hey geographers it's coach fishbein uh we're gonna run through the unit 7 review for the ap human geography course in this video uh congratulations you've made it to the end of your ap human geography course um my students started way back in august some of you might have started in september so we made it started way back in july and here we are the first week of may and i want to congratulate all of you on making it this far um no matter how you end up doing on the exam that's going to be secondary to to how well you're able to apply this for the rest of your life so don't worry about whatever your score is i'm sure if you study you're going to do fantastic um but the idea here is not that you're just going to take a test and forget all this stuff uh because this stuff is interesting and useful to use the citizen of the world so let's get into it uh with our last unit okay unit 7 is all about industrial and economic development and one of the things that i love about unit 7 is that there's a lot of review in this unit right we've been talking about the industrial revolution here ever since unit two uh when we talked about the demographic transition model the industrial revolution was critical um to the to the not the success but to like the the the effects that we see in the demographic transition okay because remember way back in stage one and remember no no countries are really in stage one anymore but we had a we were living in in a very cruel world right where there was high birth rates and high death rates right it was pretty likely that um that you were going to get sick of some awful disease disease and maybe not make it all the way to adulthood so because of that families wanted to have a lot of children so that there would be a chance that those um young people would make it to adulthood and they could have helpers to work on their farms right because at this point many of the people who are who are living in the world are living in an agricultural rural setting okay and industrially industrialization changes all of that right we start to see people moving away from those rural settings we um they're not as necessary in those settings because of the agricultural revolution and they moved to cities to find jobs in more industrial settings all right because of that um and well actually before that because of um better sanitation better healthcare medicine we start to see these death rates fall then the birth rates also start to chase that down because we don't need as many people uh to work farms anymore okay but in stage two and stage three uh we see a very large increase of the world population you see that with this blue line right over here okay so the industrial revolution and i'll flash back um to those photos right over here this comes in around stage two and stage three of the demographic transition all right we're seeing a lot more people in our world a lot of them are moving to cities and they're working what are really like these dangerous um factory jobs and i'm not talking about like adults necessarily either right one this photo really spoke to me you can kind of see how young these these young gentlemen these boys are um coming out of these factories in the 18th 19th century okay all right so um let's talk more about some impacts of industrialization okay over here on the left you can see a social pyramid right there was a middle class before the industrial revolution but it wasn't as big or influential as as the middle class that we see after the industrial revolution revolution and especially the industrial revolution that we see in the world today okay before we had like a nobility and and basically a peasant class but industrial industrialization that's a tongue twister industrialization really creates this strong middle class okay now another impact these investors who are putting in their money and trying to to create more money right they need markets they need resources they need raw materials so colonialism and imperialism was also going on before the industrial revolution but this kind of like accelerates it a little bit right these mainly european countries need a lot of um things to make their things so they can sell their things and other places have those things so it makes sense for them to go take over places in in africa or latin america or or in parts of southeast and eastern asia okay in the middle east as well um and then you also see urbanization as well as we mentioned um so a lot of these again flashbacks to previous units that's why one of the things i love about this unit so there's a lot of callbacks to stuff that you should already know all right uh let's talk about economic sectors this is some new stuff right the global economy the way you should look at this graphic organizer that i made this this image that i made is kind of like a venn diagram okay so everything was within the global economy that's like this gray rectangle right over here okay we start off with the primary sector primary sector work has to do with extracting and collecting raw materials right so think farming uh if you're in like a coal mining industry those are going to be primary um primary jobs jobs in the primary sector okay now once we take these raw materials and we start doing stuff with them we start processing them we start turning them into the actual raw material that's going to go into something else that is the secondary sector right over here okay so you see there's no real overlap between the primary and the secondary sector okay now this big circle over here in the green this is the tertiary sector and this is all about services okay um service jobs are what the majority of the american economy today is made out of right people mainly go to work doing something for somebody else right we have very few farmers in the united states um our secondary sectors are are decreasing very rapidly and that's because most people are working here in the tertiary sector doing some sort of service oriented job right and that could be lots and lots of different things from from teaching real estate working at a