Guidebook #1. Cardiovascular System (Blood, Heart, Vessels)
(15 pts)
Activity #1. Define the KEY terms.
1. Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart
2. Veins
Carry blood towards the heart
3. Capillaries
Where gas exchange occurs
4. Hematocrit
The percentage of ( red blood cells ) in the blood or formed elements
5. Hemoglobin
Protein in red blood cells that carry oxygen
6. Erythrocytes
Red blood cells
7. Systemic Circulation
Circulation that takes blood to all the body except the lungs
8. Pulmonary Circulation
Receives blood and takes it to the lungs
9. Coronary Circulation
System that provides oxygenated blood to the heart
10. Valves
Controls where blood is going and maintain one way flow of blood
11. Stroke Volume
The blood pumped out of the heart’s left ventricle during each systolic cardiac contraction
12. Cardiac Output
Contraction of the heart muscle which pumps blood throughout the body each minute
13. End Diastolic Volume
The amount of blood in the heart’s ventricles before the heart contracts
14. End Systolic Volume
The amount of blood remaining in the heart’s ventricles after a contraction
15. Precapillary Sphincters
Bands of smooth muscle that control blood flow into and out of capillaries
16. Diffusion
Movement of molecules from high to low concentration
17. Hydrostatic Pressure
The pressure in the artery
18. Osmotic Pressure
The pressure outside the artery
19. Filtration
Fluid moving out of the blood (capillary)
20. Absorption
The movement of blood going in
Activity #2. Complete the statements below.
#1
I am two primary functions of the cardiovascular system
Transport oxygen and remove CO2 waste
#2
We make up 45% of whole blood:
Formed elements
#3
I am the three components of the cardiovascular system:
Heart, blood, and blood vessels
#4
We are the location of gas exchange:
Capillaries
#5
I am the scientific name for white blood cells:
Leukocytes
#6
I make up 55% of whole blood:
Plasma
#7
I am the percentage of plasma that is water:
91%
#8
I make up 99% of formed elements:
Red blood cells, erythrocytes
#9
I am the term that represents the percentage of all formed elements:
Hematocrit, 45%
#10
I am the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen:
Hemoglobin
#11
I am the scientific name for red blood cells:
Erythrocytes
#14
We are the vessels that carry blood towards the heart:
Veins
#15
I am the chamber superior to the right ventricle:
Right atrium
#16
I carry blood to the left atrium:
Pulmonary veins
#17
I am the chamber that ejects blood into the systemic arteries (aorta):
Left ventricle
#18
We carry blood away from the heart:
Arteries
#19
I carry blood to the right atrium:
Superior and inferior vena cava
#20
I am the chamber that ejects blood into the pulmonary trunk/arteries:
Right ventricle
#21
I am the circulation the right side of the heart pumps blood to:
Pulmonary circulation
#22
I am the chamber superior to the left ventricle:
Left atrium
#23
We are the gas exchange units where CO2 diffuses from the tissues to the blood:
Systemic capillaries
#24
I am the circulation the left side of the heart pumps blood to:
Systemic circulation
#25
We are the gas exchange units where CO2 diffuses from the blood to the alveoli (air sacs in the lungs)
Pulmonary capillaries
#26
I am the resistance to ventricular emptying or the pressure holding the aortic valve shut:
Afterload
#27
I am the type of agent that would facilitate an increase or decrease in heart rate:
Chronotropic agent
#31
I am the agent that would facilitate an increase or decrease in force of contraction.
