AP Human Geography Unit 7 Review: Industrial and Economic Development

Introduction

• Congratulations on completing the AP Human Geography course.
• Focus on applying the knowledge beyond the exam.

Key Concepts

Industrial Revolution

• Integral to demographic transition (Stage 2 & 3).
• Shift from agricultural to industrial economies.
• Urbanization and falling death rates due to better healthcare.
• Middle class expansion and economic shifts.

Economic Impacts

• Primary Sector: Extracting raw materials (e.g., farming, mining).
• Secondary Sector: Processing raw materials (manufacturing).
• Tertiary Sector: Service-based economy (e.g., teaching, healthcare).
• Quaternary & Quinary Sectors: Information processing and decision-making.

Economic Development

Sector Comparison

• Transition from primary to tertiary sectors observed in advanced economies (e.g., UK, Japan).

Break of Bulk Points

• Examples like the Port of Seattle where goods are transferred between transportation modes.

Weber's Least Cost Theory

• Bulk Gaining: Factories near markets (e.g., book production).
• Bulk Reducing: Factories near raw materials (e.g., furniture manufacturing).

Measures of Development

• Financial measures: GDP, GNI, sectoral structure, income distribution.
• Social measures: Fertility, healthcare access, literacy rates.
• Gender Inequality Index and Human Development Index.

Women and Development

• Impact of gender roles on economic development.
• Gender pay gap and labor force participation as obstacles.
• Microloans as a tool to empower women economically.

Theorists

Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth

• Five stages from traditional society to high mass consumption.

Wallerstein's World Systems Theory

• Division of countries into core, semi-periphery, and periphery.
• Core countries exploit periphery for resources.

Dependency Theory

• Periphery countries dependent on core for economic growth.

Trade and Global Economy

Neoliberalism

• Belief in open markets and free trade for development.
• Organizations: WTO, USMCA, Mercosur, EU, ASEAN, OPEC.

Tariffs and Trade Wars

• Tariffs as government-imposed taxes on imports.
• Neoliberal organizations oppose tariffs for promoting free trade.

Economic Restructuring

Outsourcing

• Shifting jobs from developed to developing countries for cost efficiency.

Manufacturing Zones

• Special Economic Zones: Different trade rules (e.g., Shenzhen).
• Export Processing Zones: Focused on export production.
• Free Trade Zones: Reduced tariffs near airports.

Economic Concepts

Economies of Scale

• Cost advantage by producing large quantities (e.g., root beer production).

Fordism vs. Post-Fordism

• Transition from assembly line jobs to advanced automated production.

Multiplier Effects

• Investment in a region creates economic opportunities for locals.

Just-In-Time Delivery

• Receiving goods exactly when needed to minimize inventory.

Sustainability and Development

Unsustainable Practices

• Industrialization impacts on resource depletion, pollution, climate change.

Solutions

• Ecotourism and sustainable development goals.
• Emphasis on equitable and sustainable growth for future generations.

Conclusion

• Importance of understanding geography for global citizenship.
• Applying geographical knowledge to create a fairer, sustainable world.