restaurant uh if you're a lawyer if you work in healthcare all of those are services okay now within the tertiary sector there's two more sectors okay you have this light blue circle and that's called the quaternary sector quaternary or fourth sector right now this has to do with the sharing processing researching um cultivating of information okay it's a little bit vague but i haven't really found the best definitions for these last two sectors but but essentially anyone who deals with like the creation or the maintenance of information is going to be in the quaternary sector and then within the quaternary sector you have the quinary or the fifth sector and these are your big decision makers right the quinary sector is all about the people who take the information that's produced and collected in the quaternary sector and they had to decide what to do with it right so these are going to be your ceos politicians um people like that who are relatively powerful um are going to be working in the primary sector okay now uh before we move on or actually as we move on well i'll show you this one okay um this yellow on this graph this is the tertiary sector green is going to be the secondary sector and blue is going to be the primary sector right there's a lot more money to be made in the tertiary sector okay so we have two different countries here on these two graphs from shout out to one of my favorite websites for teaching ap human geography our world in data or just geography in general right our world and data if you haven't been to that website awesome awesome awesome visualizations and graphs um that are going to help you understand the content here so i chose out these two uh for both the united kingdom and japan now you'll have to notice here that the x axis right i'm not math teacher don't mean we teach you math but the x axis on both of these um graphs are different right over here in the united kingdom we're starting way over in 1801 in japan we don't start until 1872 right we end in almost the same place though 2012 and for the japan graph 2011 for the united kingdom okay now hopefully your teacher told you that the industrial revolution started in the united kingdom started in great britain right lots and lots of reasons for that i'm not going to get into all of them now but mainly water water it always comes back down to water with the industrial revolution do some research on that it might come up on the test okay anyway the united kingdom uh the very first country to industrialize right so you can see that their their blue sector right here the agricultural sector the primary sector it's a very small percentage of their employment even way back in 1801 maybe like what 30 right there in japan when we start here in this graph in 1872 it's over 80 percent okay but you can see for both of these countries this primary sector falls fairly rapidly through the ensuing decades and centuries right the manufacturing sector the this that secondary sector it becomes very big and then starts to to slow a little bit um and you're starting to see more of that slowing in the in the modern world today and then your tertiary sector just takes off in both of these places all right like i mentioned before there's money to be made in this tertiary sector but this is kind of like almost like like a sector transition is how i would kind of call it so that's not like an academic word that's something i'm inventing but but you're starting to see these countries go through this industrial sector transition as well where they're moving away from the primary sector and towards the tertiary sector and i think these two graphs showed that very well okay now obviously the united kingdom did it first they're the first country to industrialize japan they didn't really get into it until the 20th century some countries aren't even there yet right uh unfortunately our world and data only has like a dozen countries for this graph but if you were to look at some of your sub-saharan african countries some of the smaller countries some eastern country uh like east asian countries um they're not quite here yet hopefully they'll get here in the next few decades um but this doesn't apply to everybody because ever because not every country is done with this transition yet okay all right um all right let's talk about break a bulk point right a lot of this unit has to do with our stuff and where our stuff is coming from and one of the places in the economic landscape that makes that possible is this uh break of bulk point okay so this is the port of seattle um seattle amazing city probably my second favorite american city out for san diego and they've got one of the busier ports um in all of the western united states and you can see the port here you see these containers right when you order stuff on amazon it usually like gets shipped across the world somehow on one of these container ships and it gets unloaded by the cranes and then breaking down broken down right like someone somebody's going to go in here and open up the container and break down all the bulk right that's what a break of bulk point is okay uh all right let's talk about least cost theory these cost theory here this is alfred weber i don't know why he didn't get the shout out in the in the course in the exam description but but he's our guy here for at least cost theory okay now just disclaimer before i get into this i'm gonna oversimplify a lot here okay a lot all right be ready be ready but we're oversimplifying okay now least cost theory is all about deciding where your factory's gonna be okay that's what this icon is it's a little factory and in this situation we're gonna assume that i am going to be making books okay i'm making books and we're gonna again oversimplify and say that there's only two things that need to go in the book right the paper which we get from wood from a forest and and the ink that we can print the words with right and we're just gonna assume for a second again oversimplifying we're going to assume that i get my ink from octopuses right don't go reach for your nearest book