clearly from students today we are going to see experiment number six of ele2181 which is oscilloscope and function generator so in this experiment our objectives are to perform the easy analysis in multisense and to obtain and understand the behavior of certain instruments like oscilloscopes and function generators and to see the oscilloscope and function generator equipment real time in our labs okay to measure various amplitudes and frequencies um we will be seeing about the lab part of the oscilloscope and function generator in the next part of the experiment but now let's concentrate on the theory background so oscilloscope and function generated involves and there are two equipments like you will find them in the multisim at the right hand the when you go to the third or the fourth part we will be finding it here so if you click on this one it is no it's a power meter so this one the porch and this is an oscilloscope this is what we will be using and we will be using another equipment which is called as a function generator if you click on this once you will see what each one is so this is the function generator we'll be using the function generator also let me just put it on this side okay so an oscilloscope is a very important electronic equipment and this equipment is used for displaying waveforms across time okay so this is how it looks like and it's a dual trace oscilloscope it allows two waveforms at the same time so you can compare two varying or voltages across a constant time okay so we will sit here and you can place it here so this is how the icon would look like now when you go to the controls of this equipment so for example let me reverse the screen because i haven't run anything so it doesn't have a source okay so let me just i will show you how to connect it but for now let me just put it like that so you understand it better uh and you have to give a parameters here now let me give it to something uh let me give it as two weeks okay i will show you what i have done uh but just i want to check uh i want you to check all these from here okay so let me pause it so this is how the control screen will look like well here the white screen that you can see on the black screen you can see is the graphical display and then the reverse screen will change the screen to black and white and you can save your waveforms from here if you see the time-based scale you can increase the time-based scale like if you can see you can make the waveform more constricted or more free you can increase the voltage or decrease the voltage as per your convenience you can see the same thing if you have another waveform you can do it here also so this is what it is okay now the time days when b bar a is selected okay here we have b bar a is selected the horizontal axis would represent the voltage on the a channel and the vertical axis will represent voltage on the b channel when a bar b when you select this one the horizontal axis will represent the voltage on the channel b and the vertical answers will represent voltage on the channel a if you select them then we have x bars and y bars x bars and y powers are used to see the horizontal place where the curve behind stop for example like this and the y position is used to move the girl up or down in the y-axis okay so this is why we have the positions and i cannot trace this uh this here to a and b okay so we have two channels and you have the volts per division which i showed you you can adjust them the volts per division and you can also find out the y position for changing it up and down and we have something called as ac coupling dc coupling here if you have ac coupling only the ac components are displayed okay like it is like placing and capacitor in series with the oscilloscope probe if you have dc coupling both ac and dcr the sum of ac and dcr will be displayed and then you have something called a 0 display zero display it will give you the flat line only the main line okay so ac this is ac this is gc and this is zero line okay using cursors uh here we have two cursors you can use to measure the time like if you see t1 and set one like if i put here p1 is at this p2 will be at something so you can measure the difference between t1 and t2 like for me it is 983.71 microseconds okay um you can measure you can also like change the cursor to measure the time waveform whatever is asked for it okay now the function generator now for the function generator let's stop it and go to this one those are the options you can have a sine wave a triangular or a square wave you can set the frequency you can set the duty cycle and you can also set the offset if required okay so usually the function generator has a positive a common and a negative so the common terminal is the level of reference near negative it's a negative waveform positive will be the positive waveform so away from selection you can select any one of these three signal options uh based on that you will have frequency you can change the frequency from one hertz to 999 megahertz duty cycle from one percentage to 99 percentage can be done okay sorry let me just uh you know finish up with this one and i will minimize it okay now um so without me okay i'm supposed to have my pdf sorry so this is done and then we have uh the duty cycle from either one percentage to 99 percentage you have the amplitude from one millivolt to 99 nk volt you can set offset values you can set anything like that okay now for nil this mx software we have this is the software in our list mx okay here also we have uh the function generator and the oscilloscope now i haven't connected my elvis kit across it now but if you connect it you will see something like this okay these are the same functionalities approximately you can see this is a function generator this is the screen to the oscilloscope and this is the oscilloscope readings okay so this is how we have um you know the same features