[Music] hello good evening or good afternoon okay to my students uh welcome to today's class i hope you are enjoying your afternoon okay i know my students are very very hard-working uh most of them are already studying for the exam which is going to be we'll start next week okay but anyway i just want to um carry on with my lesson and anyway today you're very lucky because today's class is going to be a very short one because it's a more or less of a continuing of a revision of uh what you have learned in form 1 actually okay when you learn about reproduction so today's last class is on we're starting with chapter 15 and this is the last chapter of from four so i'm doing this for bannon for the benefit of my phone five students okay until dc i'm streaming from five so i hope that yeah my students are watching and hope that they will be able to read the benefits from today's class okay i see xiaowei good afternoon good evening okay gentlemen good afternoon okay so i hope that you will stay with me until the end so it won't take very long okay so today's concepts are very simple it's going to be uh next week's concept that will be a little bit more technical so today's was not nothing to worry about okay so we're doing that we're just gonna sail through all right okay so let me share screen i hope you can hear me well okay jensen and joey are you okay can you hear me okay i hope you can see this can all right so i'm going to start with chapter 15. we've already done chapter 14 right a few weeks ago and uh chapter 15 actually it's not very difficult only thing is a little bit more technical when it comes to the formation of sperm and also the oocyte which is the ovum and also the menstrual cycle okay other than that everything is actually quite easy okay all right you can see that i hope gershwin right thank you for your feedback all right thank you for feedback okay now let's start all right okay let's start with this okay today we're going to do 15.1 i'm going to introduce to you the reproductive system of humans so as you know we are talking about the uh humans are they reproduce uh sexually so we have the male and female okay reproductive systems so we're gonna we're gonna explore the uh function and also the structure of each of the systems all right okay so now so let's look at the female reproductive system so here is a model of the female reproductive system you will see actually a lot of blood vessels okay which carry blood to and away from the system okay so there are actually five parts that you have to remember okay what are the five parts okay first of all you have the all-important organ called the ovary okay the ovary is the uh reproductive or you call the organ which produces the ovum and also it produces the very important hormones the sexual hormones okay the female hormones which have to regulate the menstrual cycle okay all right uh okay i see that's another comment here all right yeah all right you're welcome okay so let's go to the next part right uh uterus okay nutrition is actually the part where the over uh sorry where the baby develops okay i'll just look at it generally and afterwards we go to one by one okay next fallopian tube again remember there are 82 fallopian tubes because they're too overreleased okay and they actually uh join the ovary to the uterus okay so it's actually a philippine tube sun and phenomena two actually there's another neighborhood called ov ductus oviductus and philippine tube they refer to the same thing okay next cervix surface is actually the neck or the opening to the uterus again cervix and that's uh we have cervical cancer that part is actually i know for women we have the cases like cervical cancer and of course you trust cancer and so on so this is the part where actually will dilate to allow the baby to be born okay for train childbirth and lastly you will have the vagina here which is the passage for the uh sperm to move into the body of the female okay so just remember these five parts ovary fallopian tube uterus cervix and vagina so you should know how to label them okay label them correctly and here filament is also known as oviductus okay when you see what that is actually means a g which connects one part to another part let's call it duck okay remember d you see t not d u c k okay so i always get when you write d you tend to write d u c k right because it's a more common word for you okay let's look at the female reproductive system yeah look at that each part of it now okay uterus uterus is a very muscular uh organ okay it's very muscular and it's got very thick muscles and it also is supplied with a lot of blood vessels it is organic muscular walls okay it will actually uh when the baby is growing inside the uterus the uterus uh it will actually expand all right what they call the it will relax okay the muscles here allow the baby to grow okay and during childbirth the uterus has got muscle cells here that will contract and push the baby out okay so you have a thick endometrium tissue the endometrium refers to the blood vessels the lining inside here so the endometrium is referring to here okay when you look at endometrium the wall is muscular but the endometrium refers to the internal look at this let me draw this huh this part here is it will be rich with blood vessels so the endometrium referring to refers to the tissues that the blood vessels the vascular system there with a blood and all that that is the