Exploring the Appendicular Skeleton

All right guys, so this is going to be part two of the skeletal system lab, okay? So the second part, we're starting around the middle of page seven of your lab manual, right? And we're going to be talking about the appendicular skeleton, okay? So the part one, we talked about the axial skeleton, okay? We talked about the bones of the skull, bones of your vertebra, your backbone, right? We also talked about, okay, your thoracic cage, right? Consisting of the sternum and the ribs. So the second part, okay, of this lab, we're going to talk about the appendicular skeleton. So bones that make up your pectoral girdle, so your clavicle and your scapula, right? The bones that make up your arms, your humerus, your radius, your ulna, your carpals, right? Your metacarpals and your phalanges. Then we'll talk about the bones that make up your pelvic girdle, your two coxal bones, right? Your two femurs, right? Your tibias and your fibulas and the patella and your knee. right your tarsals your metatarsals and also your phalanges and your toes all right so we'll talk about those bones now it's not as extensive as the axial so this one should go a little bit more quicker all right so starting off on page seven let me correct this on page seven of your lab manual all right we have right the pectoral or the shoulder girdle so again if there's a bolded term that is a bone If it is indented and underlined underneath the boulder term, that is a structure of that bone. Contrading first on the pectoral girdle, you guys can see are basically clavicles. There's one on the right, one on the left, and then the two flat bones we see that rest on the surface of your ribs here towards the back. We call these ones the scapulas. It's the scapula that articulates with the bone in your arm called the humerus. So here we can see, okay, here's your sternum. There's that manubrium we talked about at the very end of our first video. So here I can see, okay, here is a right clavicle. Okay, here is a left clavicle. Okay. And we can see that the clavicle laterally articulates with the scapula at the point of your shoulder. Okay. You guys remember what the name of the point of your shoulder is when you talked about anatomical body regions on Abraham Lincoln? Well, we call that the acromial region, right? well we're going to see this pretty soon with that point of a shoulder that's actually known as the chromium process so your your clavicle articulates immediately with the manubrium of your of your of your scapula okay assuming the manubrium of your sternum okay and laterally okay your your clavicles articulate okay with the acromion process of your scapula all right so there's the clavicle right there okay there's your scapula right there all right so from a posterior view okay you actually can see Well, here is that same right clavicle articulating with the scapula back here. Okay? So the scapula, one important thing to note about it is that it doesn't have any direct articulation with the axial skeleton. Okay? For example, it doesn't have a direct articulation with these ribs. It simply rests on the surface of the ribs. There's lots of muscles, okay, here that stabilize your shoulder. All right? So if you look on page 7, there's no structures you have to know. Right? Here is a non-articulated clavicle. Most likely, guys, if I ask you for clavicle, it's not going to be articulated on a skeleton like this. Most likely, it's going to be non-articulated, okay? And I'm going to say name the specific bone. Well, then your answer is simply clavicle, okay? All right, so for scapula, okay, on page seven and eight. So the name scapula is on page seven, but the structures you have to know are located on page eight of your lab manual, okay? There's four structures you have to know, okay? So right here, Okay, if I go back to this picture here, this is known as the spine. Okay, so the bone is the scapula, the structure is the spine. Okay, now laterally, okay, that spine is going to do what well laterally, it's going to reach the point where we articulate with with the clavicle. Okay, and we call this process right here. Well, this is known as the acromion process, right? This will actually will form the point of your shoulder right there. Right? So bone scapula bone scapula structure spine bone scapula structure acromion process okay so this is a posterior view of that now you can't really see it but this is where your humerus this is where okay the bone of your upper arm this is where it's going to articulate with your scapula okay and that point of articulation we call that the glenoid cavity right so to have see a better view of that let's do a lateral view right so here you can see this scapula here Here's my acromion process right there, right? Here is that glenoid cavity. This is where the humerus is going to articulate, okay, with your scapula. Now coming off of that scapulae, you can see another process right here. Well, this is known as the coracoid process. Okay, it's known as the coracoid process. Now, do not confuse this with the coranoid process that we'll talk about, okay, when we talk about the ulna, all right? So do not confuse, right? the coracoid process of your scapula with the coranoid process on page nine okay of your ulna okay so the easy way to remember that typically when you talk about your appendages your arms and your legs okay you start off at the at the at the proxial side okay so in terms of where it joins with the body in this case this is the shoulder and then you work distally towards the hands or the feet so alphabetically coracoid comes before coranoid Okay, so hopefully that can help you remember, okay, not to mix up the two with one another, okay? All right, so we're going to move on to page eight to the upper limb, okay, starting off with the bones, okay, that make up your upper arms, highlighted in red, well, these represent the humerus, okay? So here's a non-articulated humerus, again, most likely on the lab exam, if I ask you for a humerus, it's going to be non-articulated, right? And we're going to look and concentrate on the top part here. You can see this rounded part. This is what's going to articulate with the glenoid cavity of your scapula. This always points medially, okay, to join with your scapula. Well, that's known as the head, right? So if that's the head right here, I know this is the medial side of my humerus. This must be the