foreign [Music] [Music] I'm here to welcome artist speaker Emma Campbell she is a biology teacher from uh Wellington High School I hope um was it went to college um cool uh these webinars are made possible with the help of study it um so in the description of this video you'll have a link to study it um so study is an education Forum where students can go for help for all the different subjects while we go through this presentation if you have any questions um you can pop them in the chat um I'll either interrupt and just ask them or if they're like quite long I'll try and save them to the end um I think that's really about it if there's any issues with the stream I use sound or anything just put them in the chat and then hopefully I'll be notified right you know I'll put things over to you um and tonight I'm going to be taking you through bio 3.3 so uh looking at plants and animals and how they respond to their external environment around them so I'll just share my screen with you so you can have a look at what I'm looking at Emma I think you're muted hey Mama I'm Newton go back and cover yeah sorry it seems that I've got a um setting that won't let me talk and uh she and my screen at the same time I will just try again it looks like it's gone back to muted so I know you're fine now okay I will um if I can share it okay um it seems to be well happening while I'm while I see my screen what does a little bit of a um inconvenience what if I try this does that sorry foreign can you say anything there uh not yet no okay let's see oh let's see it work at all right okay we might just have to um try with and see if I can open in a different format sorry about this that's right [Music] um slaughtered [Music] so what if I instead of Google does it help if I she's not sure crime um thank you you might just be able to share the screen and just not present I mean I mean just not go full screen yeah okay we'll try that so just just share the screen and just don't get a full screen okay yeah that'd probably be fine if you put a copy of that PowerPoint is there a copy of the PowerPoint in the chat and I might better yeah if you go share and then go view only and just send it to me I'll put it in the chat so students can go through it at the same time foreign there we go it also looks like you're still muted sorry yeah it's not ideal but we'll just I used to have to make dough so what um I'm going to do tonight is just take you through some of the key ideas around our plants and animals topic okay um and then we'll have a chat about some of the past exam questions um as we as we go through so just starting with that first slide I've put a kind of general or slide number two sorry I've put a general overview of our um topic so this topic is about how animals and plants respond to both their living or biotic world or the abiotic World okay so I am a very visual learner so I've broken it down into different um sections so and it just kind of helps you to visualize what's happening so intra specific um relationships so how animals interact with members of their own species enter specific um relationships how animals and plants interact with members of a different species uh also the abiotic environment around them so how they respond spatially and then also how they respond in time unfortunately tonight we won't be able to go through everything um so I've just picked some areas that we can look at in particular and then hopefully that will help you too um to move forward and give you a bit of an idea about what we're looking at so as we run through what I've got for you is a idea if we switched to the next slide um I've got the achievement criteria for achieve Merit and excellence and I often read these and it can feel quite um intimidating because there's a lot of words and it's very kind of Jag and heavy and you're like well what does this actually mean what does the difference between achieved mirror and Excellence actually mean and so what I like to do is just kind of break it down into this framework so when we're looking at achieved we're looking at what and that's often naming what the response is or saying how it works okay so for example you might be asked a name a certain biological Rhythm or tell me well what it is okay so what is their plant or whether animal actually doing okay and Merit comes in with the how and the why behind that so how do those responses occur what's actually happening inside the plant or inside the animal to cause this to happen or why does this happen so what is that adaptive Advantage behind it okay why are we saying this particular Behavior because everything in biology is happening for a particular reason finally our Excellence comes in with linking of ideas tying different ideas together so it might be the way that you use the context that you are given so for example you could be given a um question about a plant or an animal that you have absolutely no idea about but they will tell you everything that you need to know about that plant or animal okay Your Excellence often comes in with how you use the the information they give you or how the Adaptive Advantage can then lead to a um survival and reproduction because that's the aim in biology for these plants and animals is to survive reproduce and pass on your favorable traits to the Next Generation okay so we'll dive straight into it so changing next to onto the fourth slide back to our visual of the whole topic we will keep referring back to this so that we know um is and where we're up to in this topic so let's start with orientation and space for plants so Slide Five so there's two ways that plants can orientate