lining we call it endometrium okay lines the inner wall of the uterus it's a crisp mucus it also uh has a lot of blood vessels okay that's why we have our monthly period again where we have a discharge that comes out every month okay okay next this animation is the place where the embryo implants so once the zygote has been formed you need a place for the zygote to implant or recon otherwise it stick to it so that it will not get discharged from the uterus and it has to stick to the endometrium because the zygote needs nutrient and the blood supplies nutrient for the baby to grow okay so there has to be a process of the zygote sticking onto the rich tissue layer here to absorb minerals and also substances okay so and the endometrium all right supplies which is rich blood vessels supplies the embryo with nutrients and oxygen okay throughout the entire nine months or rather 40 weeks where the baby develops inside your the mother's womb okay so this is all about the uterus so like i mentioned it's all nothing technical here what you know here is you have already learned inform one only thing is you need to have a bit more technical with the terms so now you see the word endometrium again when you were in form one you did not have this name endometrium so now you learn a bit more technical terms only but the concept is always the same okay now let's go on to the next one okay what are we going to look at here we're going to look at the fallopian tube okay the fallopian tube is a very important uh good evening okay thanks for joining my class i hope your students are also uh with uh with me today yeah but it's all right okay maybe everyone's busy uh having the exam so it's all right okay they can watch it whenever they want to okay fallopian tube so there are two right because there are two or ovaries okay on the left and on the right they are thin and muscular tubes but not as muscular as the uterus okay it functions as just to connect uh the ovary to the uterus whereby when the ovum is released okay during the 14th day of your menstrual cycle the ovum will move okay will be transferred to the philippine tube and this is where the of fertilization will happen if there happens to be sperm okay so the inner wall is lined with celiac now what is celiac okay i'm going to show you celiac so this is actually seen this is a picture taken from inside the philippine tube so if you put a tube inside there with the you know camera microscope you will see that there are very fine hairs on the tube okay inside the tube and these hairs are called cilia so singular is called celium c-i-l-l-i-u-m celia is plural so what it does is you have this sweeping motion okay the ovum does not move by itself as you know sperm is the one that swims okay so you can't say the ovum swims it doesn't have the adaptation to move actually but ovum can also move will be able to move from the uh ovary where it's released out to the uterus okay because of this sweeping motion of the celiac so the cellular function is too stupid all right so sweeping all right okay that is the function of cdf so the action of the celia together with the peristalsis of the developing tube because it's muscular so it's able to you know uh contract relax rhythmically all right that is to push the um side okay or the ovum okay to move into the philippine tube it will deliver the secondary oocyte okay we will see that in the next lesson what is secondary usa is actually a more technical name of the ovum okay or if it's already been fertilized we call it embryo okay a zygote and an embryo so it moves down the fallopian tube roughly takes about seven days okay if it's already fertilized so if it's not fertilized it will be moving down as well but it doesn't take seven days okay uh down to the uterus okay and to be discharged if it's not fertilized and will be implanted if it's already fertilized okay so that's the fallopian tube okay next now we look at the next part this is the ovaries okay we have two one on the left on the right and this is very important because this is called the gonad okay you see what connect gonad is the sexual reproductive organ okay this organ which produces the gametes the gamete here is the over or more technically it's called the oocyte okay so the female product besides producing the ovum okay it also produce very important female sex hormones so we have two one is called estrogen and the other one is called progesterone we will see the function later when we look at menstrual cycle so estrogen in american spelling is e-s-t-r-o-g-n but we tend to follow the british smelling spelling so we use o okay o e s but it still pronounce the same way it's called estrogen with an o there same like estrogens okay because the one that you know you after you eat you swallow the food goes into esophagus for british spelling is o-e-s-o-p-h-a-g-o-s american is eso okay so i i would encourage my students to use the british spelling okay so you have these two all important female sex hormones okay let's go on to the next one right so here you see the opening to the uterus which is known as the cervix okay now the cervix is here you will see is a narrow opening so i'm going to show you a picture all right it secretes mucus to help the sperm to stream up to the philippine tubes so if you see this picture here now here this is a normal surface you see that the opening here is actually very small it only allows the uh menstrual menstrual