and assume that there's octopus sink in there there's probably not i'd be surprised if there was but let's just go with this analogy right here okay now the factory is going to be where i take the wood turn it into paper and i take the octopus ink and i get it onto the pages and i have my book right now this is what is going to be this situation is going to be called bulk gaining okay because believe it or not in this situation like the the let's assume that i'm getting the paper already right this this this resource is coming to me as paper already i don't need credit paper but we're adding ink to the paper right so this thing is getting bulkier right the materials that are um being put together to create my final product are both lighter than the actual final material itself so this is called bulk gaining right now since the heaviest object in this whole uh creation right is the book since it's heavy i don't want to have to pay to transport it very far so i'm going to put my factory way up here close to the market right close to where i'm going to sell this product in this case or what i'm selling to is obviously a bookstore okay um now this is different from a bulk reducing industry okay now let's in this example say that i am creating furniture okay so i need the wood um that's going to be like the frame of my couch or my chair or whatever then i have the leather right that's what this cow represents i'm getting getting some leather from this cow right now those raw materials are actually going to be heavier right i'm getting the big leather hides from the cow and getting lots and lots of trees uh to break down into the frames for the for this furniture so this is going to be a bulk reducing industry and according to weber um favor i don't know weber w-e-b-e-r but since it's bulk reducing um i'm gonna put my factory here closer to my raw materials so this actually becomes the shorter trip right because this is the heavier stuff i'm not gonna mind making this trip and transporting my furniture all the way up to the furniture store up here because it's going to be lighter than the raw materials okay that's least cost theory all right measures of development sorry guys sorry there's no cool fancy image no icons here this is just words right but when we are talking about different countries around the world and how developed they are there's lots of things lots of statistics really that geographers take into account okay five of these are financial measures gross domestic product gross national product gni sectoral structure which we talked about and uh and the distribution of the income uh of the people within the country right is the top one percent making i don't know 20 of the income is the top eight one percent making fifty percent seventy percent eighty percent does that sound like a lot it is a lot right um but that's what we mean with income distribution okay i'm not going to get into all of these because that's probably like another 45 minute video but just know that these are the statistics that um that geographers use and essentially it's like how productive economies are okay that's it i'm not gonna go into him i'm not gonna go into him go go find jacob clifford right he's the econ guy he'll tell you all about those ones okay um now beyond financial measures we also we also have some social measures some of these should also look familiar to you from back in unit two fertility rates how many people are being born uh per woman infant mortality rates how many of those kids are able to to make it to their childhood access to health care uh energy mix there's some really cool um graphs on our world and data about energy mix right my class one uh took a look at some of those so um our country is using fossil fuels or renewables okay um so go check those out if you have some get a chance and then literacy rates is our last social media okay a couple more that uh geographers focus on there is gender inequality index it is what it sounds like right how equal are women to men um in in that particular country uh and then human development index is kind of like our composite right it takes a lot of these other measures and puts them all into like a single number and i believe the closer you are to one is where you want to be right the the closer to one means you're more developed the closer to zero the less developed you are okay so essentially what i think the most important thing for you to know is is that these are the statistics that geographers use when they want to really measure how developed their country is is it very far along in the demographic transition is it making a lot of money uh like a united states or like a japan or like a germany or is it kind of like on the way there like a mexico or in india or is it like kind of very far behind like like i don't know like maybe like ethiopia somalia uh cambodia just kind of guessing on those on those ones sorry all right women and development okay now uh this is kind of a call back to unit three right here but what you should be i think you should know for women in development is that gender roles and the expectations that we have of women plays a very large role in how developed a country is right if women are expected to be caretakers and mothers and that's about it that's not going to be very good for a country's development right if they're able to move into a more industrial job or even better like a tertiary sector job then in the long run that's going to be better for a country because because the way i think about it is that every person is kind of like a little economic engine right and if you're relegating women to just being a mom and a caretaker not not that there's anything wrong with that right i love my mom i love my wife they do a great job of being a mom and a caretaker but there's so much more potential there that that our previous societies never tapped into and i'm glad to see that in our modern world um our gender roles are changing so that we can we can allow women to be more economically um to tap into that economic potential and really like that like