chemistry and electricity study guide please read both chapters in your textbook fully for more information on each subject this video is longer than usual because it's going over two different chapters it is very important and you want to watch it until the end please download any reference study material provided by your state board to help you better prepare for your test go over the outline of all chapters your test will will consist of and be sure to reread your textbook for a better understanding let's get into some chemistry terminology acidic solution a solution that has a pH below 7 alkaline solution a solution that has a pH above 7 Alpha hydroxy acids abbreviated ahas acids derived from Plants mostly fruits that are often used to exfoliate the skin ammonia is a colorless gas with a pungent odor that is composed of hydrogen and nitrogen anion an ion with a negative electrical charge cat ion an ion with a positive electrical charge chemistry science that deals with the composition structures and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions electrons subatomic particles with a negative charge element the simplest form of chemical matter an element cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without a loss of identity emulsifier an ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable mixture endothermic reaction chemical reaction that requires the absorption of energy or heat from an external source for the reaction to occur exothermic reaction chemical reaction that releases a significant amount of heat glycerin sweet colorless oily substance used as a solvent and as a Moisturizer in skin and body creams hydrophilic capable of combining with or attracting water imiss liquids that are are not capable of being mixed together to form a stable solution ion an atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge ionization the separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions lipophilic having an affinity for an attraction to fat and oils oil loving matter any substance that occupies space and has mass or weight molecule a chemical combination of two or more atoms indefinite fixed proportions oil in water emotion abbreviated o w emotion oil droplets emulsified in water PH the abbreviation used for potential hydrogen pH represents the quantity of hydrogen ions pH scale measures the acidity and alkalinity of a substance the pH scale has a range of 0 to 14 with seven being neutral pH below 7 is an acidic solution a pH above of seven is an alkaline solution safety data sheet required by law for all products sold SDS include safety information about products compiled by the manufacturer including hazardous ingredients safe use on handling procedures proper disposal guidelines and precautions to reduce the risk of accidental harm or overexposure sodium hydroxide it is a very strong Alkali used in chemical products and cleaners commonly known as lie solution a stable uniform mixture of two or more substances solvent is the substance that dissolves the solute and makes a solution water and oil emotions abbreviated wo emotion water droplets emulsified in oil electricity is the movement of electrons from one atom to another along a conductor electricity is a form of energy that when in motion exhibits magnetic chemical or thermal effects electric current is the flow of electricity along a conductor a conductor is any material that conducts electricity most metals are good conductors this means electricity will pass through the material easily copper is a great conductor and it is used in electric wiring and electric motors a nonconductor also known as an insulator is a material that does not transmit electricity such as rubber silk wood glass and cement are good insulators there are two typ types of electric current direct current abbreviated as DC is a constant even flowing current that travels in One Direction only and it is produced by chemical means flashlights cell phones and cordless tools use direct current an inverter is an apparatus that changes direct current to alternating current inverters usually have a PL PL and a cord the phone charger in a car is an example of an inverter alternating current abbreviated AC is a rapid and interrupted current flowing first in One Direction and then in the opposite direction it is produced by chemical means changes Direction 60 times per second curling irons electric files and table lamps that plug into an Outlet use alternating current electrical measurements a volt abbreviated as V and also known as voltage is the unit that measures the pressure or force that pushes electric current forward through a conductor an ampere abbreviated as a and also known as an amp is a unit that measures the strength of an electric current a milliampere abbreviated as ma is 1 to 1,000 of an ampere what it means is that 1 ampere is equal to 1,000 milliamp the current that is used for facial and scalp treatments is measured in milliamp an omm abbreviated as O is a unit that measures the resistance of an electric current a watt abbreviated as W is a unit that measures how much electric energy is being used in 1 second a 40 W light bulb uses 40 watts of energy per second a kilowatt abbreviated KW is 1,000 watt the electricity in your house is measured in kilowatt per hour k wh safety devices a fuse prevents excessive current from passing through a circuit it is designed to blow out or melt when the wire becomes too hot from overloading the circuit with too much current a circuit breaker is a switch that automatically interrupts or shuts off an electric circuit at the first indication of an overload grounding completes an electric circuit and carries the current safely away a ground fault interruptor is designed to prevent from electrical shock by interrupting a house hold circuit when there is a