as we get into the end of the task list we're going to start talking more about ethics and client dignity and all the maintenance day-to-day things you do as an rbt your main role is implementation but you're also there maintaining a certain level of respect and dignity for the people we work with despite what population you're with this question is asking how do you do that how do you best maintain a level of client dignity you a you talk to your client using simple words in small sentences because they have a disability now just because they have a disability doesn't mean they don't understand what you're saying it doesn't mean they can't communicate effectively you should be speaking with your client whatever level they're at regardless of age how whatever their understanding is that's how we should be talking to them we should be talking to them like we would talk to anyone else this is not a dignified way to speak to somebody especially if they're cognizant of what you're saying and they understand what you're saying a is not a great way to maintain client dignity speaking to them differently just because they have a disability what about b whenever you are working with your supervisor on treatment plans you do not include your client because they are not trained in aba now that might be true that they are not trained in aba but part of a good client relationship and part of our ethical code is including clients in treatment planning now you need to do this again to their level of ability right so if they're at five years old and they're a five-year-old they might not have as much say in a treatment plan but if you're working with a 16 17 18 year old they have a huge right to what is and isn't being included so you absolutely should try to include your client as much as possible in treatment planning c anytime your client uses the bathroom in the clinic you ensure that a certain level of privacy is maintained at all times this is great right they're using your toileting or your or your potty training whatever you're doing when they're in the bathroom you're making sure as much as possible privacy is maintained you have to consider what you would want in that situation if you're using the bathroom in the clinic you want privacy they do too so ensuring that they have privacy is maintaining client dignity so far c is our best answer let's see about d you talk about your client over drinks with some of your friends to brainstorm ideas should you be sharing information with your client uh with your friends about your clients no you shouldn't be talking about your clients people not on the team okay if i were to talk about you with my friends behind your back again that's not maintaining your dignity we're looking for respect we're looking for a level of dignity c is going to do the best job at maintaining dignity by ensuring privacy first thing liz does each morning is take a shower she adjusts the temperature of the water so that it's steaming hot just the way she likes it the hot water serves as what all right so be careful here right first thing that comes to my mind okay is reinforcement right every time liz gets up she does this she adjusts the temperature of the water steaming hot behavior inc uh continues right it's reinforced we're adding the water looks like positive reinforcement okay however when we look at our answer choices positive reinforcement is not an option so we have to dig a little deeper and that's going to happen sometimes on this test you should be attacking the question you should be predicting the answers okay but be prepared to not see your answer choice and have to go back so we don't have positive reinforcement but we know it's some sort of reinforcement right so we can eliminate positive punishment we're not taking anything away we're adding something we can eliminate negative reinforcement it leaves us with socially mediated reinforcement and automatic reinforcement what's the difference socially mediated involves two or more people it's social reinforcement in this case the only person involved is who lives if there's only one person okay remember automatic is one of our functions this occurs when reinforcements delivered by the person themself right nobody else involved that is the case here it is not socially mediated it is automatic we are looking at automatic positive reinforcement excuse me differential reinforcement teaches much of the following okay how do we conduct differential reinforcement well we reinforce what we want to see we put what we don't want to see on extinction through differential reinforcement what can we teach can we teach discrimination well think about if you're teaching colors and i want to teach you the color blue i put a blue card on the table and a red card on the table if you touch the blue card what do i do i reinforce you if you touch the red card i put that behavior on extinction i'm using differential reinforcement teaching you discrimination good so a is certainly something we can teach with differential reinforcement what about differentiation now differentiation is like discrimination but now we're talking about responses so high five versus a fist bump would be a good example of differentiation same idea if i want you to fist bump me but you high five me i'm putting that on extinction right if you fist bump me i'm going to reinforce that it's differential reinforcement i can teach differentiation i can teach both discrimination and i can teach differentiation so the answer here is c both we can teach both not neither the ceo of an accounting firm was to evaluate his employee's performance during tax season he hands each employee a survey to fill out at the end of each week the ceo then evaluates the responses what type of assessment has the ceo conducted what is happening in this question we have a ceo remember behavior analysis is not just for autism that's what it's primarily used for right now but we have other branches and in this case we're looking at some sort of ceo okay using behavior analytic principles to evaluate his employees performance how is he doing that we know it's some sort of assessment right but what is he doing is he directly observing them is he interviewing them is he taking data what's it looking like well we see right here that he hands each employee a survey to fill out at the end of each week that's a dead giveaway this survey right is it direct or is it indirect well it's indirect he's not directly observing his employees he's letting them self-evaluate he's going to evaluate the data but he's not actually observing them doing anything so we can eliminate what we can eliminate direct we can eliminate b we can eliminate event recording we can eliminate c are we conducting a preference assessment no there's no talk about what his employees like and don't like he maybe do he might do that after this one but as of now all he's doing is engaging in an indirect assessment in order to determine what is and isn't reinforcing you would need to perform what type of assessment all right more assessment questions assessments important okay you need to know about indirect direct functional analysis preference assessments all of these things you have to be fluent on in this case we want to determine what is and isn't reinforcing what type of assessment is going to give us that information be very careful here a says preference assessment does a preference assessment provide you what is and isn't reinforcing no all a preference assessment does is tells you what is potentially reinforcing it tells you what might be able to be used as a reinforcer but you can't use a preference assessment alone to determine reinforcers we need to know first what effect do those preferences have on the behavior what about an interview assessment with the client no interview assessment again is a decent way to conduct a preference assessment but just because someone says oh yeah i'll work for this stimulus doesn't mean the behavior is going to change that's what we're concerned with so we have to conduct a reinforcer assessment in order to determine what is and isn't reinforcing very obvious answer but this is a question that can be you can overthink very easily if you're not careful to determine what isn't reinforcing we need to conduct a reinforcer assessment a forced choice assessment is just another type of