themselves they can either do it through movement through a nastic response or through growth or a tropism Okay so nested responses came up in the last in last year's exam so if you are familiar with um and have a head a look through the 2021 exam you will see um that a question came up about how flowers will open and close and you may have learned about an examples of this in class but it is about how cells are able to change the pressure or the water pressure inside the South to allow for actual rapid movement so it seems kind of counterintuitive that plants can move but they actually can it's a really cool really cool feature and then tropisms you would have looked at probably um you would have looked at geotropism or phototropism so plants growing towards or away from a stimuli a really common one to talk about is to look at how plants will grow towards a light source so we call that positive phototropism photo from the light and positive because it's going towards a stimuli okay and that is often caused by a hormone called oxen in the cells of the plant and how that distributes throughout the plant oxen's a really amazing hormone and that it elongates cells and shoots of the plant but inhibits elongation in The Roots so by changing the distribution of that hormone in different cells it can control the plant can control what how they elongate or don't the cells elongate or don't and then can either grow towards or away from a stimuli the Adaptive advantage of that of course is really comes down to the um context that you are given but think about well why would a plant be growing towards um something or away from something see how you can link it to helping them to survive and reproduce so if we go down to question six okay this is a question that came up in a previous exam in the 2017 exam looking at Manuka okay and how Manuka seeds when they germinate what growth um tropisms they show so a radical and a premium okay they are the newly sprouting um parts of the seeds Okay so obviously the part of the seed that is going to break through the soil is going to need to grow Against Gravity um so that shows us positive geotropism Geo because gravity is a stimuli sorry and positive sorry that's growing with gravity so it's growing downwards so positive geotropism is the part that will become the root in negative geotropism is the part that will become the new shoot so if we look at this question the first what is the response and describe what is actually what's happening so there's the new shoot is going to grow upwards and the new root is going to grow downwards okay foreign if we switch to the seventh life this gives a visual as to what is actually happening in terms of the second bullet point so explain the type of interaction between the minute the mature Manuka okay and well sorry how they explain how these responses occur okay so looking at the positive Geo and negative geotrophism okay so what we have here okay is a um plant and we've got a new shoots growing on slide um slides even we've got the new shoot growing upwards that needs to grow and break through the soil surface so what we have is oxen is produced in the plant and is going to sink downwards you see the part labeled stem cells they are going to the longer ones will have a higher concentration of oxen and the roots are going to have a higher concentration in the shorter ones as well because remember oxen is going to promote cell elongation in the stem the inhibitor in The Roots so it's a pretty amazing um pretty amazing hormone so moving forward in this in the case of um geotropism obviously the Adaptive Advantage behind that is that the stem is going to be able to grow up against gravity it's going to be then be able to no matter what way which way the seed Falls it's going to be able to orientate itself so the shoot will grow up break through the soil surface where it will be able to have access to light start photosynthesizing it will get food for growth then the route that's really important that the roots grow downwards because they are going to act as the anchor of the plant and so they're also going to draw in water from the soil so it's super important that no matter which way the seed Falls the Chute grows up and the roots go down okay so that's our adaptive Advantage behind that making lengths it's really important that Roots the shoots grow up so they can photosynthesize so it can survive and it can have enough energy to reproduce pass its favorable traits along so we're starting to kind of make those lengths this will happen so this will happen so this will happen foreign if we shift onto slide eight uh we can talk about how animals orientate themselves so we've talked about how plants orientate themselves but now also animals do it as well so there's two types of um short distance orientations you can do taxis or you can do Kinesis so both of them are really important at taxis or Texas it's the singular is really important because it allows an animal to move towards or away from a stimuli okay so think of a earthworm for example they are negative phototaxic meaning they're going to move away from light okay the why behind that is of course because light is um they're going to get dried out or the vulnerable to Predators like birds when they're exposed to light or if you were again a say a maggot you're drawn towards food so that is positive chemotaxis the advantage of that is that you are going to spend more time um feeding but not every movement is either towards or away from a stimuli summer actually just a change in their movement so it could be a change in their speed so that's our orthokinesis or in