lateral side of my humerus, okay? The head always points medially to join with your scapula, okay? On the lateral side, okay, you can see these rounded projections here and here, okay? Well, these are known as tubercles. The smaller one here is known as the lesser tubercle. and this larger one right here well this is known as the greater tubercle okay so here's my head here's my lesser tubercle this is the larger one this is your greater tubercle right there okay so these are the only three structures you have to know on the proximal side of your humerus okay so we're gonna look at now at the distal side of the humerus right and again this is the medial side why because the head is here and this must be the lateral side because it's the opposite side of the head okay now in your forearm right you have two bones right the radius and the ulna right and the radius is the more lateral one right the ulna would be over here is the more medial one so this is where the radius is going to articulate okay and that structure right there okay is called the capitulum right that is known as the capitulum now this tootsie roll like structure right here okay well this tootsie roll like structure this is known as the trochlea right this is where the ulna is going to articulate okay and right above that trochlea okay this is an anterior view so looking at it from the front is a little shallow depression right there well this is known as the coronoid fossa okay so again the head is always medial so this must be medial okay so this is lateral on the lateral side you see a little ball little marble well this is where the radius will articulate this is the capuchin so bone humerus structure capitulum bone humerus structure trochlea this is where the ulna will articulate okay and then bone humerus structure coronoid fossa all right now if i take this and flip it backwards so if i take a picture of this and look at it from the back right here's that picture right and you can see here's my trochlea right there right and above my trochlea i also have another depression on the back side okay and this one here is known as the old cranian Fossa. Okay, so if you guys remember your body regions, what's the name of the body region behind the elbow? Okay, well, that's the old cranial body region, right? So to help remember just remember your body regions Okay above the trochlea on the back side would be the old cranial fossa Okay above the trochlea on the front side would be the coronoid fossa Alright, so the radius is the more lateral of the two bones in your forearm All right, and the only structures you're gonna have to know is on the proximal side Okay, so on the side of your elbow as opposed to the side of your hand and wrist right so we're going to zoom in here on this proximal side of the radius okay and the radius has a very flat head okay and that's what this structure is right here so the bone is the radius structure head okay slightly distal to that head is this little rounded projection right here okay and the little rounded projection well that's called the radial tuberosity so bone okay radius structure radial tuberosity okay now the ulna inner forearm is the more medial of the two bones okay so let me go back to this this is this head is what's going to articulate with what this is what's going to articulate with the capitulum okay the ulna is what articulates with the trochlea right here the tootsie roll right and you actually can see the little notch that's formed call this the trochlear notch the trochlea of your humerus fits perfectly into the trochlear notch of your ulna all right now on either side of your trochlear notch you have processes one of these is known as the coronoid process one of these is known as the olecranian process take a wild guess the one in the back right would be what the back of your elbow would be the olecranian process well then in the front then on the other side of the trochlea notch well this must then be my coronoid process okay so again the cordonoid process i'm telling you guys not to confuse with the coracoid process of your scapula okay so here's the hand all right so the radius and the ulna will articulate with your wrist right here okay so these small bones right here well these are known as carpals all right so you think of carpal tunnel people that do repetitive motion like typing over and over again they start having pain in that area well these bones name specific bone carpals that's all i can ask there's no structures that you have to know right okay on page 10 of your lab manual okay so name specific bone carpals okay and then we have these bones here that make up the palm of your hand okay one two three four five number one starting at the thumb number five towards the the pinky finger what we call these ones the metacarpals Okay, again, there's no structures. All I have to say is name the bone metacarpals. Now the bones that make up your fingers are called phalanges. Your thumb has one, two phalanges. The other four fingers, one, two, three phalanges each. Okay, so a total of 14 phalanges per hand. Okay, so here I'm highlighting the two phalanges in the thumb. Here I'm highlighting the three phalanges in your pinky finger. Okay, but we also see that your ring finger, your middle finger, and index finger. also have three phalanges each. Okay. So that is the conclusion of, okay, the pectoral girdle and the upper limb. So we're going to move on now, guys, on page 10 to the pelvic girdle and then the bones of your legs, okay, the bones of your ankles, okay, and the bones of your feet. All right. So starting off, we're going to talk about the pelvic girdle. All right, so in this picture, we know that the yellow thing is the sacrum, the blue thing is the coccyx, so this is part of your vertebral column, okay? We talked about this when we did the axial skeleton, okay? Now the ones we haven't really talked about yet are these ones, okay, kind of a reddish color, right? We call these ones the two coxal bones. So you have a right coxal bone, and you have a left coxal bone, okay? What you notice is that the two coxal bones articulate with the sacrum in the back, okay? And they articulate with one another. towards the front. All right. So we're going to concentrate on these two coxal bones, one on the right and one on the left. Right. So here I see two lumbar vertebrae, intervertebral discs. Here's my sacrum and there's my coxus. Well, here's your