like uh three waveforms the frequency the amplitude the offset and if you connect your device you should see the name of your device here you should connect on run and the signal route will depend on the ports or the bnc cable you can change it from here okay these are the you have also a board analyzer i've shown you this is your function uh generator that we saw and now we're going to see the oscilloscope the same thing two channels and you can change the volts per division or time per division from here and you can run it to see the waveform if you connect your device you should see the supported device here okay so we have also a board analyzer to check uh the you know frequency of the log one of the make display etc this is how the board plot would look like and uh always remember this is the most important part of the function generated in oscilloscope when you have a full waveform like this the one peak to one trough is taken as one time period and the inverse of it would give you the frequency and from zero to the peak voltage will be vp and from the positive peak to the negative peak will be vpp and vrms would be 0.354 of vp okay and you should uh it's a graph oscilloscope is nothing but a graph device and it will give you the voltage level and the time okay the function generator can produce three different types we will be doing uh this in the coming part as a lab experiment in our labs but before that under prelabs we will be doing this on multisim okay using some resistors and jumper wires and oscilloscope etc so uh sorry this is uh what i have to do with on my device so i will fill this column for the function generator and oscilloscope in multiset okay so for example i have i need you to write the values that you're measuring here but i did it i mean these values should go down but i made uh you know i just wrote it here so this is the same thing okay so now what i would do is i would delete this one and i will take two resistances now i will delete this one also i will take two resistances if you can for any two values okay and um say okay and then i would just so i will rotate them each one of them this is actually 1k so let me put it as 1k and this is 560 ohms that's like zero ohms okay and i need to take a ground to complete the circuit and if we close it we'll just tie them together let's just pull them a little down from the positive it goes to r one which is one kilowatt sorry so you just pull it here okay and the common port it goes to the second resistance and you can also ground it and now the oscilloscope okay and from here it goes to the junction of these two resistances okay now set the function generator to one kilohertz and two bp here is vp you can set it directly but when we go to our lab you will see it would be set as vpp so you have to change it accordingly i have set and it's fine okay now the oscilloscope needs to be set at 0.1 millisecond per division so it's 100 microseconds and 2 volts per division so i've just set it like this okay and you have to change the oscilloscope to various values and just compute them okay this is the two volts and one kilohertz that you can see and this is the oscilloscope okay so i have already done the real oscilloscope function generator which you will be seeing in the later part of the video but when you are doing the experiment i need you to fill this stick book here first okay so for you i will just show you this table to see how it works okay now let me run the circuit and here you get a waveform so let me pause it and check if i can get you a full reform okay so let me make it a little bigger so it doesn't matter and i will also make this a little smaller so just for you to see it's visibility but you can leave it as such also okay exposition okay this is the start of the waveform okay now uh what we will fill in the table is to compute t how will we compute t um from the frequency it is equal to one divided by uh one kilo hertz which would be one millisecond the next one will be 1 divided by 2 kilohertz which would be 0.5 milliseconds okay 2 kilohertz now similarly the next one will be 1 divided by 4 kilohertz which is i think 0.25 and then similarly 1 divided by 6 kilo hertz i think it is um 0.166 something like that yeah 0.166 and 1 divided by 8 kilohertz will be point two something okay number of divisions we are one from zero to peak these are the number of divisions that you can see this block becomes one block so this is one and here it is almost one point one two three four five so i think it's almost 1.5 so here it is 1.5 okay and then we are two um let me leave this for now and then we are to uh how much is the value of vr2 in peak so i will just take a voltage probe here and place it at this point and um i will just run it again to make sure that okay this bpp will give you the vr2 peak okay which is 1.43 volt and here it is 1.43 and the number of divisions from 0 to p you can leave this column empty the time measured measured time how much is the time that we have measured i will tell you one block two block three block four block five it's almost five blocks yeah so five uh blocks into 500 sorry 200 microseconds uh which is almost one millisecond okay so you can write it as five into 200 micro seconds sorry here i'm not fixed five into 200 micro seconds it becomes a thousand microseconds which is one millisecond so number of divisions i told you is five you should check one full wave it's like from here up to here yeah so it's almost five blocks one two three four and five five blocks here so i would look to this by it and then the frequency is uh one divided by one millisecond okay and uh if i can just go a little you can try vr2 from the rms value here it's 508 millivolt okay now for the second one i will put it as two kilohertz and 4 vp or 4 vp 4 vp so i will just run the circuit again i will stop the values you can see the value from here you will write vr2 as 