the rate of tuning uh clinical so for example if you take a little Slater and you put them in a uh really warm dry environment they don't like that environment it's um that at risk of drying out so they might increase their speed or they might increase the their rate of tuning the way that they are the direction that they're moving the reason for that is it increases the chance of getting out of those unfavorable environments but of course if we go to slide nine the uh not every movement is going to be um as simple as towards are away from something or speeding up and slowing down animals move over really huge distances okay so for example we get homing and migration um so take the bar tailed godward for example this little bird that will fly from New Zealand all the way to Alaska and back every year and it is pretty amazing because in order to be able to migrate you need to know where you are you need to know that pretty much the time of the year as well and you need to know where you want to go so there's a lot more complexes than just moving towards or away from something now when it comes to their the how and migration it takes a lot of preparation it's not something that an animal will do just on the spur of the moment and you'll often find they change their diet in order to have a really high set diet in order to make sure they get enough food um they'll have enough energy for their whole trip they have very specific triggers as to when they will go for example daylight is a really common one so as the days start to get shorter in New Zealand the Bartow God work will be where that it's almost time to fly north up to Alaska in order to um to avoid the New Zealand winter and have a northern hemisphere summer temperature people will often think temperature is a trigger and it can be for some animals but it's it's pretty unreliable because you get unseasonably warm days and unseasonably cold days so daylight is a really reliable one that doesn't change from year to year the hours of daylight you have today will be exactly the same as the hours of daylight you have this time next year okay you also need navigation so to be able to find your way around um lots of animals do it through multiple um means of navigation so they might use rely on the sun to help them navigate but have a backup um system for a cloudy day migration is a really high risk High reward system so you want to make sure that you have multiple um means of navigation it's kind of like if you went out for a big drive you might have a GPS in your car but you might also have one on your phone in case the one your car doesn't work you might even have a map in the car as well so if migration is such a risky game because if you fail you literally can die the amount of energy that put gets put into migration if it doesn't work then you've wasted all their energy it leaves you vulnerable for Predators because you're predictable or you could get lost along the way it's a really high risk High reward system so why do they do it it means that they can avoid and um unseasonable unfavorable seasonable changes so for example you can avoid winter in the South by heading north and vice versa it means that you can maximize your food sources because if your food isn't really readily available in the winter then you'll just go somewhere else to get your phone and also breeding is really important often animals will make it migrate to these massive colonies breeding colonies and they'll be able to breathe there so it's actually really important for genetic diversity as well so if you switch to slide uh tips you can have a look at a past exam question um so this is looking at the city water so a bird that migrates um from New Zealand and heads up north into the northern hemisphere up around um the Atlantic Ocean again if you look at that exam question okay it's got that that similar framework that I talked about the What the how and the disgust um the links so what is migration so you would then talk about well migration is the movement the large long distance returned movement of animals um how does it do it how does that determine when it's time to migrate so you could talk about some of the triggers so daylight would be a really important one and how they may navigate during migration if you read the bloop they don't give you a lot of detail about that navigation so as a result in the marking schedule they accept a range of different methods so for example think about the animal that you are working with so I probably wouldn't talk about how this animal uses ocean currents to help them navigate because it's in the air it's not in the ocean so you do have to be sensible um but they were pretty open and what they accepted so you could have talked about the sun it could be used to the Stars it could use um magnetics and a combination of different ones as well and then finally discuss the costs and benefits of migration so that's just talking about these are the downsides these are the classes but actually you need to the advantages will have to outweigh the disadvantages otherwise we wouldn't see it happening okay so the question once again follows that what how and the links the linking of ideas together so if we just pop that to a slide 11 . okay so this brings us back to a visual so I've done a very very quick um uh discussion around the orientation and plants and animals in space okay but also in time as well the way that plants in there and moles behave over time is really important and it is something that does come up the way that plants regulate themselves is through photoperiodism which we'll have a chat about next um and it was