hello welcome back so today's uh study is hit at L it's of um 2024 syllabus it's a new study um and very interesting one I like it personally so it's on monkey and its preferences when it comes to toys so we will talk about Dr Wallen he is a you know professor at Emy University and he has been dealing with animals especially monkeys uh for over 50 years he has been a researcher at York's National Primate Research Center so what he was interested in is whether monkeys would show a preference for a sex stereotype toys if they had a choice what does sex stereotype toys means is uh like humans we have made that Barbie is for females and a chuck or you know dragons for example are you know toys for the men or the boy so we have very stereotypical when it comes to toys so he wanted to check whether you know monkeys had the same preference when it comes to toys um so he uh had a Leb partner that joined him was Janice hasset and they both worked on this study so let's move on so male races monkeys as you can see in figure 1.10 so if you don't have a book don't worry I have mentioned all of the points from the book in this uh video for you to not open your books at all so here it says that the Reese's monkey it's a type of monkey that is generally more engaged in a rough and tumble play than female monkeys uh and just like human infants but they are asking do you think wild monkeys like these would behave any differently to monkeys raised in captivity so the monkeys the Hile Ed were raised in captivity so we need to know the aims before we start um so they wanted to test whether the preferences are due to biological factors or socialization was the reason behind their preferences they also wanted to investigate whether male and female rac's monkeys have similar toy preferences to human children despite they have no experience socializing with human toys um so these monkeys never had seen toys so one of the biological factors and the reason why Dr Wallen Professor Wallen was more inclined towards the you know the biological factor was due to this one condition called congenital adrenal hypoplasia which was an inherit condition in which the fetus is exposed to high levels of prenatal androgens so prenatal androgens are basically male sex hormones so and there was two twin uh two twin study that he read in which the twins basically one of the twins had high levels of prenatal androgens and both were girls and when they were born uh one of the one which had the Androgen was very inclined towards you know the trucks and the cars the other one who did not had these hormones high levels of hormones youed uh she played with the doll doll and even though parents uh of the girls wanted both to play with the dolls they tried to stop the girl from playing the for playing with the cars but she did not so it really shows that um the hormones and the biological factor has a lot to do when it comes to the preferences of toys so you need to know what play means play means you get pleasure uh while doing that thing um me you play with dolls you have this kind of you know you express yourself with it and you also gain pleasure and they also say that psychologist believe that uh when you play uh the individuals are actually practicing the skills that they require for adulthood for example girls play with dolls because when they grow up they will have to take care of their babies and so they kind of do similar things and it really helps the adulthood so we know that the chromosomes and everything that male and f female have different chromosome and it affects their level of sex hormones and that is a reason the brains of the male and female are so different and because their brain is different their cognitive processes uh are also different and when you see in a nursery the boys and girls are seen playing with the boys are playing seeing with the cars and the girls are seen with playing playing with the dolls so but this does not mean that girls don't like playing with the cars uh the research in fact has found that girls like playing you know with trucks more than boys play with dolls it's not saying that boys like to play with dolls they're saying that boys would rather play with um you know trucks than they would play with the dolls but girls can play with the trucks too and this is what they're saying so the nurture debate is that they said the children learn through you know their agenda and their societal Norms that for example in South Asian culture there's more that girls should prefer you know dolls and babies it would help them when they grow up and they would not let them play outside or Cricket or something like that but boys are allowed um and they would be not allowed to play with dolls so this is how you create a stereotype within the toys uh and their preferences the nature says that it's their cognitive abilities that depends on their child's sex hormone levels I would advice you to go and look for um more about the congenital um adrenal um hyperplasia and know what uh is the difference between that person who has this condition and a normal person you'll understand why uh the biological debate is more you know preferred um by Dr Wen so let's move so this was the previous research that was done on the monkeys uh it was basically um you know the founding the findings was the following that the monkeys um verit monkeys they preferred playing with the male stereotype toys more and the females um did the same so this was the study you can read you can read about it in more detail you don't have to so this was the research method it was a field experiment it had controlled observations it had correlational study also by using behavioral checklist and the research design was independent measures design okay so independent variable was the sex of the monkey whether it was male or female and the dependent variable was whether they interacted more with um the plush toys or the Wheel toys you can pause the video do all these questions so the sample was first originally it was 183 uh monkeys but 53 were excluded because 39 um were too young that was very hard to tell their sex and 14 uh they were previously in a prenatal hormone research so they were not taken so at the end there were only 61 females and 21 males that included both but at the very end you know data that was included in the analysis was of these 34 monkeys in which there were 23 females and 11 males and they interacted more than uh on five occasions so that's why their data was included the ones who did not interact with the uh toys for more than five equations were not included this is the whole procedure if you want to read it's aart from the book I pasted it here in case you wanted to read the summary of it is somehow here so the there were a total of seven trials 25 minutes each it was an outdoor enclosure uh each with a different pair of toys um and before each observation observers placed a pair of toys in uh for example one wield and one plush toy uh outside while monkeys waited inside so it was also uh the toys were also placed apart you know 10 meters um just to ensure the monkeys didn't prefer a certain area to the enclosure for example if they kept one near the monkey and and the other one a little bit far it's natural that they would you know pick up the first one rather they would go more further to get the other one so the toys were in all say uh shape sizes and colors uh so there were six wheel choices for example wagon truck and U the car in seven plush choices