life actualization potential right we don't want them just in the house anymore we want them to live just as a rich and diverseable life as men do right all right now one of the things that stands in the way of this is the gender pay gap all right we got this chart over here that shows us where the gender pay gap is the widest and and take a look these are all pretty developed countries right 36.7 in that south korea uh measure right there that's that's huge right so that again if all people are little economic engines then then that is really standing in the way of half of our economic engines right um so the gender pay gap is one obstacle the other one is is unemployment not in all not in every place in the world do a lot of women actually participate in the labor force all right you see the brown uh the brown colors down over here those are countries where where females are much less likely to be employed and really like what stands out to me is that no country is really very close to a hundred percent over here okay i was actually kind of surprised by again this graph from or this map actually from our world in data okay now one of the things that makes uh that like tries to kind of bridge the gaps here see what i did there uh are micro loans and kiva is an example of a firm that hands out micro loans to women so that it's not like a big loan but it's just something to get them on their feet get them started maybe help them start their own business um so that they can tap into that economic potential that we've been talking about okay all right halfway done let's get to some theorists all right rosto rosto's one of the guys who got the shout out in the ced i don't know rostow did you do the rostow cup i want to do that for the first time next year i got a chance to do it this year um but you should know these stages of economic growth right remember that like economic like that um sectoral transition i was talking about like this is what rosso has essentially done is he's laid it all out for us in stages right so imagine these countries at the very beginning of that economic sectoral transition they're over here in stage one stage two stage three they get to that takeoff stage now they're industrializing um and then stage four and stage five is when they're making that switch over to that tertiary sector and now they're really making some money okay so rostos stages of economic growth make sure you know them i i don't think you need to really know the titles of them but you should know like kind of the difference between these between these stages all right wallerstein some of them are going to say some of your teachers are probably saying wallerstein but i don't know i was taught very little german as a as a young californian dude um but i was always told my last name is fish spine like that you take the the second vowel in that in that uh little chunk of the word right there so i think it's waller stein not wallace steen or stein but i don't know i could be wrong uh we'll have to ask him i don't think we can because i think he passed away a few years ago but um what wallerstein has is world systems theory okay now in the book that i like in the textbook that i like for this course they put this in chapter one because i think this is like fundamental to understanding the way the world works so far right essentially what wallerstein tells us is that there is three groups of countries right we have the core right we these are rich countries these are these are the drivers of the global economy these are the big decision makers a lot of the times these are the countries that industrialize first these are the countries that benefited the most from colonialism and imperialism uh these are the countries that have essentially risen to the top of this global political pyramid by exploiting other places all right and we call those places the core the united states would be a core country okay on the opposite end of the spectrum we have those countries that were mainly exploited by the core right and that is called the periphery okay so you see the vast majority of africa is in the periphery lots of south america lots of asia uh beyond just russia lots of southeast asia in the middle east those are those periphery countries okay now we have some countries that are kind of in the middle right they're not quite core but they're definitely not periphery they're on the way to transitioning into some of those core countries um hopefully kind of lifting a lot of these people who live in these countries out of poverty uh and those are gonna be semi-periphery countries okay so like india china mexico brazil argentina uh iran indonesia south africa south korea i think that's all of them but also don't get hung up like i've seen a lot of different world systems theory maps as i prepare for this video and no one's going to ask you what in what sector a specific country is in because there's not going to be a lot of agreement like a lot of like eastern europe sometimes you see this as core sometimes you see south africa as as periphery don't get hung up on where individual countries are i would focus more on just like the the theoretical like groupings okay like some are indisputable right like the united states is definitely a poor country but some you can go back and forth but i don't think you need to get hung up on that all right so this is another i'm not gonna like go over every word here um but this is another nice chart um that i recreated for us um that kind of goes into the difference between these three different groups the car the semi-periphery and the periphery and most importantly the main reason i want to put this in here is that look at the arrows right don't get lost in the in the chart here but look at what's going from place to place right from the core to the semi periphery and the periphery are the consumer goods and the money right you you would think like oh well if the core is giving away money like doesn't isn't that good for the periphery and the semi-periphery yes yes of course it is but but the core is doing that to