so it's it name implies we're going to be looking at the orbital surface of the frontal so this will be a ventral View as we'll have our frontal loes and we'll have as landmarks here the old Factory Tracks and old factory bulbs that you see on the vental surface of the frontal lobe these represent all Factory track will have this later an old factory bulb we're just using them now for a landmark and our orbital frontal cortex then will be this area it's orbital it's frontal as we see it from this plane and it will deal with emotions it has Rich connections with the amygdaloid nucleus or amydala Amiga or that's the noun or amygdaloid nucleus if you see it that way and one of the emotions that the amygdaloid deals with mostly is fear what does amydala mean most people know almond so you can picture it shape it's the shape and size of an almond and where is it whoops top of the screen sort of a lopsided cortex here remember we had the hippocampus deep in our temporal lobe and just at the anterior end of the hippocampus here is our amygdala or amygdaloid nucleus which deals with many emotions but fear predominantly and it has connections with the hippocampus with the hypothalamus hypothalamus for emotional responses so we're seeing lots of our cortex and deals with emotions but this to just put in emphasize these because this area is being worked on a great deal now so let's see if there's anything more we want to say about our frontal lobe or if that does it pretty well oh one of the interesting things about our prefrontal cortex is its Ro in inhibition you know before you say something you're weighing should I say it or not and more importantly it should be not said many times so we're very glad that part of our prefrontal cart has an inhibitory function inhibitory function essentially what not to say and you'll find when you lecture too all the time there's so much information that you think you want to say but you're weeding that out and saying it's most important to keep on this track and don't bring in the other but these inhibitory fibers become reduced with aging you notice that it's so much fun say what you want when you want take the consequences but in one area where I think it's rather humorous is that we all know swear words but most of the time we don't use them we've heard them all we sort of look at somebody who uses them we inhibit them but for some people as they get older they lose that inhibition I had a student come to me and she said she had a grandfather who was a famous judge down in Modesto you know where Medesto is down in the salak valley and as he got older he was using all these profane words and every way was just shocked at him it was so in congruous to his normal personality but you don't know what's going to happen to you with aging what is going to be lost for benefit or For Worse all right that gives you a very brief picture of how Dynamic your frontal loes are let's move on to our parietal loes and here we've started with them already where we had our Central sulcus again and we put in the post Central gyrus for primary sensory post Central gyrus and we said that we had our our numbers here will be we'll do it out here where we have more room to write three one and two and why do we give three first because three is down on the surface this anterior surface of our post Central gyus and then one and two at the inferior aspect of the post Central gyrus we'll have taste we had our other sensory modal ities touch pressure superiorly touch pressure what's the one we gave you in class what sensory modality came to the post Central gyrus pain and temperature and kinesthetic sense what pathway in your spinal cord is bringing up kinesthetic sense to your post Central gyrus if you don't remember the name of the pathway think of how you divide your white matter in the cord do you remember it all should I wait here till somebody has the answer then you really have to start thinking posterior finicula sure gillus and Cate fauli those are all conscious proprioception or kinesthetic sense so now as we move back let's come into we'll have a suus I'll just put it here this sulcus is called the intra parietal sulcus intra parial sulcus so we'll have a superior parial and an inferior parietal what we want to look at first is what's happening in our in inferior parietal cortex so we're going to follow our lateral fiser back and our lateral Fisher curves up into our inferior parietal area and the area at the end of the fissure is area 40 that's called the Supra marginal gyrus Supra marginal gyrus if I follow my lateral Fisher back into the inferior parietal area what happens if you have a lesion there does anybody want to test with me whether he or she has a lesion in in the you want to come I'll do it fine okay turn around put out your right hand close no Palm up close eyes now tell me what's there that's a piece of talk right if he couldn't he'd have what's called AER agnosis some people can't very simple you know whether that part of your brain is working congrat congratulations yours is thank you nice simple test so the simple test for AER agnosis the ability to recognize something with touch but it comes from a specific area of your cortex so a [Music] stereognosis means lack of this is the condition if the if you have a lesion in 40 you get AER agnosis lack of ability to recognize something with touch and just think how important