including wi the Poo Raj n and SC um so let's go down I forgot to mention that this is the original picture of the mon monkey just to have an idea the car is in the hand of the monkey it's probably it's a male uh monkey but it was also um you know insured by the people there that it was actually a male monkey in this picture um so and it was also ensured that this picture was original and was taken by Mr Wallen so data was collected through a video camera uh and it was focused on each toy to record the interaction there were two Observers um who had a behavior checklist as well and it was so you know operationalized the behavior checklist that even if it was extended touch then they had to mention whether it was a hand or a foot on the toy and if they SED they had sat on it whether it was on the toy or part of the toy so much operationalized um going forward the results were um quite exception op most monkeys didn't interact with the toys at all um so their data wasas excluded only very few interacted frequently and for long data of 17 monkeys who showed more uh who showed less than five behaviors were excluded as I I mentioned earlier so male monkeys they played with Wheel toys um not shocking at all um and they played it longer than female monkeys so however the standard deviation was high meaning that male played for longer than others female monkeys played with plus toys for a longer time than male monkeys there wasn't a significant difference in time playing with Wheel toys or PL toys There is a social rank if you don't know what social rank means um I will tell you in the next slide so a significant positive correlation between social rank miani the dominance of the monkey so and the frequency of interaction was found High higher ranking monkeys interacted more uh with the toys female monkeys who preferred plush toys had a higher rank than those who had not preference had no preference um moving forward so the results um you can read it um you know the men uh sorry the male monkeys they preferred Wheel toys um and female they show no preference uh yeah they played the same amount of the time with the wheel to to or with the plush toy there wasn't any significant you know difference to mention that they had a preference uh this is the from the book pause it read it memorize it everything is important uh so you can see this one uh bar chart and the other one it's this one is a male monkeys uh sorry the monkeys and this one is of humans uh you can see how similar they are so it really shows that the humans um and the monkeys they both kind of share the similar preferences when it comes to toys that really helps the argument then the conclusion um there were due to biological differences that the male monkeys chose the toys that had you know that moves and the female monkeys uh chose you know the the splash toys because you know they could cuddle it they could you know hug it or whatever the reasons are mentioned in this case study more detail in the original you know study you can read it I will link it below um so the second conclusion was the chy preferences did reflect behavioral and cognitive biases which have been influenced by hormones again biological difference biological factor so strength was they followed the ethical guideline as I said these monkeys were in the Captivity so they were given in the access to water they were fed well they had fruits and vegetables every day um also as I mentioned that they used operationalized behavioral checklist it you know increase the validity and reliability if you don't know what the difference is between them please go um into your books and read it because it's is important can be a whole question of two to four marks um so reliability I can tell you what it means it means if they tested these operationalized checklist again on these animals or another animals the results would be the same and by animals I meant the monkeys um so uh the second is the different pairs of toys that were use in each toy trial had increased the validity as we can just remind the males were drawn to Wheel toys in general and not just a specific wheel toy uh so they also use video cameras it also increased the validity of the data recorded because the monkeys were used to the cameras if they had to you know research it would go inside you know the enclosure and recorded them they might change their behavior and the monkeys might Show Dem mind characteristics it was a plus Point here then quantitative data was collected uh on the toy uh interaction duration allowed for the objective calculations of the average time the monkey spent with the toys so this removes uh room for subjective uh inter uh interpretation so weaknesses were that it was a standardized procedure and it was um but it was abandoned because one of the monkey uh they tore a plush toy causing the trial to be stopped s minutes early so this reduces the reliability of test um second there was a chance of Observer Bias um maybe um because of you know how subjective it could be um and the researchers who analyzed the tapes were familiar with the monkeys and their gender so this could have led them to unintentionally quote a behavior of the monkey differently to their actual Behavior Uh number three was there could be a lack of adult male in males in the sample um so it reduces generalizability how could it be that males were less is because the high ranking male didn't interact with the toys at all so the finding were not generalized to them it was only generalized to the lower ranking monkeys um non-adult male monkeys they interacted more so they didn't interact at the high ranking one so their data wasn't um included and it could not be generalized to them so this does reduces the generalizability of the test ecological validity is low because the sample considered monkeys in captivity uh they might be more likely to show interest in new objects as said they were never exposed to these toys it could be the reason that they have never seen it so they reacted differently if they had toys previously they must or they could have you know you know interacted with the toys differently so it cannot be generalized to the V monkeys um validity is low in each trial a group of monkeys were sent out so if one monkey occupied the wheel toy Another Monkey waiting to play with a toy would go to the Plus story regardless of their personal preference this is the one the rank social rank one which I was talking about so read it out it's totally easy as I said 6121 only 11 male participated and 23 female pass participated for more than five occasions um moving the nature versus nurture debate uh obviously has it believ that it was due to Nature that male monkeys preferred Wheel toys over the plush to as female showed no preference at all so finding supported the nature nurture debate um uh that the interactions were affected by social rank the female monkey social rank was positively correlated with the time spent interacting with both toys female dominance is influenced by testosteron which is a biological factor um so application to everyday life is that when you go out choosing toys for your own children you know which one to buy for which gender you know either if it's a girl you buy her a doll um it's for their own you know good you can say that so I hope you like the video um I hope it helped if you want one in Udu I can make one in U let me know in comments and if you want more you know shorter version of it I can make one too thank you