right coxal bone. Here's your left coxal bone. Okay. Notice in the back, the two coxal bones articulate with the sacrum and anteriorly, they articulate with one another. And you can only see the structure guys, when you have an articulated pelvis, right? What we call that point of articulation towards the front. we call that structure the pubic symphysis so bone coxal bone structure pubic synthesis okay which is found found on page 10 of your lab manual okay again you only can see this with an articulated pelvis all right now much like when we talked about the frontal bones as adults we only had we have one frontal bone right but when we were a fetus when we were newborn when we were a child up to first grade right how many frontal bones did we still have well we had two frontal bones still Okay, connected again by a frontal suture. Okay, kind of much the same way. Okay, your one coxal bone started off as three separate bones. Okay, and highlighted here in purple, okay, this is what we call the ilium. Towards the front, and there's your pubic symphysis right there, we call this the pubis. All right, and towards the bottom here, this is the part where if you're sitting down right now, listening to this video, where you're sitting right now on the ischium of your coxal bone. Okay, and the three bones came together. right in the socket, this is where your femur is going to articulate, this is called the acetabulum, we'll talk about it later, so at the point of, okay, the acetabulum, okay, this deep socket where your femur will fit into, the three bones fuse together to form one big coxal bone, okay, the large flaring part is the ilium, right, the part towards the front is called the pubis, okay, and then the sit-down part here of your coxal bone, we call this the ischium, okay. So if I look at this, well, this large flaring part on top that looks like elephant ears is the ilium. So bone, coccyx, bone, structure, ilium. Okay. Bone, coccyx. bone structure pubis bone coxal bone structure ischium okay now on the ilium okay the peak right here okay if you were hiking this and this was your your mountain that you're hiking well then here's the very peak of it as we call this the iliac crest okay now there's openings this is where blood vessels will pass from your body down to your legs okay this is where nerves will pass we call these big large openings here we call these the obturator for ramens okay and then the acetabulum again this is where okay your femur the head of your femur will then articulate with your coccyx bone okay so here's the lateral view now okay so this was a frontal view this is a lateral view so you can see the large flaring part this is your ilium well there's your iliac crest up there okay there's that acetabulum this is the what we call the wine cup right this is where okay the head of the femur will articulate okay with your coccyx bone here's the sit down part you're sitting right now if you're if you're sitting watching this video this is called an ischium and then towards the front here this is the pubis again the ileum the pubis and ischium they all articulate right here so think of this as a piece of pie and we're going to slice these into thirds so the superior third is the ileum the anterior third is the pubis and then the posterior third is the ischium okay and then again we have these openings here again these are called the obturator for ramens all right so this is the same lateral view but we tilted it so that we can see the back a little bit better so here you can't really see the back very well so all i did was then kind of tilt this a little bit okay to show you now okay the back side so you can still see the ileum you can still see the iliac crest you can still see the the acetabulum and then here's the ischium right here okay and then there's the opening there's your obturator frame you actually can see it right there okay Now the reason why I tilted it towards the back is because in the ischium, you have this little protuberance right here. Well, that is known as the ischial spine. So bone, coxal bone, structure, ischial spine, okay? And then you have this notch back here. Well, that bone is the coxal bone, structure, we call that the greater sciatic notch, all right? So again, you can't really see that from this perspective, right? But so if I tilt it a little bit, okay, you can see that here is your ischial spine, here is your... greater sciatic notch okay all right so most likely guys though okay if i were to ask you for coccyx bone on a lab exam it's going to be on a non-articulated coccyx bone okay so what i try to do here okay is i try to take this non-articulate coccyx bone and kind of show you where it would fit okay and superimpose it with this with this articulated pelvis okay so this one that i'm holding this is actually a left coccyx bone right here Okay, this one here would replace this one that we see in the back, right? So here I can see a left coccyx bone, same structures, right? So this is where your pubic symphysis would be, okay? So again, you only can see the pubic symphysis when you have a fully articulated pelvis. Again, here you can see that it's missing, okay? It's not there anymore. But I see pretty much everything else. I see my obturator foramen, okay? I see my pubis right here. I see my ischium. I see my acetabulum. I see my ileum. I see my iliac crest, all right? If I put this towards the back, I can see my ischial spine, and I can see my greater sciatic notch, all right? So stuff that I showed you on the articulated pelvis, okay, the only thing that's missing on here is that this one doesn't have a pubic symphysis on it, okay? All right, so let's talk about the lower limb, okay? We're going to talk about your femur, okay, and your tibia, and your fibula, and all the bones that make up your lower leg, your ankle, right, and your feet. All right, so here we're on the middle of page 11 now, okay? And what I'm kind of showing you is that the head of the femur does what? Well, the head of the femur fits into the acetabulum of your coccyx bone, okay? So this picture I'm showing you is the backside. This is a posterior view of the femur, okay? And a lot of the structures that we need to see are visible on the back. You're not going to see them very much, okay, visible in this anterior view right there, all right? So the first structure we'll talk about always points medially. it always points immediately why because