a really fascinating system so if you pop to slide 12 here we go orientation and time plants so what about the and the phytochrome system is a it can be quite a intimidating topic to talk about I said I remember when I first learned about it at school at um it does it takes away while for you to get your head around it but if I I was to get a question on photoperiodism and an exam the very first thing I would do would be no matter what the question was I would drop down this diagram here okay even if it's just a way sketch at the top of the page because if nothing else it's going to help you to explain what is happening okay so pretty much there's a type of pigment in a plant cell called phytochrome and phytochrome comes in two different forms phytochrome red and phytochrome Fareed okay so they're slightly different forms that the really cool thing about this is that they can convert to one another so for example phytochrome red can convert phytochrome Fire Red cytochrome fire red can convert back to phytochrome Red so this molecule or this pigment can switch between the two it's pretty awesome so during the day we know that um the sunlight is white light and so it's got every color of the rainbow including red what happens is as that red light hits the plant cells the red light is absorbed by phytochrome red and it converts and phytochrome fire red so that red light will trigger phytochrome red and phytochrome to convert it into phytochrome fire read then at night the plant absorbs far red light and it will slowly vary slowly convert back from phytochrome Fire Red back to phytochrome read okay so during the day we go re photochrome fire red really quickly converts to phytochrome Fareed and then slowly converts back at night now this is really important because it's the concentration of phytochrome fire red that will make a plant flower or not so there's three types of plants in this world well there's lots of different types but we for this topic we convert it into three groups we've got long day plants we've got short day plants and we've got day neutral plants now we're not going to talk about day neutral plants we'll forget about them their flowering is controlled by something else what we are going to talk about though is long day plants and short day plants so during summer at the moment we've got really long days and short nights so we've got a long day that allows for lots of phytochrome red to convert to phytochrome Fire Red and then the night is so short that not a lot of it or not all of it is going to convert back to phytochrome Red so by Dawn the plants will still have phytochrome fire red left in their cells now if you are a long day plant that is going to trigger you to flower if you so for example any plants that are flowering at the moment think about um oh sunflowers lots of like peonies dahlias all those pretty flowers out there at the moment they are a long day plants now there are some plants that will flower during winter so think of like a um a poinsettia so they're they're often associated with like winter Christmases those plants with the red flowers and the Northern Hemisphere winter Christmas okay they flower during the winter they are a short day plant so what happens is the phytochrome fire red left in the south in the morning will stop them from flowering so if we go to slide 13 this is very typical in an exam question a diagram like this please don't get intimidated by it because if you have that little diagram of Father Can Read far red and vice versa drawn then it's actually and allows you to kind of trace your finger um along it and you can and help you to get your heat around it as you talk so when we talk about a short day plant okay they are the ones that will flower during winter when the day is short and the night is long so during winter they've got a long night so we get a lot of that conversion back from phytochrome fire red back to phytochrome red so come Dawn there's nothing left in there's no phytochrome fire red left in their cells and so they will flower okay so in the diagram on slide 13 we can see that in the second bar from the left okay you can see the yellow flower that short day long night plant will flower when the night is long and the day is short now looking at the first bar that's a long day plant okay they are the flowers that um will flower when they do have phytochrome file red left in their cells kind of makes sense but what scientists did was they started to manipulate how they expose the plants so they started to expose the plants to red light and fire red light and break up those days and nights and what they found was that they could control by interrupting the night and interrupting that conversion of far red into red they could control how a plant flowered okay well that's pretty much all that all there really was so if we work to our framework what is photoperiodism well it's how a plant regulates its timing responses how does it work that's where you would talk about the system of phytochrome red converting to far red and vice versa and what's the Adaptive Advantage behind that why are we seeing that how is it helping them to survive and to reproduce well anything that involves flowering has a quite a clear link to reproduction because obviously flowers are plant reproductive organs so it's really important that flowering is synchronized you don't want to be the only member of your species flowering when you do because then you're not going to get a lot of pollination what you need pollination you want to also make sure you're flowering when your pollinators are active so bees for example you don't want to be flowering