that is you reach in your pocket for your keys and you know whether you want your house key your door key or or your car key or whatever you never think about it do you just reach in two seconds you pull out one this is the area that's working for you so now we go back to we did 40 in yellow we're going to follow the superior temporal sulcus back into inferior parial I don't want yellow this will be area 39 this one is my Superior I temporal keep getting too much yellow Chu Superior temporal sulcus coming to 39 39 is what is known as the angular gyrus it deals with such things as logic math they find if lesions are here they have difficulty with these functions but it also serves to integrate information from visual cortex we're going to see in a moment auditory cortex so we'll just put in integrates info from visual auditory and general sensory coures so now knowing what you know about the cerebral hemispheres our frontal and our parietal cortex and you want to study to see which area is most intelligent compared to between between people which two areas might you take prefrontal and angr gyus exactly that's why when we did Einstein's brain we took area 39 and we took area 9 we wanted Superior frontal and inferior parietal so that's why it's important that if you're going to study in this field that you know these areas so you know what would make to invest that amount of time you want to be sure you've got the areas that would possibly be involved so let's go on then we need now Superior parietal so so we have five and seven up here in Superior parietal and one of the reasons I want to give it to you you may recall that when we talked about the cortical spinal tract which was our primary motor tract cortical spinal tract we started with area four and we said it was primarily area four carrying voluntary motor down to the spinal cord but I said there were adjacent inputs but now that you've seen we we have three 1 and two here they do contribute we'll just turn them around to 1 two and three and we can contribute and five so all of these send into our cortical spinal tract when I said adjacent areas for years we just taught area 4 until people found that these other areas are putting in too so now what can we say about the superior parial that if I have a lesion on my right Superior parietal what syndrome will I develop if any of you heard of the neglect syndrome neglect syndrome so alion and right parietal you'll have a neglect syndrome on the left Superior parial but we'll just put it on the neglect syndrome on the left body left side of the body on left side of body and this can vary in amount because you may get dressed in the morning I've said this before I'm sure that you put on you pull your jacket off and you quickly put your right arm in your right sleeve and your left arm in your left sleeve if you have a leion in your right Superior parietal you don't put your you don't even know that there's a left side over here you just neglect it the way you'll do it in the office if you have a patient which is easy you say draw a clock and they'll draw a clock and they'll put one two three four five six and they stop have no left input all right so obviously you have a healthy then five and seven up here so let's say that would be your introduction to your parietal lobe let's go back to the occipital lobe and the occipital lobe I think so much has been done on Vision as I've said before is that they thought it would be easier than anything else because it's only one modality coming back to our occipital lobe and here we're going to Define it by a preoccipital notch that you can see here on the inferior surface of the hemisphere preoccipital Notch and a little bit coming over on the lateral surface here we'll see it more on the medial in a moment this is the parietal occipital fisser so if we draw an arbitrary line between these we designate then our occipital lobe but within it we will have our numerical designations we can have the occipital pole this will be area 17 it's our primary visual Tex this is called V1 for the in animal work so many work on the monkey for the visual cortex then we have visual Association surrounding it so this will be Area 18 and more medially up more interiorly we'll have area 19 and these two then will be your visual Association coures and we've given you examples of how to think what your visual Association cortex does for you you can see the handle on your door as you go into your house can't you right memory stored in your visual Association coures now how does this look on the medial surface because we have much more on the medial surface for vision than we have on the lateral surface you can see why one picture is worth a th words you have a lot of representation on your cortex for vision input we'll put in our Corpus colossum to let you know that this is a midline cut and here we're going to introduce a a Fisher that we haven't had before does anybody know the name of the big Fisher on the medial surface of the cortex in the occipital lobe pardon caline right calron Fisher thank you so adjacent to the calan Fisher we will have a healthy representation of area 17 Then followed by 18 followed by 19 so if you look carefully on this you'll see at this position your preoccipital notch and your parial occipital fisser so designating clearly a large representation of Vision on the medum surface now next time