it has to articulate with your your coccyx bone it has to articulate with the acetabulum of your coccyx bone all right and this structure this ball-like structure we call that the head okay that's the head connecting the head with the rest of the femur you can see this structure right here well this is known as the neck okay so when people have hip problems okay when they break their hip they're not necessarily breaking their coccyx bones they're snapping the neck of their femur Okay, this is the weakest point of your femur here. Okay now lateral to that you guys can see these processes here Well, these are known as trochanters the larger one here is called their greater trochanter the bottom one here is called the lesser trochanter okay do not met do not okay mix up greater trochanter and lesser trochanter of your femur with the greater okay tubercle and the lesser tubercle of your humerus okay So trochanter just sounds more massive, right? Well, your femur is the longest bone of the human body, right? So trochanter versus tubercle, okay? Tubercle is on the smaller humerus in your upper arm. All right, so from there, guys... we're going to go to the diaphysis of your femur. Again, this is still the posterior view, okay? And you can see that running along, that is a little narrow ridge right here. So if I zoom in, you see this little narrow ridge right here. Well, that little narrow ridge... that you see, we call that the linea aspera. So bone is the femur, structure, linea aspera. Okay, so this next picture here, we're concentrating on the distal part of this femur. Okay, you can see there's rounded projections here. Well, these are known as condyles, right? One of these is a medial condyle. One of these is known as a lateral condyle. Okay, how can I tell the difference between the two? Well, go back here. Here is the head of the femur. Does this always point medially or laterally to articulate with your coccyx bone? Okay, it has to point medially. So if this is the medial side, well, there's your medial condyle. Well, then that must be then your lateral condyle. Okay, so this must be the medial condyle. This then must be the lateral condyle. Okay, so again, you can't see it in this picture, but you can see here, the head always points medially, medial condyle, lateral condyle. All right. Now in your knee, you have a kneecap. Right? So here's the femur. Here's your tibia. Here's your fibula. Well, there's a bone here known as the patella. And the patella is a sesamoid bone, and it's embedded within the tendon. It acts as a fulcrum. It allows you to put more force when you extend or kick out your leg as if kicking a ball. It's a little pivot point. All right, so again, most likely if I ask you for patella though, it's not going to be articulated on the skeleton, for example. It's going to be found all by itself. Well, that's the patella there. Okay, so that transitions perfectly to what? Well, your tibia, which is the more medial of the two bones in your lower leg, and then your fibula, which is the more lateral of the two. Okay. So your femur, okay, and here's your lateral condyle and your medial condyle, it articulates with your tibia, okay? Your femur does not articulate with your fibula, all right? So your fibula articulates with your tibia right there. So talking about the tibia first, the more medial of the two, all right? So here's my tibia. If I go to the distal part, this is where your ankle would be, okay? You see this little projection right there? right well that's called the medial malleolus right there all right now in the top so if you actually want to do this okay feel that little ball on the inside of your ankle right now okay so the little ball on the inside of your ankle that you're feeling right now you're actually rubbing up against that medial malleolus right there okay now on the top of your tibia okay where the femur articulates with the tibia you have either a mat okay lateral condyle and a medial condyle okay so which one is the two how do you know which one's the medial condyle How do you know which one is the lateral condyle? Well, you already know that process right there that's called the medial malleolus. That little ball on the inside of your ankle is on the medial side. So if that's the medial malleolus, well, this must be the medial condyle. This must then be the lateral condyle. Okay. So there's my medial malleolus right there. Okay. Well, this must be the medial condyle. Well, there's must be the lateral condyle. okay you can see it right there there's your medial malleolus and there is your medial condyle lateral condyle all right your fibula okay if you look on okay page 13 of your lab manual there's no structures you have to know but if you look at the figure okay that you see on page 13 you see the fibula is the more lateral of the two all right um that actually this ball at the very bottom that's your lateral condyle so if you feel the ball on the lateral side of your ankle okay you're actually touching the lateral condyle of your fibula okay all right so all i can ask is name specific bone fibula okay it'll be by itself all right so here is a picture of the bones of your ankle and your feet okay so if you see here okay this rounded bone this is where your tibia and your fibula would articulate we call this the talus, right? Right below that, this is the heel. Do you guys remember the name of the heel region? Okay, in terms of the anatomical body regions, well, we call that the calcaneal region. Well, this is the calcaneus, right? These bones here make up your ankle. Well, these are known as the tarsals, right? And then we have these bones here that make up the sole of your foot. Number one, starting at the big toe. Number five, starting at the little toe. Well, these are known as your metatarsals. Okay. And then we have the bones that make up, right, your toes. Right. So your big toe has. two phalanges, okay, all the other ones have three phalanges each, total of 14 phalanges, right, per foot, okay, and that's it, see, I told you guys, this one wasn't that very long, 25 minute video, right, so that concludes, right, the appendicular part of this lab, so we talked about the axial skeleton in part one, right. And then we talked about, okay, the appendicular on part two. Okay, so page one through seven, axial, seven to 13, appendicular. All right, guys, I'll see you on the next presentation. All right, have a good day. Bye.