when they are hibernating so it's just how plants can ensure that they get the best chance of reproduction of cross-pollination of genetic diversity and therefore survival okay so then if we drop down to slide 14 well that's that takes us through how plants uh orientate themselves in time but actually what about animals we know that animals have biological rhythms that are really important as well and on slide 14 I've put a couple of really key words that are you want to be familiar with when you're talking about animal biological rhythms okay you'll recognize these graphs and ectograms um as a way to visually show when an animal is active and how their activity changes once we manipulate their environment okay so uh take a take a snapshot of these keywords uh endogenous Zach gibber been trained free running in a phase shift and what we'll do is um I'll just show you through a past exam question that uh that talks about it specifically and we'll we'll talk about how we can use those keywords so if you go to slide 15 okay so here we've got the a question um from a previous exam looking at tree WETA okay and WETA uh um not Journal okay they are active at night time and during the daytime they are hiding and holes in the trees or under the back away from light away from predators um that could potentially cause them harm so what scientists did was they took a couple of WETA okay and they manipulated their environment okay so in graph one you can see they put a Witter and constant darkness and then looked at how Its Behavior changed okay and you can see that not just asked hectograms uh ectograms quite rare and literally bio or has it been in the past exam often they have I wouldn't say the rear I wouldn't say they're overly common um in the past what they have done is they have um give a new one but not necessarily ask you um to like do a calculation based on that or work out the free running period or things like that that's come up pretty really but they have asked you to just make a general interpretation based off from them okay so you may not need to um do any kind of numbers based on the graph but just if you can comment and use their data to interwave it into your answer is is quite important so oh you can see in constant Darkness the wetter is still active at um specific times but those trines change they get a little bit later each day so imagine if you were um living in an environment where you had no no alarm clocks you had no light sources or anything like that you'd no way of keeping time you would still wake up and go to sleep approximately every 24 hours however you probably wouldn't do it at exactly the same time every day eventually over time you would get a little bit out of sync and that's exactly what's happened to that wetter here we call that a free running period okay so the biological rhythm is running completely off its internal biological clock so we we say it is an endogenous Rhythm Endo meaning internal now with the second letter what they did was for the first 18 days they exposed it to 12 hours of light and 12 hours of Darkness you can see on the graph two um their WETA becomes active at the same time every day we call that entrained so have you noticed that before school you might wake up at five five minutes before your exam uh sorry not your exam please don't wake up five minutes before you exam you might wake up five minutes before your alarm clock that's because your body has become entrained to it okay now what they then did was they completely changed um when they did those light and dark periods okay so on day 18 they exposed it to an extra eight hours of light and then completely lift it in the dark after that what that did was it caused a phase shift okay so a phase shift is when a rhythm changes so for example if you were to go to over to another country obviously a different they're in a different time zone you have jet lag but eventually after a couple of days your body readjusts and you readjust to their night and day system there is a phase shift okay and that's exactly what happened to our wetter on day 18. okay so it experienced a phase shift okay now that's the how and the why the what and the how Behind These when it comes to ectograms or any graph or diagram that I'm asked to comment on or use data from the very first thing I would do would be to make a note next to each graph to explain um just remind myself what what is happening in that graph just a summarizing comment because what that's going to do is it's going to help you to see how you will fit it into your data if they give you a graph or they give you a diagram there is the expectation that you use it okay they wouldn't give it to you for for no reason so they want you to refer to it for example you may not necessarily need um super detailed um data taken from that like working out the free running period for example but to Simply comment on it it will be dependent on the question then finally we we go to the the links behind it okay so what is the Adaptive advantage well why is the wetter why does it have this internal system that is regulated by light and dark okay well it's pretty cool actually in that the having both a internal system and then a system that is also has is controlled by light and dark it means that the weather's kind of got the best of both worlds so for example when it's in the back or when it's in the hole in the tree it can predict the time of day so it'd be like actually we're getting towards night time now so it can kind of predict what's coming up and it doesn't have to keep poking its head out of the um poking its head out of the um tree to check