1.02 and vpp as peak value is 2.87 2.87 and the number of divisions from 0 to peak is 1 2 and it's almost 3 yeah it's almost 3 so i will write it as 3 yeah i'm sorry here it is three okay here it to add the is again i'm sorry [Music] okay here it would be three in this column it should be three and the number of uh time measured is one two and two point five so 2.5 into uh 200 microseconds so 2.5 into 200 micro seconds would be um how much uh uh 500 micro seconds uh 500 microseconds or 0.5 milliseconds yeah so it is almost 25 milliseconds and the number of uh i think 2.5 into 200 microseconds okay because i gave a space that's why yeah so this is how much it is and um number of divisions you can see is 2.5 2.5 divisions are available here so let me try i can make it smaller yeah here it is 2.5 divisions my editor is not the best editor so maybe if you think it was a better one two point five okay so yeah this is 2.5 uh now uh again if i change it to six volt and four kilohertz let me change it down four kilohertz and six volt i will run the circuit and i will pause it i will change the values here so that you can see the one okay now uh the number of divisions here uh is uh one two two point two maybe but it's one division always remember it was one division earlier it was five hundred millivolts 2.2 almost and the value is around 1 volt and the frequency the vrms is 1.52 so here i will write it at 1.52 the vpp is 4.3 volt so here it is 4.3 volt and the time the measurement of time let's check here it is um maybe let's just bring it a little here okay so it takes about 1.3 yeah so it's almost one point three into uh one point three into two in one point three here it is uh one point three into 200 micro seconds um 200 micro seconds which is almost uh how much 2.6 to 60 um 0.260 milliseconds or something like that and the number of divisions for the time is 1.2 or 1.3 for example here it is one point three and now again i will change it to six kilohertz and ep run the values i will bring this up so that you can see and i will also bring this up okay let me make this a little smaller wait a minute if i can so this is the value that you're getting you're getting around vrms is 2.03 and vpp is 5.73 okay and the number of divisions from 0 to peak is 1 2 and 3 3 into one volt which is the three remember that we have to put number of positions from here as three volt okay but uh first when we were doing for the first two values it was 500 millivolt so the next uh i'm putting it as one wood per division you should work with the one hole for division also and uh the number of divisions uh this one i'm gonna leave it empty i can find out the time you can also extend the time if you feel it comfortable like just extend it and move the positions a little to find the waveform so one two so it's almost 2.6 or 2.7 2.7 into 100 microseconds or 2.7 into 100 microseconds is um [Music] 2.6 if i can see clearly so you will get the value here my text i get 1.7 into how many microseconds 100 microseconds which is almost um 0.16 milliseconds so this is how we will get number of divisions is 1.7 okay so 1.7 the last one uh we will be putting it as 8 kilohertz and 10 vp from the circuit so i will just uh reduce the value here let me know this one i will increase the value here and i will stop it you can see the value of v rms which is 2.54 so i will put it as 2.54 and vpp is 7.7 7.17 okay and the number of divisions from zero to peak is one one point eight one point eight into two volts per division okay so one point eight but remember it is two volts per division okay here it was one one here it was 0.5 okay so remember to write at this point and we have to peek we've written number of divisions is empty now the t measures the time we can get away from like this is one completely form so it's almost 1.2 maybe so 1.2 into what is the time it's 100 microseconds sorry i need to add 1.2 into 100 microseconds so this would become [Music] 0.12 milliseconds or something like that and number of divisions is 1.2 so with this we come to here it is 1.2 with this we come to the end of our multisimming part of the experiment and we have to finish the review questions underneath and i will meet you in the next part which is doing the uh hardware part of the experiment okay alaikum students now we are going to see experiment number six of ele2181 which is oscilloscope and function generator the objectives of this experiment are that you should be able to do some ac analysis using the function generator and oscilloscope both in multisim as well as in the real-time equipment okay so we are going to see the oscilloscope and function generator in multisin in the first part of the video uh we will be discussing about what is the oscilloscope and what is the function generator so basically this experiment this equipment that you see here with the blue screen is called as an oscilloscope so an oscilloscope is an equipment very important equipment that displace waveforms okay and it's a dual trace oscilloscope and it has two channels okay so what is channel channels are channel one and channel two so you can see two waveforms at the same time now uh so if you can see multi-cell it looks like that we've seen it in the first part of the video whereas here it looks like this okay so we have the time and volts per division here uh which is used to change the time okay you can change the time by using this knob here and you can change the channel a and b's balls per division using this one using these um you know these knobs there is another part of uh the oscilloscope which is also called as a digital oscilloscope so the equipment that you see here this one is called as a digital oscilloscope and this digital oscilloscope can be used to see cursors and you have greater functionality they will be using this equipment in further uh videos like you have cursors you have measurements you have display this is