make their own money right because they are getting back this cheap labor they're getting back these natural resources at at such a discount here that they're able to just to sell these goods to those periphery and semi-periphery countries and really take advantage of this situation okay so feel free to pause the video right now if you want to take a longer look at the chart i think that this is a pretty helpful one okay dependency theory um dependency theory kind of builds upon world systems theory um we still have that core semi periphery and periphery model right over there and it really is kind of showing how these periphery and semi-pro-free countries they get stuck right they get dependent on on the core right and they and to this lesser extent the semi-periphery and it really makes it hard for these per free countries to jump up to that next level it makes it tough for the semi-perfect countries to truly turn into a core country because you know they're sending all their resources to the core right um so i think dependency theories is an interesting way of looking at things and and it really builds upon world systems theory from walls or spine or spine i think um fish spine at least i could tell you how my last name it's fish spine all right commodity independence we went over this from unit five right when a country is is dependent on one commodity if like they're stuck only really like exporting coffee and like that's the majority of of how their economy functions what happens if because of climate change we're not able to grow cops in that region anymore okay so these countries that are commodity dependent kind of like another like a very tangible effective dependency theory um they're going to be in a bad situation if if climate change and other like maybe political factors change that they're not able to to really send out those exports okay uh complementarity uh i found this map from the internet of course um this is every country's biggest exports let's zoom in all right we're gonna zoom in on kind of like that eastern mediterranean region here kind of like the triangle between europe asia and africa here and and i'm just going to like invent an example here right for for complementarity and comparative advantage um ethiopia makes a lot of coffee great coffee made in ethiopia and one of my favorite cold brews from one of my favorite coffee shops in san diego that got replaced a couple months ago refill cafe rest in peace but my favorite cold brew from that place was called the ethiopia right great coffee in ethiopia what they don't make a lot of in ethiopia or at least according to this map is cars but they make it up there in in germany right so um ethiopia has got what we call comparative advantage in coffee because up here in northern europe is going to be way too cold way too dry it's not going to be a place where a coffee plant is going to thrive it's like actually literally impossible to grow coffee ingredients right look it up the coffee belt it's a thing um so since ethiopia has the coffee that the germans want and in ethiopians they want to drive around right they're going to need to buy some cars maybe they want a mercedes-benz germany's now got that comparative advantage in cars one place wants what the other has and vice versa now we've got complementarity all right now we've got the ability and the situation that is necessary for trade okay so complementarity and comparative advantages like the the bedrock of why people trade gotta know those two okay now when we get into like the global economy here and why people are trading and breaking down barriers to those trades we start to get into neoliberalism now i spell this one out for you right i spelled this one out for you because i didn't want you to get confused with like liberal conservative right like no no politicians necessary here we're not going to talk about that that's that's ap gov that's hip hughes that's 12th grade at my school right this is not that all right neoliberalism is the belief that open markets and free trade across the globe will lead to economic development everywhere okay so you start to see these organizations kind of like those super national organizations that we talked about in unit four that they're really kind of band together to to promote this idea of neoliberalism this to promote this idea that open markets and free trade are going to be what leads to economic development okay so there's a few in here that you should know the world trade organization is probably the biggest and the most well-known most every country is uh nearly every country's in the world trade organization uh usmca that's like the updated version of nafta like nafta 2.0 stands for the u.s mexico canada agreement mercosur stands for the mercado comun del sur of south america um we have ecowas the uh economic coalition of west african states uh european union is one asean is one and then the opec is a little um unique because it is focusing just on one commodity one commodity only just oil okay petroleum uh all the other ones are going to kind of band together to to make trade for lots of commodities possible but opec just concerns itself with with the oil okay now what a lot of those organizations do is work hard to try to break down um and convince governments to not have tariffs okay um very simply a tariff is just a tax on an import right so if we're the united states and we're getting stuff from china and let's say like for some reason we don't like china like maybe we're a previous president and like we're constantly feuding with china right one of the things that the american government could do is slap a tariff on chinese goods and if you've ever looked at where your stuff comes from you'll see that a lot of it comes from china right now theoretically this is going to protect american producers right why am i going to go get my i don't know my t-shirts from china when i could just buy american t-shirts right if that if the chinese t-shirts are too expensive i'm going to get them from the american guys who are selling it because their t-shirt i