Inotropic agent
#34
I am a moving waving of electrical activity:
Action potential
#35
I am the volume of blood ejected from the heart per minute:
Cardiac output
#36
I am the division of the autonomic nervous system that facilitates an increase in heart rate
Sympathetic nervous system
#37
I am the division of the autonomic nervous system that facilitates a decrease in heart rate
Parasympathetic nervous system
#38
I am the calculation of cardiac output:
HR * (multiply) SV
#39
I am the volume of blood ejected per beat
Stroke volume
#40
I am directly proportional to the pressure gradient and inversely proportional to the resistance
Blood flow
#41
I am the tunic layer that contains smooth muscle
Tunica media
#42
I am the vessel that contains valves
Systemic veins
#43
I am the pressure that facilitates an increase in filtration
Hydrostatic pressure
#44
I am the pressure that facilitates an increase in reabsorption
Osmotic pressure
#45
I am the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of systolic ejection:
End systolic volume
#46
I am the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastolic filling:
End diastolic volume
#47
We control the blood going into the capillaries
Precapillary sphincters
#48
I am the type of exchange where substances move from an area of high concentration to a low concentration:
Diffusion
#49
I am the type of exchange where substances move via a pressure gradient:
Bulk Flow
#50
I am the force the blood exerts on a vessel wall:
Hydrostatic pressure
#51
I am the pacemaker of the heart:
Sinus node ( SA Node )
#54
I am the dominant movement of fluid on the arterial end of the capillary
Filtration
#55
I am the structure that helps prevent backflow.
Valves in veins
Activity #3. Identify the structure labeled in the figure below, then complete the table below.
Structure
Question
#1
Pulmonary arteries
Q: This vessel carries blood to the _________.
A: deoxygenated blood, to the lungs
#2
Pulmonary veins
Q: This vessel carries _______ blood to the _________.
A: oxygenated blood, to the left atrium
#3
Aorta
Q: Is this vessel elastic or muscular? __________
A: elastic
#4
Superior Vena Cava
Q: This vessel carries _______ blood to the _________.
A: deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
#5
Inferior Vena Cava
Q: This vessel carries _______ blood to the _________.
A: deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
#6
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Q: Where is this structure located anatomically? __________
A: in the heart between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
Activity #4. Identify the structure labeled in the figure below, then complete the table below.
Structure
Question
#1
Right atrium
Q: Where is this structure located anatomically?
A: superior to the right ventricle and medial to the left atrium
#2
Left atrium
Q: Where is this structure located anatomically?
A: base of the heart posteriorly
#3
Right ventricle
Q: Where does this chamber pump blood to?
A: the lungs
#4
Left ventricle
Q: Where does this chamber pump blood to?
A: right atrium
#5
Tricuspid valve
Q: When does this valve open?
A: when the heart relaxes
#6
Interventricular septum
Q: What is the function of this structure?
A: separates the two ventricles and allows proper blood flow to the heart
#7
Papillary muscle
Q: What is the significance of these muscles?
A: play a role in helping the atrioventricular valve open and close and prevent leakage
#8
Chordae tendineae
Q: Where are these structures located anatomically?
A: between the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart
#9
Pulmonary trunk
Q: What type of blood circulates through this structure?
A: deoxygenated blood
#10
Aorta
Q: What type of blood circulates through this structure?
A: oxygenated
Activity #5. Identify the structures labeled in the figure below, then complete the table below.
Structure
Question
#1
Tricuspid valve
Q: Where is this structure located?
A: on the right side of the heart between the right atrium and right ventricle
#2
Bicuspid valve
Q: When this structure opens, blood flows into what chamber?
A: left atrium
#3
Aortic valve
Q: When is this structure opened?
A: when the left ventricle contracts ( systole )
#4
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Q: Where is this structure located?
A: in the heart between right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
#5
Tricuspid valve, chordae tendineae
Q: What is the function of this structure?
A: it gives the valves stability and allows them to function properly
#6
Papillary muscles
Q: What is the function of these muscle structures?
A: responsible for relaxing and contracting the heart
Activity #6. Identify the structures labeled in the figure below, then complete the table below.
Structure
Question
#1
SA Node
Q: Where is this structure located anatomically and what is its significance?
A: upper part of the heart’s right atrium. It is considered the pacemaker of the heart
#2
AV Node
Q: What happens when the electrical activity is transmitted through this part of the conduction system?
