proteins which is another type of macromolecule now as we've been going through looking at carbs looking at fats and now proteins I've told you what type of atoms compose the majority of these types of macromolecules when it comes to proteins just like the others contains carbon contains hydrogen contains oxygen but one difference is that they contain nitrogen okay now just like fats and carbohydrates they're made up of basic subunits or monomers and then they're built up to what we call polymers or bigger molecules in this case we're looking at as the monomer the smallest subunit is that of the amino acid so that's where we're going to begin now an amino acid is made up of an amine group now the amine group is simply a nitrogen with two hydrogen that's what's called an amine then what we've got is on the other end a carbon with a double bond oxygen and OAH this is called a carboxyl group you would have seen the carboxyl group again in the fats and also in the carbohydrates and together what you'll find is carboxyl has also termed carboxylic acid and this is where the named amino acid comes comes from the amino group or the amine group and the carboxylic acid together is amino acid now the third thing that an amino acid has is this functional group this is what makes an amino acid different so every amino acid has this core structure of the a main the carbon and the carboxyl the difference is this functional group on the end now there's 20 different types of amino acids now the some that are called essential amino acids these are amino acids a weak cannot make we must get these from our diet the rest we can there's about six to eight of them the rest we can make ourselves now this functional group on the end this is the thing like I said that makes them different some of these functional groups have specific characteristics or properties or personalities that make them so different for example some may be hydrophobic that means they don't like being near water some may be acidic some may be basic some may be quite positive some may be negative and some may actually like water being close to water called hydrophilic now this is important because when we take an amino acid and we click it together with another amino acid which is what we're doing here we're starting to create what we call a polypeptide this is a polymer this is a chain of amino acids so we simply take one amino acid and another amino acid and just like we spoke about when we were clicking together monomers or carbohydrates like glycerol for example and when we're clicking together fats we go through a process of dehydration we need to remove a water molecule and here you can see we take the O H group here from the carboxyl end of one amino acid and we take a hydrogen from the amine side of another amino acid together with taking away water h2o and now we've clicked two amino acids together and we continue to do this to create a polypeptide now when we create a nice long polypeptide chain which you've got here we're starting to move towards something that's resembling a protein but not yet what you'll see is we've got this nice long chain with all these different functional groups now it's the functional groups that alter this nice long linear polypeptide and tell it to fold in upon itself how does this work okay if one of these functional groups is positive and another is negative they're going to want to be close to each other okay so they arrange themselves to be near each other if both are positive then they'll want to be away from each other and they'll fold themselves so they are away from each other you may have one that likes water or a couple that like water that means they're going to fold themselves so they're exposed to the liquid environment you have some that hate water so it wants to imbed itself deep within the protein you're going to some have some acid than some bases and this also is going to alter the way that it folds itself and what ultimately happened it happens is you get this three-dimensional what we call a quaternary structure of a folded polypeptide or group of polypeptides into something called a protein and now this folded protein is what actually has the function in our body there's around about 20,000 to 50,000 protein means that our body makes okay from our genetic material and when you're looking at me right now you're basically looking at all my proteins so it makes up the majority of my skin and my eyes it has all the functions in the body it they basically make ends are or they are enzymes so this makes reactions happen millions of times faster than they would without enzymes they shuttle things by picking things up and taking them elsewhere they can be receptors they can bind to other things proteins have all the function in the body so they're extremely important and it's these functional groups that fold it into its functional property and if you have a problem with it it could even just be a single amino acid it could change this one from an acid to a base that changes the way it folds that alters the function of the protein this is one way that mutations in our DNA can affect our proteins functions so this is proteins as a macro molecule