We also talked about, okay, your thoracic cage, right? Consisting of the sternum and the ribs. So the second part, okay, of this lab, we're going to talk about the appendicular skeleton. So bones that make up your pectoral girdle, so your clavicle and your scapula, right? The bones that make up your arms, your humerus, your radius, your ulna, your carpals, right?

Your metacarpals and your phalanges. Then we'll talk about the bones that make up your pelvic girdle, your two coxal bones, right? Your two femurs, right? Your tibias and your fibulas and the patella and your knee.

right your tarsals your metatarsals and also your phalanges and your toes all right so we'll talk about those bones now it's not as extensive as the axial so this one should go a little bit more quicker all right so starting off on page seven let me correct this on page seven of your lab manual all right we have right the pectoral or the shoulder girdle so again if there's a bolded term that is a bone If it is indented and underlined underneath the boulder term, that is a structure of that bone. Contrading first on the pectoral girdle, you guys can see are basically clavicles. There's one on the right, one on the left, and then the two flat bones we see that rest on the surface of your ribs here towards the back.

We call these ones the scapulas. It's the scapula that articulates with the bone in your arm called the humerus. So here we can see, okay, here's your sternum. There's that manubrium we talked about at the very end of our first video.

So here I can see, okay, here is a right clavicle. Okay, here is a left clavicle. Okay. And we can see that the clavicle laterally articulates with the scapula at the point of your shoulder.

Okay. You guys remember what the name of the point of your shoulder is when you talked about anatomical body regions on Abraham Lincoln? Well, we call that the acromial region, right?

well we're going to see this pretty soon with that point of a shoulder that's actually known as the chromium process so your your clavicle articulates immediately with the manubrium of your of your of your scapula okay assuming the manubrium of your sternum okay and laterally okay your your clavicles articulate okay with the acromion process of your scapula all right so there's the clavicle right there okay there's your scapula right there all right so from a posterior view okay you actually can see Well, here is that same right clavicle articulating with the scapula back here. Okay? So the scapula, one important thing to note about it is that it doesn't have any direct articulation with the axial skeleton.

Okay? For example, it doesn't have a direct articulation with these ribs. It simply rests on the surface of the ribs.

There's lots of muscles, okay, here that stabilize your shoulder. All right? So if you look on page 7, there's no structures you have to know.

Right? Here is a non-articulated clavicle. Most likely, guys, if I ask you for clavicle, it's not going to be articulated on a skeleton like this. Most likely, it's going to be non-articulated, okay?

And I'm going to say name the specific bone. Well, then your answer is simply clavicle, okay? All right, so for scapula, okay, on page seven and eight.

So the name scapula is on page seven, but the structures you have to know are located on page eight of your lab manual, okay? There's four structures you have to know, okay? So right here, Okay, if I go back to this picture here, this is known as the spine. Okay, so the bone is the scapula, the structure is the spine.

Okay, now laterally, okay, that spine is going to do what well laterally, it's going to reach the point where we articulate with with the clavicle. Okay, and we call this process right here. Well, this is known as the acromion process, right?

This will actually will form the point of your shoulder right there. Right? So bone scapula bone scapula structure spine bone scapula structure acromion process okay so this is a posterior view of that now you can't really see it but this is where your humerus this is where okay the bone of your upper arm this is where it's going to articulate with your scapula okay and that point of articulation we call that the glenoid cavity right so to have see a better view of that let's do a lateral view right so here you can see this scapula here Here's my acromion process right there, right?

Here is that glenoid cavity. This is where the humerus is going to articulate, okay, with your scapula. Now coming off of that scapulae, you can see another process right here.

Well, this is known as the coracoid process. Okay, it's known as the coracoid process. Now, do not confuse this with the coranoid process that we'll talk about, okay, when we talk about the ulna, all right? So do not confuse, right?

the coracoid process of your scapula with the coranoid process on page nine okay of your ulna okay so the easy way to remember that typically when you talk about your appendages your arms and your legs okay you start off at the at the at the proxial side okay so in terms of where it joins with the body in this case this is the shoulder and then you work distally towards the hands or the feet so alphabetically coracoid comes before coranoid Okay, so hopefully that can help you remember, okay, not to mix up the two with one another, okay? All right, so we're going to move on to page eight to the upper limb, okay, starting off with the bones, okay, that make up your upper arms, highlighted in red, well, these represent the humerus, okay? So here's a non-articulated humerus, again, most likely on the lab exam, if I ask you for a humerus, it's going to be non-articulated, right?

And we're going to look and concentrate on the top part here. You can see this rounded part. This is what's going to articulate with the glenoid cavity of your scapula. This always points medially, okay, to join with your scapula.

Well, that's known as the head, right? So if that's the head right here, I know this is the medial side of my humerus. This must be the lateral side of my humerus, okay?