leak in the circuit now let's talk about some Electro therapy modalities Currents use and electrical facial and scalp treatments are called modalities each modality produces a different effect on the skin an electrode also known as a probe is an applicator for directing electric current from an electrotherapy device to the client's skin polarity refers to the poles of an electric current it'll be either a positive or A negative the electrodes on many electro therapy devices have one negatively charged pole and one positively charged pole the positive electrode is called an anode the anode is usually red and it is marked with a p or a plus sign the negative electrode is called a cathode it is usually black and it is marked with an N or a minus sign the negatively charged electrons from the cathode flow to the positively charged anode galvanic current is a constant and direct current having a positive and negative pole that produces chemical changes when it passes through the tissues and fluids of the body two different chemical reactions are possible with galvanic current depending on the polarity meaning positive or negative that is being used the active electrode is the electrode used on the area to be treated the inactive electrode is the opposite Pole from the active electrode the effects produced by the positive pole are the exact opposite of those produced by the negative pole galvanic current is used to infuse water soluble products into un broken skin let's see if this helps you understand better ionophoresis is the process of infusing water soluble products into the skin with the use of electric current such as the use of the positive and negative poles of a ganic machine cataphoresis infuses an acidic positive product into deeper tissues using Galvan current from the positive pole towards the negative pole anaphoresis infuses an alkaline negative product into the tissues from the negative pole towards the positive pole here's a helpful chart effects of galvanic current positive pole is called an anode while being used during cataphoresis the negative Pole is called a cathode during aneris remember that each pole will do the opposite of each other so for example using the positive pole will create an acidic reaction while using the negative pole it will produce an alkaline reaction so again during cataphoresis it produces an acidic reaction it closes the pores soothes nerves decreases blood supply Supply contract blood vessels hardens and firms the tissue during anop foris which again being used in the negative polarity it produces an alkaline reaction it opens the pores stimulates and irritates the nerves increases blood supply expands blood vessels and softens the tissues desincrustation is a form of anop for Reeses is a process used to soften and emulsify grease deposits oils and blackheads in the hair follicles desincrustation is frequently used to treat acne Mia in kodon also known as blackheads and white heads so you guys the synr station it is a solution that is used to help soften the follicles to make extractions easier next we have microcurrent it is an extremely low level of electricity that mirrors the body's natural electrical impulses microcurrent can be used for ionophoresis firming toning and soothing the skin microcurrent does not travel throughout the entire body only the specific area that is being treated microcurrent can be effective in the following ways improves blood and lymph circulation produces acidic and alkaline reactions opens and closes hair follicles in pores increases muscle tone restores elasticity reduces redness and inflammation minimizes healing time for acne lesions and increases metabolism the Tesla highfrequency current is a thermal or heat producing current with a high rate of oxolation or vibration that is commonly used for scalp and facial treatments Tesla current does not produce muscle contractions and the effect can either be stimulating or soothing depending on the method of application the electrodes are made of either glass or metal and only one electrode is used to perform a service benefits of the Tesla highfrequency current are stimulates blood circulation improves the deroyal action relieves skin congestion increases skin metabolism light therapy is also known as phototherapy it is the application of light rays to the skin for treatment of wrinkles capillaries or pigmentation or for hair removal visible light is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be seen invisible light is the light at either end of the visible spectrum of light that is invisible to the naked eye ultraviolet light abbreviated as UV light and also known as cold light is invisible light that has a short wavelength giving higher energy is less penetrating than visible light causes chemical reactions to happen more quickly than VIs visible light produces less heat than visible light and kills some germs there are three types of UV light ultraviolet a also known as UVA has the strongest wavelength of the UV light spectrum and penetrates directly into the dermis of the skin damaging the collagen and elastin UVA is the light that is often used in tanning beds ultraviolet B known as UVB is often called The Burning light because it is the most associated with sunburn excessive use of both UVA and UVB light can cause skin cancers ultraviolet C UVC light is blocked by the ozone layer that is it for today's video thank you so much for watching if you found the information helpful don't forget to share like and of course please consider subscribing let me know in the comments down below if you are currently studying for your stateboard written exam you guys thank you so much for your continued support of my channel I appreciate it more than you know don't forget to keep going keep growing I'll see you guys on the next one bye guys