A: the signal is deliberately slowed down, allowing the atria to fully contract and empty their blood into the ventricles before the ventricles begin to contract themselves
#3
Bundle of his
Q: Where is this structure located anatomically
A: deep within the dense connective tissue
#4
Left and right bundle branch
Q:
A:
#5
Purkinje fibers
Q: What happens when the electrical activity is transmitted through this part of the conduction system?
A: the ventricles of the heart contract, effectively pumping blood out to the body as the electrical signal rapidly spreads through the ventricular walls, causing a coordinated muscle contraction across the entire ventricle chamber
Activity #7. Identify the structures labeled in the figure below. Then, respond to the questions relative to the different layers of the vessels.
Structure
Question
#1
Tunica intima
Q: Where is this layer of the vessel wall?
A: it is the innermost layer of an artery and vein
#2
Tunica media
Q: Describe the significance of this layer of the vessel wall.
A: It is the middle layer of blood vessels, primarily composed of smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers, which allows it to regulate blood vessel diameter through vasoconstriction and vasodilation, thereby controlling blood pressure and blood flow throughout the body.
#3
Tunica externa
Q: Where is this layer of the vessel wall?
A: It is in the outer layer of the vessel, in veins it is the most prominent of the three main layers.
#4
Vein
Q: Name and describe a key characteristic of this vessel
A: They have less smooth muscle and connective tissue and wider internal diameters than arteries
#5
Artery
Q: Discuss the tunica media in this vessel.
A: It is in the middle layer of an artery wall and is generally thicker on the arterial side of the vascular system.
#6
Capillary
Q: What is the significance of this vessel only being a single layer of endothelial cells?
A: it allows for the efficient exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues
Activity #8. Identify the structures labeled in stations 1-4. Then, respond to the questions relative to each structure.
Station 1- INSTRUCTORS/PEER MENTORS LABEL.
Identify the Structure.
Answer the following questions relative to the structure.
#1
Right atrium
Q: What type of blood flows through this structure?
A: deoxygenated blood
#2
Left atrium
Q: What type of blood flows through this structure?
A: oxygenated blood
#3
Right ventricle
Q: What type of blood flows through this structure?
A: deoxygenated blood
#4
Left ventricle
Q: What type of blood flows through this structure?
A: oxygenated blood
#5
Apex
Q: Where is this feature of the heart located?
A: at the bottom tip of the heart which consists of the right and left ventricles
#6
Base
Q: Where is this feature of the heart located?
A: the upper, posterior part of the heart and is formed by the left atrium and a bit of right atrium
Station 2 - INSTRUCTORS/PEER MENTORS LABEL.
Identify the Structure.
Answer the following questions relative to the structure.
#1
Aorta
Q: What is the function of this structure?
A: contract and relax the walls of the heart
#2
Inferior vena cava
Q: What type of blood flows through this structure?
A: deoxygenated blood
#3
Superior vena cava
Q: What is the function of this structure?
A: deoxygenated blood
#4
Pulmonary artery
Q: What type of blood flows through this structure?
A: deoxygenated blood
#5
Pulmonary veins
Q: What type of blood flows through this structure?
A: oxygenated blood
Station 3 - INSTRUCTORS/PEER MENTORS LABEL.
Identify the Structure.
Answer the following questions relative to the structure.
#1
Left atrium
Q: When this chamber contracts, which valve opens?
A: the bicuspid valve
#2
Right atrium
Q: When this chamber contracts, which valve opens?
A: tricuspid valve
#3
Right ventricle
Q: When this chamber contracts, which valve opens?
A: pulmonary valve
#4
Left ventricle
Q: When this chamber contracts, which valve opens?
A: aortic valve
#5
Intraventricular
Q: Where is this located?
A: in between the atria and ventricles of the heart
Station 4 - INSTRUCTORS/PEER MENTORS LABEL.
Identify the Structure.
Answer the following questions relative to the structure.
#1
Papillary muscles
Q: What is the significance of these muscles contracting?
