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Chemistry and Electricity Study Guide

May 4, 2025

Study Guide: Chemistry and Electricity

This study guide covers essential terminology and concepts from two textbook chapters related to Chemistry and Electricity. It's important to review these notes thoroughly and utilize additional resources for a comprehensive understanding.

Chemistry Concepts

Basic Terminology

  • Acidic Solution: pH below 7.
  • Alkaline Solution: pH above 7.
  • Alpha Hydroxy Acids (AHAs): Acids derived from plants used for skin exfoliation.
  • Ammonia: Colorless gas with pungent odor, made of hydrogen and nitrogen.

Ions

  • Anion: Ion with a negative electrical charge.
  • Cation: Ion with a positive electrical charge.

Matter and Molecules

  • Element: Simplest form of chemical matter; cannot be broken down further.
  • Molecule: Chemical combination of two or more atoms.
  • Matter: Substance that occupies space and has mass.

Chemical Reactions

  • Endothermic Reaction: Requires absorption of energy or heat.
  • Exothermic Reaction: Releases significant heat.

Solutions and Emulsions

  • Emulsifier: Ingredient that binds incompatible materials into a stable mixture.
  • Oil in Water Emulsion (O/W): Oil droplets emulsified in water.
  • Water in Oil Emulsion (W/O): Water droplets emulsified in oil.

Other Terms

  • Glycerin: Sweet, colorless, oily substance used in creams.
  • Hydrophilic: Attracts water.
  • Lipophilic: Attracts oils.
  • Ionization: Separation of an atom/molecule into ions.
  • pH Scale: Measures acidity/alkalinity from 0 to 14; 7 is neutral.

Safety

  • Safety Data Sheet (SDS): Provides safety information about products.
  • Sodium Hydroxide: Strong alkali used in products/cleaners.

Electricity Concepts

Basic Concepts

  • Electricity: Movement of electrons along a conductor.
  • Electric Current: Flow of electricity.
  • Conductor: Material that conducts electricity (e.g., copper).
  • Insulator: Material that does not conduct electricity (e.g., rubber, glass).

Types of Current

  • Direct Current (DC): Flows in one direction; used in flashlights, phones.
  • Alternating Current (AC): Rapidly changes direction; used in household appliances.

Electrical Measurements

  • Volt (V): Measures electrical pressure.
  • Ampere (A): Measures strength of current.
  • Milliampere (mA): 1/1000 of an ampere.
  • Ohm (O): Measures resistance.
  • Watt (W): Measures energy usage per second.
  • Kilowatt (KW): 1000 watts.

Safety Devices

  • Fuse: Prevents excessive current by melting when overloaded.
  • Circuit Breaker: Switch that interrupts circuit when overloaded.
  • Grounding: Carries current safely away.
  • Ground Fault Interrupter: Prevents shock by interrupting circuit.

Electrotherapy Modalities

Modalities

  • Electrode: Applicator for directing current.
  • Polarity: Direction of electric current (positive/negative).

Galvanic Current

  • Positive Electrode (Anode): Produces acidic reaction.
  • Negative Electrode (Cathode): Produces alkaline reaction.
  • Ionophoresis: Infuses products into skin using electric current.
  • Cataphoresis: Infuses acidic products.
  • Anaphoresis: Infuses alkaline products.

Microcurrent

  • Microcurrent: Low-level electricity mirroring body's impulses.
  • Benefits: Improves circulation, muscle tone, elasticity, etc.

Tesla High-Frequency Current

  • Tesla Current: Heat-producing with high oscillation; used for skin treatments.
  • Benefits: Stimulates blood circulation, improves skin action.

Light Therapy

  • Light Therapy (Phototherapy): Uses light for skin treatment.
  • Ultraviolet Light (UV): Short wavelength, high energy; three types:
    • UVA: Strongest, used in tanning beds.
    • UVB: "Burning light," can cause sunburn.
    • UVC: Blocked by the ozone layer.

Conclusion

This guide provides a foundational understanding necessary for the state board exam. Review these notes alongside textbook chapters and state board materials for optimal preparation.

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