blood to come up which is you know where have you every month you have a hydrate cycle so it allows the menstrual to come up it also allows the sperm to go in okay that is doing normal all right but if the baby is the mother is pregnant and she's about to give birth this cervix will dilate dilate means it will thin out you see now it's very thick right this surface is like very thick very muscular and it will thin out that means it will open up and until the biggest that you can have is 10 cm in diameter which is quite big all right and that is to allow the baby's head to move through so it dilates because of the action of hormone okay hormones so during labor during childbirth hormones will be released in large amounts and that is going to change the condition of your cervix so that it will thin out and allows the baby to move out okay so now this is how it looks like if you're not pregnant okay if you're not giving birth okay this is how it looks like to all for all of us and the one at the bottom here is one with disease so it's a survivor cervix scientist okay so it is um in infection of the cervix okay so this is the normal one all right so it secretes mucus it also helps the sperm to swim up so it allows the sperm to swim up so there's opening the open is always there all right but it's very small at the moment okay next one look at the vagina all right lastly vagina so vagina is the part which connects the outer part of the body to the uh uterus okay it's a canal is that the tube right canal where sperms enter and this is where the penis enters as well okay the penis of the nail right the organ sisters as a passage for birth the baby comes out through there and also for menstrual blood to come out for menstruation okay and you will see here now you see here this is the vagina vagina is about a few inches long right and you can see this is the uterus the uterus is actually not what they call it's not upright it is slightly prolapsed that means it is like slightly uh facing forward okay so this is the uh anterior of the woman and this is the posterior so you'll see from the side you can see very obvious that this is the uterus so you need to know how to label as well the one that looks like a pear right an upturned pear a pear that is upside down that is actually the uterus okay and this is the urinary bladder all right bladder is to keep the to stop urine which comes from the kidney and this is the urethra so urethra is the tube that allows urine to come up you will see that in women we is separated it is not the same as your vagina so we have urbitra you have vagina this is for the baby and there's one to go in the baby to come out right and the other one is the rectum here now this is for your the the food all right food the yeah from the product of your digestion all right things that are not absorbed these are all the uh things that you you need to remove from your uh digestive tract so you see there are three actually okay three separate uh things here all right so you do not uh mix up man so we urethra is separated so for women urethra is not a part of the female reproductive system it is not okay because it's not connected anyway to the vagina okay but the male you will see that is the same i it's connected so we'll see that afterwards so you have the urethra then you have the vagina that's for the uh reproductive right and this rectum is for the digestive system so you have three here okay so next let's look at the mail now okay i don't assume there's any question because today's that's actually very simple it just re remind and to uh you know recall what you're learning from one just that you need a little bit of technical terms on it okay here for the female button system you need to remember seven there are seven parts okay you have the urethra penis seminal vesicle prostate gland again vast difference we call the uh splenda plus difference and test is a general name that means it's not the science name so in order to say more correctly test this okay testis is not correct testicle is just a common layman term for the same thing okay just remember the seven all right let's look at one by one first of all seminal vesicles how where is seminal vesicle if you look at this model here all right okay okay it's sequence fluid filled with nutrients for the sperm so the sperm is not used it is actually stored there okay the sperm comes off from the testis which is here testicle here all right and it swims up it is moves up truth is what we call the uh sperm duct and it is stored over here so you will see that the sperm a seminal vesicle is one it looks like leaves you know two ropes like that yeah there are two one on this side and one on the other side so this is the seminole vesicle okay it actually stores this uh sperm it also produces uh some liquid that will actually gives energy to the sperm okay it consists it has a sugar fruit whether the substance that is secreted that's fructose there's ascorbic acid and some hormone as well so this makes the liquid mix up semen semen is not just sperm semen is the sperm plus the liquid here okay plus another one a prostate gland also produces the liquid so here you will see seminal vesicle it looks like you know two leaves small little things left and right here that is your seminal vesicle okay and here's another picture a large one here you can see very clearly the seminal vesicle are these two uh structures here okay this