The head always points medially to join with your scapula, okay? On the lateral side, okay, you can see these rounded projections here and here, okay? Well, these are known as tubercles. The smaller one here is known as the lesser tubercle.

and this larger one right here well this is known as the greater tubercle okay so here's my head here's my lesser tubercle this is the larger one this is your greater tubercle right there okay so these are the only three structures you have to know on the proximal side of your humerus okay so we're gonna look at now at the distal side of the humerus right and again this is the medial side why because the head is here and this must be the lateral side because it's the opposite side of the head okay now in your forearm right you have two bones right the radius and the ulna right and the radius is the more lateral one right the ulna would be over here is the more medial one so this is where the radius is going to articulate okay and that structure right there okay is called the capitulum right that is known as the capitulum now this tootsie roll like structure right here okay well this tootsie roll like structure this is known as the trochlea right this is where the ulna is going to articulate okay and right above that trochlea okay this is an anterior view so looking at it from the front is a little shallow depression right there well this is known as the coronoid fossa okay so again the head is always medial so this must be medial okay so this is lateral on the lateral side you see a little ball little marble well this is where the radius will articulate this is the capuchin so bone humerus structure capitulum bone humerus structure trochlea this is where the ulna will articulate okay and then bone humerus structure coronoid fossa all right now if i take this and flip it backwards so if i take a picture of this and look at it from the back right here's that picture right and you can see here's my trochlea right there right and above my trochlea i also have another depression on the back side okay and this one here is known as the old cranian Fossa. Okay, so if you guys remember your body regions, what's the name of the body region behind the elbow? Okay, well, that's the old cranial body region, right?

So to help remember just remember your body regions Okay above the trochlea on the back side would be the old cranial fossa Okay above the trochlea on the front side would be the coronoid fossa Alright, so the radius is the more lateral of the two bones in your forearm All right, and the only structures you're gonna have to know is on the proximal side Okay, so on the side of your elbow as opposed to the side of your hand and wrist right so we're going to zoom in here on this proximal side of the radius okay and the radius has a very flat head okay and that's what this structure is right here so the bone is the radius structure head okay slightly distal to that head is this little rounded projection right here okay and the little rounded projection well that's called the radial tuberosity so bone okay radius structure radial tuberosity okay now the ulna inner forearm is the more medial of the two bones okay so let me go back to this this is this head is what's going to articulate with what this is what's going to articulate with the capitulum okay the ulna is what articulates with the trochlea right here the tootsie roll right and you actually can see the little notch that's formed call this the trochlear notch the trochlea of your humerus fits perfectly into the trochlear notch of your ulna all right now on either side of your trochlear notch you have processes one of these is known as the coronoid process one of these is known as the olecranian process take a wild guess the one in the back right would be what the back of your elbow would be the olecranian process well then in the front then on the other side of the trochlea notch well this must then be my coronoid process okay so again the cordonoid process i'm telling you guys not to confuse with the coracoid process of your scapula okay so here's the hand all right so the radius and the ulna will articulate with your wrist right here okay so these small bones right here well these are known as carpals all right so you think of carpal tunnel people that do repetitive motion like typing over and over again they start having pain in that area well these bones name specific bone carpals that's all i can ask there's no structures that you have to know right okay on page 10 of your lab manual okay so name specific bone carpals okay and then we have these bones here that make up the palm of your hand okay one two three four five number one starting at the thumb number five towards the the pinky finger what we call these ones the metacarpals Okay, again, there's no structures. All I have to say is name the bone metacarpals. Now the bones that make up your fingers are called phalanges.

Your thumb has one, two phalanges. The other four fingers, one, two, three phalanges each. Okay, so a total of 14 phalanges per hand. Okay, so here I'm highlighting the two phalanges in the thumb.

Here I'm highlighting the three phalanges in your pinky finger. Okay, but we also see that your ring finger, your middle finger, and index finger. also have three phalanges each. Okay.

So that is the conclusion of, okay, the pectoral girdle and the upper limb. So we're going to move on now, guys, on page 10 to the pelvic girdle and then the bones of your legs, okay, the bones of your ankles, okay, and the bones of your feet. All right.

So starting off, we're going to talk about the pelvic girdle. All right, so in this picture, we know that the yellow thing is the sacrum, the blue thing is the coccyx, so this is part of your vertebral column, okay? We talked about this when we did the axial skeleton, okay? Now the ones we haven't really talked about yet are these ones, okay, kind of a reddish color, right?

We call these ones the two coxal bones. So you have a right coxal bone, and you have a left coxal bone, okay? What you notice is that the two coxal bones articulate with the sacrum in the back, okay? And they articulate with one another.

towards the front. All right. So we're going to concentrate on these two coxal bones, one on the right and one on the left. Right. So here I see two lumbar vertebrae, intervertebral discs.

Here's my sacrum and there's my coxus. Well, here's your right coxal bone. Here's your left coxal bone. Okay.