we'll when we discuss the eye we'll look at lesions for this because it depends on where in the system you're making your lesions uh what kind of manifestations you'll have from the field of vision so I think this will be an introduction to your occipital cortex but just because it's it's Vision it doesn't mean that's the only thing that goes in to um this part of the cortex hippocampus goes in hypothalamus goes in lots of other areas feed in it's but it's primarily vision and that's what most people study so let's look now at the temporal lobe and remember this is all out this is all lateral and this is medial as we put in our next sensory modality into to the temporal lobe so we'll have the lateral fissure again and we'll have the superior temporal gyrus coming back and now we can put in an area on the superior temporal gyrus which will be your primary auditory cortex and then it will be surrounded by and primary auditory cortex is area 41 it helps refine this by giving the numbers surrounded by auditory Association cortex and that will be area 42 and the rest of the superior temporal gyrus will be area 22 anterior and posterior will be area 22 and again it's auditory Association cortex refining each time you go from the primary to us another auditory Association to the most refined auditory Association now what does posterior I've read different things here but I'll give you what Niti says because that's the book we use for our graduate course he's just the author who says that posterior 22 is for vestibular input and so when we study the ear you'll see that vestibular and auditory are part of the same eighth nerve so represented on the same gyrus here now another area in this region is called War's area what's War's area for what what part of it pardon word understanding versus motor like brokas so we're going to put in War's area but I'm putting it in with a question mark because more recent research but what I wanted to show here is look at visual representation versus auditory res representation tremendous so we're going to look at orni's area it's for word understanding it's one thing to hear a word it's another to understand what it means and classical wores has always been in the area of a posterior this area posterior lateral fig sure that's classical Wares but George oan who's a neurosurgeon at the University of Washington um stimulates the brain trying to find a fosi for an epileptic seizure so he can remove it so he stimulates quite a bit of this left hemisphere and he has found that War's area can be in many different places but he stated that in his most intelligent patients whatever that means that he would find that orn area was down here in the middle let's put it one below in the middle of the middle temporal gyus so if we have X's underlined middle temporal gyus or any keys for more intelligent people but I give these because you go to meetings today and with our more refined technology they're showing that these old classical areas served a purpose all in the text we all learn them but with more refinement they'll pick it up someplace else just like broker's area which was down here 44 and 45 with more refined techniques Peter ful Fox from Washington u in St Louis he was Finding broker's area all around here so just to let you know we we teach you a basic that everybody knows and then you know with more modern technology you'll get other pictures as well so an experiment that went on with uh War's area recently down at CLA was trying to find out whether there were more dendritic branches on nerve cells from people who had had different levels of education so if you're going to try to figure out thank you what part of the brain you're going to look at they figured that word understanding would be a good foundation to look for so they had college graduates they had this study going for dendri branching in college graduates in Wes area high school graduates and elementary school graduates and they found that as you went up with more education greater dendritic trees existed with college education but it's just to show cuz we did early work on with our animals showing that with enrich you get more dendrites but people always say well can you do the same thing with humans so this was the same thing with humans where they had a gradation of little education so when you're studying out there students always tell me it hurts to learn I said those dendrites are trying to find their Pathways right please what's your question were these people the same age what were they the same age I'd have to go back to the study but enough that it was accepted in the scientific literature so it was well done let's look at our slides cuz I have some slides for you now all right here's our lateral view of our cortex and we had our post Central gyus our precentral gyus our Central sulcus and then we would this would be area four precentral voluntary motor and then premotor where you'd have planning on the other side and then we'd have our conjugate eye movements coming in with eight and then 9 10 and 11 our orbital gyrus would be 11 down here here's our 44 and 45 for broka area in the class iCal sense our Superior temporal gyrus and right here you'd have auditory primary auditory that's called hessel's gyus you'll see hesel in your vocabulary words so you'll get that clinically when they talk about auditory they'll say where's hessel's gyus you know