don't think their care for it right now what ends up happening sometimes and this is what ended up happening in the most recent years is that well china can make tariffs too right china can put tariffs uh on american goods so you start to get like this escalation here and if you if you've heard of um the term trade war in the last several years that's what we get there okay so these neoliberal organizations they're not big fans of tariffs right that is the government getting involved in trade so they try to convince these governments to to lay off a little bit and not create these tariffs because that's not free trade anymore right that's the government doing uh in in putting its head where the neoliberals don't think it belongs all right so as you can see here like the global economy is very interdependent okay uh we really depend on each other especially when we're talking about tariffs especially when we're talking about like these uh neoliberal trade organizations we are making the economy the global economy so independent on each other that if one domino falls or even just like that that gets moved in the wrong spot it can cause some some pretty harsh effects on the rest of the world and that's what you saw like with the greek debt crisis um go watch some videos there there's a cool one from from my from my people over at box about the greek debt crisis um but essentially since greece like they're in the european union um they're using the euro but they don't have control over their euro right none of these states in europe have control over the euro so greece needed to print its own money essentially but they didn't have that power but it wouldn't have made any sense for like a germany or france to print more money would have just devalued their currency um they weren't in economic trouble so uh greek debt crisis look it up that'll be a good example for you for uh i don't know for a cue if it comes up okay and then you have um the imf the international monetary fund and all these other like really high-powered banks um both here in the united states and other countries that make lending possible right that and it really just is another example of interdependence amongst the world economy okay all right let's more interdependence here right why why are all of our jobs here in the united states going to other places especially places like india bangladesh vietnam china it's because of outsourcing and economic restructuring okay so economic restructuring like think about the structure of the economy right we used to have manufacturing jobs here in the united states we used to have lots of like basic service sector jobs like cost sectors here in the united states but these american companies have figured out why am i going to hire an american for like 15 16 17 an hour when i could go hire a person overseas who already knows english and pay them maybe i don't know two three dollars an hour what's going to make more economic sense for them okay so you're seeing a lot of these jobs especially in the manufacturing industry especially like basic service sector jobs going from more developed countries to less developed countries okay so that is going to be economic restructuring um next we got manufacturing zones okay there's a few that you gotta know sorry i forgot to put the words on here but we get special economic zones um like in shenzhen and especially i can special economic zone is a very like umbrella term lots of stuff can happen in a special economic zone but very basically it means that the rules of trade are different in that zone in that part of that country than in the rest of the country right china is very famous for using special economic zones because they only want free trade essentially in these special economic zones they they kind of want to you know make sure that they're controlling what's going on in the rest of china but they want to make their money too so they create these special economic zones in places like shenzhen where they're able to um to really like a profit off of the global economy like that uh what else we got we got um export processing zones like these down over here um in rio de janeiro um and we also um have hold on we're gonna have to pause here export processing zones sorry go look it up really fast go get some water really really quick free trade zones is the one that i skipped free trade zones all right like in the united arab emirates like in dubai right here um basically they're really close to airports really close to airports or other places where travel is going to happen so that so that travelers a lot of the time can can do their business can get their get their products without having to pay the taxes and tariffs uh that um are common in other parts of the country all right economies of scale so uh the next several slides are about things that are like gonna change our economic landscape okay now my previous job before i was a teacher this is several years ago at this point i used to work at a restaurant and i wore a lot of different hats at this restaurant but one of the things that i had to do on fridays in the morning is i would make the root beer at this restaurant okay now the root beer was only two ingredients here right it was root beer syrup and water and i would have to dump the little bit of syrup and the whole bunch of water in like one of these root beer tanks right here and that took advantage of economy of scale right because it made it so that the restaurant could for a very cheap price make a lot of root beer right now you could just kind of like put the water in this here together in a cup and you know brew it together really fast and you got root beer right but since we have the tank the big humongous tank that brews it together for us well we'll have to buy one of those right we want to buy one tank and then we can add in all the syrup and all the water that we want and make as much root beer as we want all right so this idea that it's cheaper to make a second and a third and a fourth and so on of a thing of a commodity that is economy of scale okay and this basic