also a two channel channel x and channel y and you have the time variation here and the voltage variation here okay now i will teach you with the traditional oscilloscope first and then let's move on to the digital oscilloscope uh now we have something called as a function generator function generator is also another important um variant that we will be equipment that we will be using for our labs we have something called as waveforms where we can see different waveforms sine waveform triangle square etcetera okay so how do we work with this we need to say the frequency amplitude offset etcetera so i'll show you how to work with this also in some time these are various settings that you can fit from here i will show you how to do the settings okay and the part of the oscilloscope that we see on multisim we've already done that and on ni elvis now let's jump to i think uh you know from page number 65 when you have a waveform like this remember the bpp what is vp i think you know what is vrms vpp is two times of vp you know what is time period one time taken for an entire wave we are on crossed and one trough is called time and it is the inverse of the frequency vp is from zero to the peak value v p is from minus v to plus v so the full waveform ok so i think you know this now this is how we will have the oscilloscope and the function generator this is a function generator and this is the oscilloscope usually in knowing how to do this now let me tell you using the oscilloscope and function generator we need to prove some two points to connect them together always remember students that there are two probes okay this probe that you see here with the green uh end here at the north and the one with this you know a clip like this this is the probe that is always used for an oscilloscope and the probe that you see here okay this probe with two crocodile clips at one end and a bnc connected at another like this this one it is the function generator group so the osmo screw probe is connected and you can connect it in any channel of your choice channel one or channel two now for me let's do it at for example channel one so we will take this cable connector we will connect it here and just rotate it so that it's tight and it doesn't pull off okay and we have this is the oscilloscope probe and this one is for the function generator we will put it here on the same hole you can take channel one and channel two sometimes you might have only channel one okay this is a new version where we have two channels you put it here if you put it just like that it would pull off so you have to put it on this one like this and just rotate it so that you can be sure that it's been connected okay now always remember that this black which are the grounds are connected together usually and this one which is the positive of the scope for the proboc connected with the positive of the function generator just connect them together like this okay let's leave them here i'm not using a breadboard okay i'm just showing you how it works i'm turning on the oscilloscope i am turning on the function generator it's a power switch you download both of them okay now you need to do something the first thing is you can go for a waveform okay so i click on waveform and you can go for uh sine square pulse ramp noise let me do sign okay so f1 sign now set its frequency and let me set it as one and click on the kilohertz here hertz kilohertz is f4 so kilohertz one kilohertz and then let me set the amplitude let me set the amplitude for example here as two uh you can set it as vpp mini vpp vrms vrms etc let me set it as vpp okay so two vpp means one vp okay remember the settings are for vpp not vp okay now you don't see a waveform here right if you want to see the waveform you need okay you can also give an offset value if you want dc offset if it's required if not just leave it and then click on output okay when you click on output frequency okay okay now we've connected them together now this is channel one now you should be getting away from here if there is by chance no waveform just click on the auto set button here so this would calibrate it just fix them properly okay now you can see a waveform how do i see your waveform maybe it's not very clear on your cameras see this is how the waveform looks like okay this is a sine waveform with one kilohertz or um and the vpp is two now you can also adjust the volts per division to make it big or small okay you can make it big or small remember when i put it as 2 vpp you get 0 to 1 1 2 2 or you can make it as 1 vpp now it becomes one two three four so four into one four four volts uh vpp or this is two into two two volts you can see it covering two blocks here when i when the channel one is at two divisions okay when i put it at one division it becomes four blocks when i make it as five volt it becomes about eight blocks or something okay let me make it as two and here this is the volts per direction if you want to increase the size of the waveform you can use this one they have something called this time for a division um the time permission now it's two millisecond okay now if you increase it it becomes one millisecond point five so you can make one full graph or you can make two waveforms three so this is how you adjust the time per division okay this is basic okay and then if you want to have another waveform for example a square waveform so this is the square waveform if i want to have another waveform for example a pulse this is how a pulse looks like okay i will just you can see it better here to have a positive and a negative okay and maybe i can increase the focus okay now if i want another waveform for example a ramp waveform you get a ramp okay so if i want you to get noise waveform okay this is a noise for example sine and now if i increase the amplitude okay so i go to amplitude this one was at 2 bpp if i make it at 4 vp okay amplitude but this