whether it's light or dark yet okay so it allows for prediction but also it allows for changes so in New Zealand obviously the time that night Sunset and Sun um rise occur at different times depending on the year so by having these sight givers or these external um settings of light and dark it means that it can potentially um adjust its Rhythm as well it's not set in stone okay oh this is a really flying flying through this topic now guys so that takes us through our um abiotics so if you go to slide 16 takes us through the abiotic um side of how plants and emeralds respond to the environment but we've also got the the biotic side so how they respond to members of the same species or how they respond to members of the different species so I've just got a couple of kind of summary slides here so slide 17. okay so these are looking at intra specific um relationships so how animals interact with members of the same species so they can um be quite aggressive towards one another or they those relationships can be quite cooperative so looking at slides 17 we've got uh competition territories and hierarchies so animals of the same species are going to be competing for the same resources food space nesting sites mates so competition can be quite Fierce particularly if your population is quite dense um so there's a couple of ways when it comes to competition nobody wins even the individual that gets the resource has had just been energy doing so that it wouldn't have otherwise had to spend so there are a couple of strategies that animals will take to in order to reduce competition and they are at territories in our hierarchies um territories are those areas of land then at animal actively defend this is different from a home range which they just kind of forage for food over but territories they don't like other individuals entering the territory territories are maintained in groups groups chimpanzees for example they have a territory that they will maintain in a group and um defend against other troops or groups of chimpanzees from entering so it's not necessarily always just one individual to a territory now territories put a lot of energy goes into maintaining them you've got to mark your scent you've got to patrol the Border or the perimeter and you've got to be prepared to stand up for your territory otherwise you could lose it so it is as a um a risky strategy but actually the advantages will outweigh those risks because the territory gives you access to resources that you may not have otherwise had okay and actually once you establish your territory it's going to reduce competition because other members of your species will know that that is your space hierarchies are another way to do this um particularly animals that live in groups so we're looking at wolves are a really good example of having a hierarchy so it's a ranking system in which members pseudo members will be ranked over the others okay a game that's going to reduce and track specific competition because once the hierarchy is established you know you rank and there's not a lot of movement between ranks it means that the fittest animals those who are the strongest maybe the fastest the most suited to their environment they're usually the ones that get access to the mates they get to reduce reproduce pass on their favorable alleles their strong traits to our next Generation the lower ranked individuals they get the last access to resources but actually being an a member of the wolf pack for example is better than being on your own where you may not get any food at all okay then a Cooperative uh relationships we've got um group formation so again lots of animals live together in a group because safety in numbers they are able to share roles so for example share parenting roles raise Offspring um together as a group you and spread that energy costs around but it does also mean that potential increase in interest specific competition also high density living you could spread diseases and things also courtship behaviors and parental care as well and um you just have a way we flick through those later on so again this is a really typical exam question um so this is looking at the BET ear fox the idea is that you don't necessarily have ever needed to heard of the BET Ed Fox so don't worry if you haven't um it gives you everything you need to know in the bloop so this is Slide 19. um gives you everything you need to know in the blurb about um their relationships as a group as a um peer Bond and parental behaviors as well and then again it asks you to comment on the what what are these terms so the um monogamy relationship we see in animals as a ongoing um one male one female breeding partner Pierre okay and then they raise the young parental care lots of animals um take a very different strategy to um these courtship behaviors to this peer bonding and parental care lots of animals get around this by having lots and lots and lots of Offspring and some will most will probably die but because you're having thousands some are likely to live so that's like an octopus takes that strategy whereas these bit in foxes they put the energy into having just one or two Offspring but then they look after them they raise them they protect them and so they're much more likely to survive okay so what are the advantages and disadvantages so the why that's our question is the why there um why are we seeing these monogamous relationships why are we seeing this parental care and again you're linking it back to how we can survive how they survive reproduce ensure their offspring survived and pass on those favorable alleles okay sorry I'm just aware of the