A: it prevents the atrioventricular (AV) valves from prolapsing into the atria during ventricular contraction.
#2
Chordae tendineae
Q: During ventricular filling, is this structure open or closed?
A: open
#3
Q: During ventricular filling, is this structure open or closed?
A: open
#4
Bicuspid valve
Q: During ventricular ejection, is this structure open or closed?
A: closed
#5
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Q: During ventricular ejection, is this structure open or closed?
A: open
Activity #9. Using your knowledge of the path of blood flow, put the following in order starting at the left ventricle. Then, identify if oxygenated or deoxygenated blood flows through this structure, OR if the strucutre/s is the site of gas exchange.
Structure
Oxygenated
Deoxygenated
Gas Exchange
1
Left Ventricle
Oxygenated
Right Ventricle
Deoxygenated
Right Atrium
Deoxygenated
Left Atrium
Oxygenated
Mitral Valve
Oxygenated
Systemic Arteries
Oxygenated
Pulmonary Veins
Oxygenated
Systemic Capillaries
Gas exchange
Pulmonary Capillaries
Gas exchange
Tricuspid Valve
Deoxygenated
Aortic Valve
Oxygenated
Systemic Veins
Deoxygenated
Pulmonary Valve
Deoxyenated
Pulmonary Trunk
Deoxygeanted
Pulmonary Arteries
Deoxygenated
Aorta
Oxygenated
Superior/Inferior Vena Cava
Deoxygenated
Activity #10. Using your knowledge of the cardiac cycle, complete the table below.
Is called?
Chambers
Valves
Is blood Moving In/Out of Ventricles or neither?
Atria
Ventricles
AV valves
SL valves
Phase 1
Atrial relaxation and ventricular filling
Contract
Relax
Contract
Relax
Open
Closed
Open
Closed
Moving in
Phase 2
Atrial contraction and ventricular filling
Contract
Relax
Contract
Relax
Open
Closed
Open
Closed
Moving into
Phase 3
Isovolumic contraction
Contract
Relax
Contract
Relax
Open
Closed
Open
Closed
neither
Phase 4
Ventricular ejection
Contract
Relax
Contract
Relax
Open
Closed
Open
Closed
Moving in
Phase 5
Isovolumic relaxation
Contract
Relax
Contract
Relax
Open
Closed
Open
Closed
Moving out
Activity #11. Using your knowledge of the cardiac cycle, respond to the questions below.
As a reminder.
*Arterial Pressure: pressure in the arteries
*Atrial Pressure: pressure in the atrial
*Ventricular Pressure: pressure in the ventricles.
1. When the AV valves are open, atrial pressure is (greater than, less than, or equal to) ventricular pressure.
2. When the AV valves are open, ventricular pressure is (greater than, less than, or equal to) arterial pressure.
3. When the AV valves are closed, atrial pressure is (greater than, less than, or equal to) ventricular pressure.
4. When the SV valves are open, ventricular pressure is (greater than, less than, or equal to) arterial pressure.
5. When the SV valves are open, ventricular pressure is (greater than, less than, or equal to) atrial pressure.
6. When the SV valves are closed, ventricular pressure is (greater than, less than, or equal to) arterial pressure.
Activity #12. Match the term in column A with the description in column B.
Column A
Column B
Systolic Pressure: D
A. Instrument used to measure blood pressure
Sphygmomanometer: A
B. The minimum pressure in the aorta during the cardiac cycle
Heart sounds: F
C. Instrument used for hearing heart sounds
Diastolic pressure: B
D. The maximum pressure in the aorta during the cardiac cycle
Cardiac cycle: E
E. Series of events that occur in the heart during one heartbeat
Stethoscope: C
F. Sounds that are produced when the heart valves close
Pulsation: G
G. Cyclic expansion and contraction of the arteries
Activity #13. Calculate Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output, using the following values, THEN, respond to the question below.