idea leads to fordism right fordism named after henry ford this is very traditional industrial jobs right everybody's doing one thing lots of times you have this assembly line structure okay that would be fordism but we don't really do things like this anymore right because now we have a much more advanced technology and we're able to take advantage of post-fortism right it's not dudes and and you know actual people making our cars anymore a lot of it is done by these very intense looking machines that i couldn't even like begin to tell you about all right multiplier effects is the next topic we've got to get to okay multiplier effects is it's a pretty positive idea here let's take a firm like nike do you like nike i love nike lots of nike stuff in my closet when nike goes abroad when they leave the united states and and open up a factory in a place like vietnam like what you see here um the idea is that their investment in ho chi minh city is where this factory is their investment is going to get multiplied in the local economy several times over ideally okay because not only are they hiring these people in another country but now these people who are getting hired they have disposable income they want to spend that they have to go to lunch they want to go buy a house they want to go send their kids to college and and that's going to create opportunities for um for local restaurants that's going to create opportunities for local local businesses in that area and now they can invest more that is all called the multiplier effect all right just in time delivery i gotta be honest i don't know where this fits in very well this just kind of seemed like a random thing to me but just in time delivery it's when these firms get the pieces to whatever they're making like just in time right like right before they're gonna make it so they don't have to invest a lot in keeping a large inventory of the individual pieces or whatever they're making just in time delivery i guess it's something geographers care about okay this seems more geographic to me agglomeration and growth poles okay so this is like how really like smaller cities um i try to get on the path to economic development um and what a growth poll is it's like any like industry that kind of is like it's like a main like kind of like temple is how i understand it for the local area right in san diego where i'm from our number one industry is defense in the military okay for obvious reasons right we have the beautiful san diego bay great strategic location foreign for the american navy in our case right now because the navy has moved in and made san diego its home as of and you know other branches of the military as well um there's lots of firms here in san diego that make their money by essentially selling stuff to the military right and you see the logos for a bunch of those um on this slide right over here so they're either making ships like nasco or they're making weapon systems or they're doing some sort of engineering um but it's a very this is why it's such a big um industry here locally in san diego because they're all taking advantage not just in the military it's not like they just work for the military that's it but there's all these firms that are coming in and creating offices on creating job opportunities and really sharing resources and then that's where that word agglomeration comes in they're sharing resources so that um san diego can be a very uh efficient uh defense industry right efficient spot for the defense industry all right just a couple more here we go um unsustainable practices this path to development this path to industrialization isn't great for the environment right resource depletion is what it leads to pollution uh climate change it's all like very unsustainable so what our challenge is in the 21st century is trying to figure out a way to do this development to to do industrialization to make our money without wrecking the environment at the exact same time okay ecotourism is is one way that's spelled out the ced that makes that possible where people go to to other places and they try to like be a tourist in a more sustainable way they're more in tune with nature they pick up after themselves and really like they're injecting that money into the local economy so the local the local places can um can be able to to create an infrastructure to fight unsustainability on their own okay now that that's one small piece of the puzzle though here right fortunately we have the united nations um and they created the sustainable development goals for the 21st century and what's beautiful about the sustainable development goals in my in my opinion at least is that you see all aspects of our human geography course here right because the idea here is that our human geography course is it's about humans it's about our relationship with the earth and if we're able to kind of like internalize how we use the earth from all these different angles and and start doing these things in a sustainable way then hopefully we'll be able to fight climate change and pollution and political conflict and have a more equitable and sustainable and healthy 21st 22nd 23rd 24th and 21st century uh for the generations to come all right ladies and gentlemen thank you so much for watching all year long uh it's been great getting to to know and interact with a lot of you on my social media best of luck to you on the exam whether that's tomorrow or on may 28th or on june 8th but once again it doesn't matter how well you do on the exam what matters is that uh you are focusing trying your best best on this path to uh to um to personal accomplishment and even more importantly in my opinion taking these lessons of geography and using them in your future as a global citizen to create a world that is fairer and more sustainable than the one we have now thank you so much for watching stay tuned maybe i'll have some more cool videos next year but good luck on the exam good luck on the for the rest of the school year have a fantastic summer hope to see you guys again in the fall bye everyone see you later