it's on Superior temporal gyrus and here's your middle temporal gyrus and we can see the if we follow the middle temporal sulcus back this will be the angular gyrus here and if we follow the superior I mean excuse me the lateral Fisher back this is super marginal 40 39 very important inferior parietal areas and then your Superior parietal areas will be up here if this is my post Central gyrus five and seven would be here and then our preoccipital Notch would be here and you'll see a little of the parietal occipital sulcus here in this one very small lateral portion of our visual cortex and our prefrontal here which is most highly evolved as I ask the students frequently are we going to continue to go forward or with stress will it take us back what would your father say to that one it's a question for him he's an evolutionary biologist so we can find out what he would project in the next one this is just a show without all the marking so you could do this on your own now you look for your preoccipital Notch would be right in here and this parietal occipital fissure would be coming in here join the two again very small occipital cortex here here's your Superior temporal gyrus so you'd have your hesel gyus right here with the association fibers around it and centers and take it on back for vestibular here's your primary sensory cortex primary motor and so forth but look at this is a big my goodness what a talker look at broka area think professors have bigger ones what do you know here we go next one please and this gives us our see how marked is our parietal occipital fissure on the medial surface here's the calcarine fure so very clearly do you see the delineation here it's a little hard to say which of these would be a preoccipital notch from here to take this up but here's Primary Vision on each side of the Calin fissure and then visual Association surrounding it and here's our Corpus colossum in the next one and this will show our medial orbital cortex here which is actually 11 here are uh what are they old Factory Tracks with olda Factory bulbs right next one and this will show that the posterior cerebral artery will supply our visual cortex it also will supply inferior temporal now can everybody in class tell me what artery this is I don't hear a thing middle cerebral right I told you my physics Professor drilled f equals Ma and we say it in our sleep even now so I want you to remember middle cerebral and then you have the anterior cerebral creeping over the top so if you have an anterior cerebral lesion you could be paralyzed in your feet with your upside down homunculus here's the anterior cerebral on the medial surface these on the cortex are going to bring many patients into your offices so you should know them well in the next one and here's the insula we didn't have time to talk about the insula but it sort of is a part of the cortex which got lost behind when Nina droners comes to speak to you on uh she's a speech pathologist she'll let you know that this has something to do with speech that they found in more recently they used to say it was dealing with Vis visceral functions very general in the next one now who can tell me what's wrong with these brains now that you're young neuro anatom what's missing the Corpus colossum evident ly 1% of the people don't have a corpus kosum do you have yours I don't know if I have mine but this was a brain that we had in class it came to us the man per he what did he do he died of empyema and the brain was a whole brain my students cut it in half to begin to study and they stood back you could tell something was wrong they said this is not a normal brain and we went back and sure enough the Corpus colossum was not here you don't have a singul gyus like you have in with the Corpus kosum there so we called the hospital it turned out was A 42-year-old male he had had empyema and U that's what he died of there was no record because medical records don't take behavioral data it's one thing we are missing when we have our checkups but so what we look for then this is his anterior commissure it's about three times the size as a normal anterior comater so something was trying to compensate but definitely couldn't compensate for a whole Corpus colossum and his Mass intermedia here in the thalamus is bigger anyhow next one this is to show paramal cells in your cortex we didn't have time for neurohistology and these fibers that are light light are all recurrent collaterals coming into the cortex off of the axons that are leaving next one and this shows that layer one of your cortex has no paramal cells or no stellite cells next one next one please this is a parameter cell but two kinds of cells to make your cortex for all of your ideas come from paramal cells or stellite cells next one these are stellite cells next one what do you think of this sort of playing with knowledge we start with a single Circle we develop one dendrite ignorance we add some knowledge with that knowledge we get creativity and reason we get then we begin to think of others love generosity but wisdom doesn't come until the six ordered dendrites because you have such a broad spectrum to sample and we showed in our old animals this is where we could still show growth with aging in wisdom so we drew this little cartoon for you so that's the I had to say something about cortical to quck the cortex because we go to Vision the next time e