Variable
At Rest
Light Exercise
Heart Rate
75 BPM
155 BPM
End Diastolic Volume
125 ml
140 ml
End Systolic Volume
60 ml
50 ml
Stroke Volume
65
90
Cardiac Output
4,875
13,950
Question: Why does cardiac output increase with physical activity?
Activity #14. Explore the Heart and the Circulatory System on the Anatomage Table and identify the structures labeled/colored.
Blue
Right atrium
Green
Left ventricle
Red
Aorta
Yellow
Descending aorta
Pink
Apex
Orange
Right ventricle
White
Pulmonary valve
Purple
Pulmonary trunk
Activity #15. Blood Pressure & Pulse
Main Objectives
1. To use a stethoscope to auscultate heart sounds and relate sounds to cardiac cycle events
2. To accurately determine pulse at major artery sites
3. To accurately determine blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer and relate systolic and diastolic pressure to cardiac cycle events.
Palpating Pulse Points
1. Locate and make sure you can palpate major artery pulse points on a partner, omitting the femoral site.
2. Resting pulse → in the systemic circulation, the pulse pressure generates pressure waves when the left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta. The rhythmic expansion and recoil of the arteries is known as the pulse.
1. Find the pulse point on the anterior surface of the lateral wrist. What is the artery?
2. On the lower limb, find the pulse at your thigh (femoral triangle) and popliteal fossa. What arteries?
3. You can palpate a pulse in the temporal area of the head and the superior region of the neck. What are these arteries?
3. Sit quietly for 3 minutes and then take your resting pulse at any pulse point. There are differences in heart rates, depending on whether you are sitting, lying, or standing. The normal resting heart rate is measured while you are sitting. After you measure the heart rate while sitting, lie down on a table or floor and measure the heart rate.
Record heart rate while sitting:
68 beats per min
Record heart rate while lying down:
64 beats per min
Stand up and record heart rate again while standing:
78 beats per min
Measuring Blood Pressure
Cuff pressure should not exceed 160 mm Hg. Cuff pressures greater than 120 mm Hg should not be maintained for greater than one minute. Ensure that each subject is in good health and that he/she has refrained from activities or substances that might elevate blood pressure or heart rate (caffeine, exercise, smoking) at least one hour before testing.
1. Allow the subject’s right arm to rest at heart level. The subject should remain as relaxed as possible.
2. Locate the right brachial artery, approximately 1.5-2 inches above the antecubital fossa. Wrap the cuff of the sphygmomanometer evenly and snugly around the subject’s right arm such that the lower edge of the cuff is directly over the brachial artery, and attach Velcro to hold it in place. Ensure that the tubing and cables are not tangled or pinched.
3. Close the valve and inflate the cuff. Observe the sphygmomanometer while you are inflating the cuff and record the pressure at which the subject’s pulse disappears. This corresponds to the systolic blood pressure. Deflate the cuff by opening the valve and letting the air escape.
4. Firmly press the diaphragm of the stethoscope over the right brachial artery. Re-inflate the cuff until you reach a pressure that is approximately 30 mm Hg greater than the systolic pressure observed in step 3.
5. Deflate the cuff at a rate of 2-3 mm Hg per second while listening for the first Korotkoff sound from the brachial artery. Make note of the pressure at which the first Korotkoff sound is heard. This is the systolic pressure. Continue to deflate the cuff while listening for the sounds to disappear. Make note of the pressure at which the sound can no longer be heard. This is diastolic pressure. Record both the systolic blood pressure and the diastolic blood pressure in the table above.
6. Deflate the cuff completely. Allow the subject to rest for 2-3 minutes between recordings.
7. Does blood pressure change in different postures? Yes
8. Develop a hypothesis on what you expect to happen when blood pressure is recorded while lying down, standing, and after exercise.
Lying Down
Standing
Exercise
Systolic BP
114 mmHg
116 mmHg
142 mmHg
Diastolic BP
72 mmHg
76 mmHg
88 mmHg