Notice in the back, the two coxal bones articulate with the sacrum and anteriorly, they articulate with one another. And you can only see the structure guys, when you have an articulated pelvis, right? What we call that point of articulation towards the front. we call that structure the pubic symphysis so bone coxal bone structure pubic synthesis okay which is found found on page 10 of your lab manual okay again you only can see this with an articulated pelvis all right now much like when we talked about the frontal bones as adults we only had we have one frontal bone right but when we were a fetus when we were newborn when we were a child up to first grade right how many frontal bones did we still have well we had two frontal bones still Okay, connected again by a frontal suture. Okay, kind of much the same way.

Okay, your one coxal bone started off as three separate bones. Okay, and highlighted here in purple, okay, this is what we call the ilium. Towards the front, and there's your pubic symphysis right there, we call this the pubis.

All right, and towards the bottom here, this is the part where if you're sitting down right now, listening to this video, where you're sitting right now on the ischium of your coxal bone. Okay, and the three bones came together. right in the socket, this is where your femur is going to articulate, this is called the acetabulum, we'll talk about it later, so at the point of, okay, the acetabulum, okay, this deep socket where your femur will fit into, the three bones fuse together to form one big coxal bone, okay, the large flaring part is the ilium, right, the part towards the front is called the pubis, okay, and then the sit-down part here of your coxal bone, we call this the ischium, okay. So if I look at this, well, this large flaring part on top that looks like elephant ears is the ilium. So bone, coccyx, bone, structure, ilium.

Okay. Bone, coccyx. bone structure pubis bone coxal bone structure ischium okay now on the ilium okay the peak right here okay if you were hiking this and this was your your mountain that you're hiking well then here's the very peak of it as we call this the iliac crest okay now there's openings this is where blood vessels will pass from your body down to your legs okay this is where nerves will pass we call these big large openings here we call these the obturator for ramens okay and then the acetabulum again this is where okay your femur the head of your femur will then articulate with your coccyx bone okay so here's the lateral view now okay so this was a frontal view this is a lateral view so you can see the large flaring part this is your ilium well there's your iliac crest up there okay there's that acetabulum this is the what we call the wine cup right this is where okay the head of the femur will articulate okay with your coccyx bone here's the sit down part you're sitting right now if you're if you're sitting watching this video this is called an ischium and then towards the front here this is the pubis again the ileum the pubis and ischium they all articulate right here so think of this as a piece of pie and we're going to slice these into thirds so the superior third is the ileum the anterior third is the pubis and then the posterior third is the ischium okay and then again we have these openings here again these are called the obturator for ramens all right so this is the same lateral view but we tilted it so that we can see the back a little bit better so here you can't really see the back very well so all i did was then kind of tilt this a little bit okay to show you now okay the back side so you can still see the ileum you can still see the iliac crest you can still see the the acetabulum and then here's the ischium right here okay and then there's the opening there's your obturator frame you actually can see it right there okay Now the reason why I tilted it towards the back is because in the ischium, you have this little protuberance right here.

Well, that is known as the ischial spine. So bone, coxal bone, structure, ischial spine, okay? And then you have this notch back here.

Well, that bone is the coxal bone, structure, we call that the greater sciatic notch, all right? So again, you can't really see that from this perspective, right? But so if I tilt it a little bit, okay, you can see that here is your ischial spine, here is your... greater sciatic notch okay all right so most likely guys though okay if i were to ask you for coccyx bone on a lab exam it's going to be on a non-articulated coccyx bone okay so what i try to do here okay is i try to take this non-articulate coccyx bone and kind of show you where it would fit okay and superimpose it with this with this articulated pelvis okay so this one that i'm holding this is actually a left coccyx bone right here Okay, this one here would replace this one that we see in the back, right?

So here I can see a left coccyx bone, same structures, right? So this is where your pubic symphysis would be, okay? So again, you only can see the pubic symphysis when you have a fully articulated pelvis.

Again, here you can see that it's missing, okay? It's not there anymore. But I see pretty much everything else. I see my obturator foramen, okay?

I see my pubis right here. I see my ischium. I see my acetabulum.

I see my ileum. I see my iliac crest, all right? If I put this towards the back, I can see my ischial spine, and I can see my greater sciatic notch, all right?

So stuff that I showed you on the articulated pelvis, okay, the only thing that's missing on here is that this one doesn't have a pubic symphysis on it, okay? All right, so let's talk about the lower limb, okay? We're going to talk about your femur, okay, and your tibia, and your fibula, and all the bones that make up your lower leg, your ankle, right, and your feet. All right, so here we're on the middle of page 11 now, okay?

And what I'm kind of showing you is that the head of the femur does what? Well, the head of the femur fits into the acetabulum of your coccyx bone, okay? So this picture I'm showing you is the backside.

This is a posterior view of the femur, okay? And a lot of the structures that we need to see are visible on the back. You're not going to see them very much, okay, visible in this anterior view right there, all right?