one and the very big one the one that i see about this is the bladder see the urinary bladder which is behind okay and the one at the bottom the small little walnut shape there that is actually the prostate gland which you will look at it afterwards okay so remember in seminal vesicle it looks like you know two little leaves like longish uh kind of a shape all right okay now prostate gland prostate gland there's one prostate land it looks larger than the uh stamina vesicle okay what does it do it also secretes the fluid it helps to activate the sperm it helps the sperm to swim okay it helps the sperm in the its movement so it activates the sperm okay so now where is it you can see here it's just next to the uh seminar vesicle here you can see over here okay prostate gland is here all right and here in the same picture you will see this large one at the bottom of your two seminar vesicles over there is the uh seminar in the prostate gland now prostate gland for men usually some of them will have problems it seems one in ten of men will have a problem with the prostate gland as they approach older age that means maybe past 60 years old many of them will have enlarged prostate gland where the prostate glands enlarges and it actually gives them difficulty when the urinate so sometimes the urine will just trickle out very little all right very liquid because it's difficult to urinate because when it's enlarges uh it sort of presses on to the urethra so that is a minor difficulty all right when it comes to men some of them will have pros a problem with this and uh even worse some of them can cause cancer so they can cancel the prostate gland so i always mention women we are afraid of having breast cancer right for men they are afraid of having you know prostate gland it's quite common it seems one out of ten might have problem with the prostate gland okay so that's why when they notice that their urine urination is getting a little bit difficult all right they have to probably have to get it checked out with the doctor all right to see whether the prostate gland could be the problem for it all right okay so let's go on it's a little bit of general knowledge i like to impart a lot of general knowledge to my students uh whenever i talk about something i want you to know more about it okay okay now test this so let's go see this word this past week t-e-s-t-e-s okay there's no problem because this is plural plural meaning many a lot the t-e-s-t-i-s is uh singular so you can use them both interchangeably is okay because we don't specify whether it's singular or plural we will mark it if the fact is correct okay it's very simple easy to locate testicles uh the testes are outside the body right there are two of them and this is the all-important uh organ we call bonet as well they produce the sperms okay so without these testicles or without these testes the sperms will not be able to produce all right okay after that tell us something about you know asian chinese china wait now they are imposed within the scrotum scrotum is actually the skin all right you will see on the exterior of the male right male will have that is skin that holds the testis all right so it's outside the body for a certain reason you know this is hanging outside it's not inside the body the reason is because um the temperature okay the temperature inside the body will be much higher will be about maybe not 37 that's our internal body temperature and that is known to be not so conducive for production of sperm but you notice that if this outside if it's hanging outside the body okay the temperature will tend to be lower it's about maybe 35 degrees or 34 degrees so when it's lower it is actually more conducive for production of sperm so you will see in the animal kingdom right for mammals especially all the male animals will have the testes outside the body okay like you'll see in dogs right cats male cats you know monkeys horses elephants they all outside the body for the very same reason is to ensure a lower temperature so that the sperms healthy sperms will be produced okay now what does it do testis produces sperms which are the male gametes they carry the genetic material of the man okay or the the father and they also produce male sex hormone called testosterone so the female hormone is estrogen and progesterone for the male is called testosterone so you need to memorize all this already okay now this is the cross section of an actual uh not as a diagram like i'm not actual it is a pestis that's sliced open you will see inside there there are a lot of tubes we call it seminiferous tributes that we will see in our next lesson when we talk about production of sperm okay so millions and means very long okay they're very long and they're very tiny so these all coil up so inside the uh these testes okay they're called seminiferous tubules and they actually produce the sperms inside there okay right let me go on to the next one um okay urethra for the male for the men urethra is part of the uh reproductive system okay for the same reason is because the urethra is actually in the penis so you see this is the penis right the penis is the organ which is outside the body all right and it delivers the sperm into the woman's body so you can see that urethra is there so because it's there the urethra is part of the system and it also delivers the sperm so the sperm passes through the same tube as the urine again this is for