time and then finally we've got our inter-specific relationships um which you potentially would have covered in year 12 um if you've done the if you did the community pattern internal but you should have also covered in this topic so looking at mutualism where everybody benefits commensalism one benefits one's unaffected competition nobody wins with competition because as I mentioned before even if you get the resource you've had to spend energy you wouldn't have otherwise had to and exploitation of course um one member benefits the other is harmed and onto that slide 21. and on to slide 22. so talking about exploitation Predators what do predators do in order to ensure they get the food they need but also pray how do they ensure their survival what strategies do they have okay so sorry about the IT issues um there was a a real Whirlwind through the topic um but hopefully you've got something out of that and um I've been of help to you tonight but in terms of um exam tips remember just take your time and read questions really carefully because they are wanting you to use the evidence and the blurb they give you in the question five minutes been planning is a really valuable five minutes and year exam um I know particularly if you're doing three standards in the exam it can be really tempting just to dive straighten but what you rest doing in those situations is kind of waffling off on the wrong direction and so you end up spending the 20 minutes you allocate to each question going down the wrong path so spending five minutes just to read really carefully and jot down ideas make a little plan is a really really valuable way to use your time and just work through your bullet points um methodically and keep thinking of the What the how and why and then the links how does this link to survival and reproduction just got one question um Doug's online go to slide 13. um and explain the Predator is it pre-read and pay far experiments on slide 13 why does period and Hamlet flowering on the shorts day plants and doesn't pay Farid and have it flaring on short day plants Okay so what's happening on on the grass on slide 13 is Yes photochrome red is actually inactive it doesn't actually do anything phytochrome Fire Red doesn't not a lot happening in it phytochrome fire red that's the active form so phytochrome fire red is either going to promote flowering or inhabit flowering now what they did in these experiments is they if we start with the third bar along they took what was a long night but they for one hour in the middle of the night they expose the light their Plateau red light what that happened caused was a rapid change from all that phytochrome red rapidly changed into phytochrome Fire Red now what essentially that did was it took a long night and it broke it up into two short nights so that's why we see the long day plant flowering in the short day plant not flowering because actually the day length isn't what's important it's the night length which is quite counter-intuitive really because and plants we often talk about how important day is and light and sunlight and things like that but actually it's the the night that's important when it comes to flowering because it's that um slow conversion of fire red buttered and Tibet of buttercream red now in the fourth bar along what they did was they started to play with that a little bit so you'll see they exposed it to an hour of red light but they also exposed it to an hour of really intense far Red Line so because of the intensity of that far red light It sped up that slow conversion and it kind of counteracted the red light and so they started to manipulate it so where you see that far red light and red light together they've canceled each other out and so we've gone back to having one long night in a short day so that's why we see our short day plant flowering there in over here the far red and the red will count cancel each other out but there's also another hour of red light so what they're doing is they're just manipulating that conversion process from um changing that Vodacom red to far red doing it really quickly based on the settings that the plant was in okay so where you see that far red and that red light together think about how that cancels each other out I hope that makes sense cool and there's one last question um can you please explain kin's selection not sure what that means but okay yeah and the selection is a phenomenon we see in um groups of animals where it's a kind of a it was considered to be a form of altruism so self-sacrificing Behavior but it's not really so pen selection is when you an individual will kind of sacrifice a resource um in order to give it to a relation as an animal an individual that is closely related to them so is able to usually and off an offspring so that they are able to survive reproduce um and pass on yeah closely related alleles so that that's can selection so it's um about an individual um ensuring the survival of its relatives in order to ensure alleles are going to be passed on those closely related alleles will be passed On to the Next Generation cool and I think that's about it so um it's 702 now I'd just like to thank Emma once again sorry about the technical difficulties to Emma about oh our 20 minutes in we had Doug show your slideshow um so it actually it actually looks fine you just weren't aware so that's cool um I'll put the slideshow in the description of the video this video will still be attached the same length so you can watch this again under the same video link um but yeah so having a good day um and yeah thank you ever once again awesome thank you so much for having me guys