Topic: Study on monkeys and their toy preferences.
Researchers: Dr. Wallen (Emory University) and Janice Hasset.
Objective: Investigate whether monkeys show a preference for sex-stereotyped toys similar to human children.
Background
Sex-stereotype Toys: Toys considered gender-specific (e.g., dolls for girls, trucks for boys).
Biological vs. Socialization Debate:
Biological Factors: Influence of prenatal androgens.
Socialization Factors: Influence of societal norms.
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: A condition causing exposure to high levels of prenatal androgens.
Previous Research
Monkeys Studied: Male rhesus monkeys more engaged in rough play than females.
Comparison with Human Children: Similar toy preferences observed.
Role of Hormones: Biological differences influence preferences.
Methodology
Research Method: Field experiment with controlled observations and correlational study.
Design: Independent measures design.
Variables:
Independent: Sex of the monkey.
Dependent: Interaction with plush or wheel toys.
Sample:
Initially 183 monkeys, reduced to 61 (23 females, 11 males).
Criteria: Interacted more than five occasions.
Procedure:
7 trials, 25 minutes each in outdoor enclosures.
Toys placed apart to avoid area preference.
Video recording of interactions and observer checklists used.
Findings
General Trends:
Male monkeys preferred wheel toys.
Female monkeys showed no significant preference.
High social rank associated with more interaction.
Comparison:
Similarity in toy preference patterns between monkeys and humans.
Conclusions
Biological Influence: Toy preferences reflect behavioral and cognitive biases influenced by hormones.
Psychological Impact: Play is linked to practicing adult skills.
Ethical Considerations
Monkeys were kept in captivity, well-fed, and had access to water.
Strengths
Ethical Guidelines Followed: Monkeys well cared for.
Use of Video Cameras: Increased data validity.
Operationalized Checklist: Enhances reliability.
Weaknesses
Observer Bias Possible: Researchers familiar with monkeys might influence data recording.
Limited Generalizability: Due to sample size and conditions (e.g., captive environment).
Nature vs. Nurture Debate
Findings support biological (nature) influence on toy preference.
Social rank also plays a role, particularly in female monkeys.
Application to Everyday Life
Understanding toy preferences can guide purchasing decisions for children.
Conclusion
Study supports the idea that both biological and environmental factors influence toy preferences in monkeys, similar to humans. Further reading and exploration of congenital adrenal hyperplasia recommended for deeper understanding.