you to know what so the same tube for the urine for the sperm for the male but for the female is separate okay you retry it's a separate tube it's not connected to the vagina okay so here uh it discharges sperm the the function is to discharge sperm and also urine from the body so they use the same tube which is urethra okay so you will see this long tube here okay which is connected all the way to the urinary bladder where the urine is stopped and here is also connected to the seminal vesicle right you have this connection here you also have these um prostate glands there okay so that's the urethra all right so here the chip here all right so next penis all right it's not pronounced as pennies it's called penis going to be pronounced called penis so penis is muscular okay it's a male sexual organ that is rich in soft tissue so there's tissues here all right and vessels so at this point you will see that it is flaccid plastic means it's soft okay because the the the uh there is there is not it's not the the man is not aroused so when it's aroused but they will become hardened and you have what we call an erection that is how the penis will be able to move or put into the females vagina but here you'll see this flaccid this is the normal way it should look like nah all right and uh it's muscular all right so it releases sperm into femurs during population so copulation is another word for sexual intercourse okay so i'll just write it here this is more a more scientific way of saying it copulation you can use it for animals you can use it for humans as well so sexual intercourse is more for humans all right so it's if it's um not technical you will say like having sex all right but try to avoid using these words by having sex is the right way called malay men's term but we talk about you know writing in in terms of signs and all that we will say copulation i would say sexual intercourse okay now so this is the organ all right you must know how to label it and this is uh looks like the tissue right you can see this is the penis which is a lot of blood vessels inside there and the one that is labeled green here is the urethra all right okay so it's actually very simple all right i'm just revising a lot of these parts so i'm not going to go into 15.2 which is the gametogenesis because that one is a little bit long all right so today i just have to go with 15.1 okay lastly we have scrotum okay scrotum is just a piece of skin naturally a piece of skin that is connected to your you know this is the penis right connected there and it houses or it it protects the testes inside there okay so it holds in the sac like structures saturated pieces in here that holds and protects the testes all right now for a new one baby actually the test is still inside the body okay i've seen a doctor actually test it when the baby is born they will you know they do some health checks to the baby and usually by the first day the testis is still inside the body of the baby but probably by the second day or the third day the densities will descend this sentence come out come out from the inside the body and move into the scrotum again sometimes the doctor will check and see oh whether the testes has descended into the scrotum or not okay right so this is a fact for you actually yeah you didn't know why babies when they're born the test is actually inside so it's after like one or two days and all that right then the test kit will descend it will move automatically into the scrotum okay and then it will stay until the rest of the the baby's life again under the rest of his life okay so now this is my last one sperm down so stomga is a tube that connects the testes which produces the sperm so the sperm will move up the sperm duct into a place where you call the seminal vesicle to be stored okay and also to to to allow the mixture of the semen the liquid all that to produce the semen okay so storm a sperm is transported through the sperm that another name is called vast difference okay so vast difference is this same thing sperm duct has the same name as fast difference so here okay it connects all the way to the seminal vesicle all right okay so that's all for today's lesson actually very short and just less than half an hour so i do not want to because this part is actually very short okay so i do not want to include with your 15.2 which is going to be quite technical we talked about the gametogenesis this how the sperms are formed and the ovum is formed formed so i want to devote another lesson for that okay so i say any questions at the moment i don't see any questions i think it's a little bit easy for you right okay okay so easy means good all right easy it's good thing so it's something manageable all right okay so next week all right next week i'm going to go through uh go to 15.2 which is gametogenesis production of sperm production of ovum okay any questions here at the moment i don't see any so if you do have any questions i'll be most glad to answer them i'll try to find out for you all right and do send me a comment on my channel or you can contact me through telegram okay all right students i will see you next week then all right thank you thank you thank you jenshan uh thank you poinco okay for joining my class okay thank you i hope have a good evening and do study hard for your exam all right i wish you all the best okay patient okay thank you for watching thank you manisha i will see you okay bye