So the first structure we'll talk about always points medially. it always points immediately why because it has to articulate with your your coccyx bone it has to articulate with the acetabulum of your coccyx bone all right and this structure this ball-like structure we call that the head okay that's the head connecting the head with the rest of the femur you can see this structure right here well this is known as the neck okay so when people have hip problems okay when they break their hip they're not necessarily breaking their coccyx bones they're snapping the neck of their femur Okay, this is the weakest point of your femur here. Okay now lateral to that you guys can see these processes here Well, these are known as trochanters the larger one here is called their greater trochanter the bottom one here is called the lesser trochanter okay do not met do not okay mix up greater trochanter and lesser trochanter of your femur with the greater okay tubercle and the lesser tubercle of your humerus okay So trochanter just sounds more massive, right? Well, your femur is the longest bone of the human body, right?

So trochanter versus tubercle, okay? Tubercle is on the smaller humerus in your upper arm. All right, so from there, guys...

we're going to go to the diaphysis of your femur. Again, this is still the posterior view, okay? And you can see that running along, that is a little narrow ridge right here. So if I zoom in, you see this little narrow ridge right here. Well, that little narrow ridge...

that you see, we call that the linea aspera. So bone is the femur, structure, linea aspera. Okay, so this next picture here, we're concentrating on the distal part of this femur. Okay, you can see there's rounded projections here. Well, these are known as condyles, right?

One of these is a medial condyle. One of these is known as a lateral condyle. Okay, how can I tell the difference between the two?

Well, go back here. Here is the head of the femur. Does this always point medially or laterally to articulate with your coccyx bone?

Okay, it has to point medially. So if this is the medial side, well, there's your medial condyle. Well, then that must be then your lateral condyle. Okay, so this must be the medial condyle.

This then must be the lateral condyle. Okay, so again, you can't see it in this picture, but you can see here, the head always points medially, medial condyle, lateral condyle. All right.

Now in your knee, you have a kneecap. Right? So here's the femur.

Here's your tibia. Here's your fibula. Well, there's a bone here known as the patella. And the patella is a sesamoid bone, and it's embedded within the tendon. It acts as a fulcrum.

It allows you to put more force when you extend or kick out your leg as if kicking a ball. It's a little pivot point. All right, so again, most likely if I ask you for patella though, it's not going to be articulated on the skeleton, for example. It's going to be found all by itself. Well, that's the patella there.

Okay, so that transitions perfectly to what? Well, your tibia, which is the more medial of the two bones in your lower leg, and then your fibula, which is the more lateral of the two. Okay. So your femur, okay, and here's your lateral condyle and your medial condyle, it articulates with your tibia, okay? Your femur does not articulate with your fibula, all right?

So your fibula articulates with your tibia right there. So talking about the tibia first, the more medial of the two, all right? So here's my tibia.

If I go to the distal part, this is where your ankle would be, okay? You see this little projection right there? right well that's called the medial malleolus right there all right now in the top so if you actually want to do this okay feel that little ball on the inside of your ankle right now okay so the little ball on the inside of your ankle that you're feeling right now you're actually rubbing up against that medial malleolus right there okay now on the top of your tibia okay where the femur articulates with the tibia you have either a mat okay lateral condyle and a medial condyle okay so which one is the two how do you know which one's the medial condyle How do you know which one is the lateral condyle? Well, you already know that process right there that's called the medial malleolus. That little ball on the inside of your ankle is on the medial side.

So if that's the medial malleolus, well, this must be the medial condyle. This must then be the lateral condyle. Okay. So there's my medial malleolus right there.

Okay. Well, this must be the medial condyle. Well, there's must be the lateral condyle.

okay you can see it right there there's your medial malleolus and there is your medial condyle lateral condyle all right your fibula okay if you look on okay page 13 of your lab manual there's no structures you have to know but if you look at the figure okay that you see on page 13 you see the fibula is the more lateral of the two all right um that actually this ball at the very bottom that's your lateral condyle so if you feel the ball on the lateral side of your ankle okay you're actually touching the lateral condyle of your fibula okay all right so all i can ask is name specific bone fibula okay it'll be by itself all right so here is a picture of the bones of your ankle and your feet okay so if you see here okay this rounded bone this is where your tibia and your fibula would articulate we call this the talus, right? Right below that, this is the heel. Do you guys remember the name of the heel region? Okay, in terms of the anatomical body regions, well, we call that the calcaneal region.

Well, this is the calcaneus, right? These bones here make up your ankle. Well, these are known as the tarsals, right? And then we have these bones here that make up the sole of your foot. Number one, starting at the big toe.

Number five, starting at the little toe. Well, these are known as your metatarsals. Okay. And then we have the bones that make up, right, your toes. Right.

So your big toe has. two phalanges, okay, all the other ones have three phalanges each, total of 14 phalanges, right, per foot, okay, and that's it, see, I told you guys, this one wasn't that very long, 25 minute video, right, so that concludes, right, the appendicular part of this lab, so we talked about the axial skeleton in part one, right. And then we talked about, okay, the appendicular on part two.

Okay, so page one through seven, axial, seven to 13, appendicular. All right, guys, I'll see you on the next presentation. All right, have a good day.

Bye.

Transcript for:Exploring the Appendicular Skeleton

Transcript for:
Exploring the Appendicular Skeleton