Skeletal System Lab - Part 2: The Appendicular Skeleton

Overview

• Focus on the appendicular skeleton, including:
  • Pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula)
  • Arm bones (humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges)
  • Pelvic girdle (coxal bones)
  • Leg bones (femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)

Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder)

• Clavicle: Articulates with the sternum (medially) and scapula (laterally at the acromion process).
• Scapula:
  • Spine: Posterior ridge.
  • Acromion Process: Lateral, articulates with clavicle.
  • Glenoid Cavity: Articulates with humerus.
  • Coracoid Process: Anterior projection (do not confuse with coronoid process of ulna).

Upper Limb

• Humerus:
  • Head: Medially points towards scapula.
  • Lesser and Greater Tubercles: Projections on the proximal end.
  • Capitulum: Articulates with radius.
  • Trochlea: Articulates with ulna.
  • Coronoid Fossa: Anterior depression above trochlea.
  • Olecranon Fossa: Posterior depression above trochlea.
• Radius:
  • Head: Proximal end, articulates with capitulum.
  • Radial Tuberosity: Distal to head.
• Ulna:
  • Trochlear Notch: Articulates with trochlea of humerus.
  • Coronoid Process: Anterior process.
  • Olecranon Process: Posterior process.

Hand Bones

• Carpals: Wrist bones.
• Metacarpals: Palm bones.
• Phalanges: Finger bones (14 per hand).

Pelvic Girdle

• Coxal Bones (Ilium, Pubis, Ischium):
  • Ilium: Upper flaring part.
  • Pubis: Anterior part.
  • Ischium: Sit-down part.
  • Acetabulum: Socket for femur.
  • Obturator Foramen: Large openings for nerves and vessels.
  • Ischial Spine: Posterior projection.
  • Greater Sciatic Notch: Indentation.
• Pubic Symphysis: Joint at anterior.

Lower Limb

• Femur:
  • Head: Medially articulates with acetabulum.
  • Neck: Connects head to shaft.
  • Greater and Lesser Trochanters: Proximal projections.
  • Line Aspera: Narrow ridge along shaft.
  • Medial and Lateral Condyles: Distal projections.
• Patella: Kneecap, sesamoid bone.
• Tibia:
  • Medial Malleolus: Medial ankle projection.
  • Medial and Lateral Condyles: Proximal projections.
• Fibula: More lateral of the two leg bones.
  • Lateral Malleolus: Lateral ankle projection.

Foot Bones

• Tarsals: Ankle bones.
  • Talus: Articulates with tibia and fibula.
  • Calcaneus: Heel bone.
• Metatarsals: Foot bones.
• Phalanges: Toe bones (14 per foot).

Conclusion

• Reviewed appendicular skeleton, focusing on key bones and structures.
• Part 1 covered axial skeleton; Part 2 covered appendicular skeleton (pages 7-13 in lab manual).