preference assessment okay a preference assessment is going to tell them what they do and don't like a reinforcer assessment is going to say this is or this isn't reinforcing greg writes the following behavioral definition several times a day the client will become frustrated frustration occurs typically whenever a task demand is placed on the client or when an item is removed from the client's possession mom and dad will attempt to calm the client down by providing verbal praise what is wrong with this behavior definition okay not bad right there's a couple keys in here that just don't sit right okay so several times a day the client will become frustrated what's wrong with that can we measure frustration no frustration manifests in several ways some people hold it in some people lash out some people get emotional some people eat some people escape frustration is a variety of things and in this case frustration is not operationally defined frustration is impossible to measure we do have right possible functions task demand item removed we have antecedents again test demand item removed we have consequences mom and dad will attempt to calm the client down by providing verbal praise okay so what do we think is wrong with behavior definition we don't think it's measurable enough do we have that answer choice let's see a it does not attempt to describe function well we have task demand so escape or when an item is removed from the client's possession tangible okay so we do have potential functions here b it is not measurable that's what we predicted no way can we measure this behavior consistently without an operation or definition of frustration we shouldn't use the word frustrated we should describe what the client does when the task demand is placed or when the item is removed don't just say frustrated describe what actually occurs this this behavior definition is not measurable read all of your answer choices see there are no antecedents listed we already identified antecedents and then d there are no consequences listed we identify consequences as well okay the problem here is b it is not measurable you need to describe what happens not just say the client became frustrated the client became upset what happens when the client becomes quote unquote frustrated or upset joanna is in the hospital with a broken leg nurses give her a button that she can press if she needs anything joanna on average must press the button three times before a nurse response what type of reinforcement schedule is joanna horn basic reinforcement schedules couple questions you can ask to make these questions pretty easy first are we dealing with responses or are we dealing with dealing with time if we're dealing with time we're going to be dealing with interval schedules the eyes if we're dealing with responses we're dealing with ratio schedules ours joanna has to press a button it the reinforcement is based on how many times she does that so a number of responses we can eliminate c and d now we ask ourselves is this amount fixed so it doesn't change or does it change is it an average or right in the question that says joanna on average must press the buttons three times for a nurse response so what type of reinforcement schedule is she on is it fixed or variable what's variable it's an average is it ratio interval it's a ratio because we're dealing with responses and then we have three times we have our three our answer is going to be vr3 every time while you're studying break down reinforcement schedule questions that way you have to break this stuff down to make it simpler for yourself once you get better it becomes easier okay we're not in a rush though when we're studying we're just trying to get the right answer every time okay i'd rather you do five ten questions in an hour and get all the answers right or review them rather than do 30 questions in an hour get half of them wrong right you're going to learn more going slow and reviewing okay your bcba asked you to find the average frequency of name calling from your client monday your client called five different people a name tuesday the client didn't call anyone a name wednesday the client called 10 people a name and on thursday the client called zero people the name what are we doing finding an average how do we find an average well we need to add up all of our data points so we start with five right because we're looking at name calling monday we had five times tuesday we had zero times wednesday we had 10 times and on thursday we had zero times now how many data points do we have we have monday tuesday wednesday thursday four data points we divide 15 which is the total divided by the number of data points four and we get three point seven five there's no trick to averages you just need to know how to find an average okay if you don't know how how to find an average just work on it it's very simple okay but there's no trick to average questions you should get these are the easiest questions on the exam almost so you should get these right just make sure you know how to do it i'm a bcba and i'm explaining to a parent the current progress of a skill we are targeting if i tell the parent that the scale is trending down what am i really saying think about our graphs we have our line graphs we have our data path that data path can do what it can it can go up it can trend up it can go down it can trend down or it can stay steady it can flat no trend right if i tell a parent the skill is trending down what is that data path doing what's moving in the downward direction those data points are going downwards okay if we're trying to increase a skill and the skill is trending down what are we really saying the scale hasn't changed well the is obviously changing if the data path is going down our data points are changing okay so a is out so it's really about is the skill improving or is the skill getting worse well if we are targeting a skill for increase if the skill is improving that trend line is going to be going up okay if that trend line is going down what i'm really saying is scale is getting worse okay now is that true always on every line graph no typically you'll you'll visually analyze graphs all right but in this case if we're targeting the skill for increase and our skill is trending down the skill is going to be getting worse and then finally which of the following answer choices will be the worst way to attempt and identify client preferences okay client preferences we just covered right it's what they do and don't like it has nothing to do with reinforcers all that has to do with reinforcers is potential reinforcers we're just trying to identify what the client does and doesn't like this question wants us to find the worst way to do that so a asks the client what they like and don't like now that's a pretty good way of finding out what they like and don't like right someone asks you what you like and don't like you can tell them pretty much better than anyone else that answer so a is pretty good i bet we can find the worst one b ask the client's parents what they like and don't like now this is also a way to identify client preferences but on the exam we're looking for what we're looking for the best answer so far a is going to be better than b right so b is still our worst way to attempt and identify preferences b right now is our answer can we find a better answer and be careful right because we're looking for the best answer but the best best answer of the worst way to attempt to identify client preferences so far that's b conduct a naturalistic assessment so you're actually observing this client with stimulus or stimuli that's better than just asking them the indirect way and then the and then d buy several items and present them to your client and record how they respond again a direct assessment is going to be better than indirect assessment the worst way would be asking the client's parents what they like and don't like again still a viable way but out of our answer choices we're picking the best one b ask the client's parents what they like and don't like okay thanks for watching check out rbt exam review dot com three practice exams a task list study guide combo pack comes with everything and of course our competency study guide as well questions comments please let me know love the help other than that work hard study hard see us