is called millivp sorry and it is 4 and if i can change the frequency to like 4 kilohertz for example so this is how you can make the changes okay um i'm sorry now let's go into the pre-lab what do we need okay we need some resistors we have a breadboard here we need some jumper wires i have some jumper wires around me we need multimeters okay we have two multimeters we need the oscilloscope and function generator now let me turn off this output turn off the power supply remove the cables from here okay just remove them because we're starting with the part of this battery okay now we will go for the experiment where we are going to connect one kilo ohm and 560 ohm so we need to connect one kilo ohm and 560 ohm just make it a little clearer yeah okay to the function generator okay so let me take a one kilo ohm and a 560 i've got my two resistors one kilo ohm and 560 ohm and are connected in series okay so just really easy measure the value of the resistance using your multimeter just to make sure that they are right and this is 516. let me check if it is 560 so i'm turning on and i am going to so it's almost five point four point five four kilo ohm which is 560 ohms okay so values are right so i will just place them here in series okay now from the diagram if you know that the function generator is positive is connected to one kilo ohm the function generator probe is here the positive here and the positive is connected to one kilo ohm and the negative of the function generator which is this one is connected to 560. and the oscilloscope is connected in one kilo ohm uh and the junction of 560. so i will just connect it like this it's a hook up probe so you can just hook it up here okay and it should fix now we have the black of the oscilloscope you can connect it directly with the resistor or use another wire and just attach it to the same phone okay so this is the function generator okay now i will have to do some settings on the function generator let me do the setting first let's turn it on and turn the oscillator no we have to set the function generator as a sine wave okay so i will first do function sine and the frequency the amplitude is 2bp or it is 4vpp yes so i will set it is okay so i set the value here and now i need to press on output to get the weights on i'm getting the waveform now set channel a on the oscilloscope channel one and channel two this is a and b and set it on this one 0.1 milliseconds per division now it's at 0.2 so just change it to make it 0.1 for example and in order to show on complete cycle and the voltage per division i want to change it to two volts it's already on two volts per division change the function generator step four is to change the function generator to each of the amplitudes and the frequencies listed in table one and compute the table by the expected time period okay just a minute yeah so now it's at 2 vpp 2 vp or 4 uh vpp and at 1 kilo but you can see it 4 vpp 1 kilo hertz and this is the waveform now what is the computed t you have to do the inverse of the frequency so computed t here will be 1 divided by 1 kilohertz which would be equal to one millisecond yes the same thing for this one would be one divided by the inverse of the frequency one divided by 2 kilo hertz which is equal to 0.5 milliseconds okay equal to equal to equal 0.5 milliseconds and similarly this one would be 1 divided by 4 kilo hertz which is equal to point two point one divided by four is point two five yeah one divided by four point two five milliseconds and one divided by six kilohertz is equal to zero point equal to zero point one six milliseconds and here it is 1 divided by 8 1 divided by 8 kilo hertz which is equal to 0.125 milliseconds okay one two five milliseconds now we are two you have to measure these on the multisim okay so let's measure them on the multisim and i hope i showed you how to do it on the multisim i hope you filled it by now you have to find out the volts per division the voltage vr2 and the time measured and the number of divisions in the frequency now let's go to the multimeter uh okay we will do this on now multisim and the multimeter so let me take the multimeter here is the multimeter and i am measuring the vr2 which is vrms okay i'll show you how to measure vrms now vr2 is going to be measured at the resistance r2 which is 560 ohm so this is the voltage and i will set it to the voltage probe okay here it is which is i will show you how to do the first part also so that it's easier for you the number of divisions from zero to peak okay for finding the number of divisions you should start from this zero this is the zero zero two this is almost point how much do we say this is almost 0.9 you can see this one square block which is one so 0 to 0.8 or i can say 0.902 0.9 is the number of divisions from 0 to p and vr2 you have to do it in multisim okay and the t measure the time period measured is 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 sorry let me write it without space 10 into 0.1 milliseconds which is equal to 1 millisecond this is the measured value okay um and we are doing i want you to write it from multisim number of divisions from 0 to peak on multisim number of divisions for the time we've got here 10 blocks so it is 10 blocks and the frequency would be 1 divided by one millisecond which is one k kilo hertz or you can write it from here 0.99 kilohertz okay so 0.99 okay and frequency is always in okay now let's measure vr2 from the multimeter so let me turn in this on and now i've put it here but when you're measuring it you should change it to ac so it is almost one volt okay okay now we will go for the next one 4 volt and 2 kilo hertz so let's change the amplitude to forward for uh vp which means uh let's take it as uh i don't know the maximum can i put it yeah so because i cannot use 20 so let me change my values let me put this as um you know i will change it the maximum i can put is 10 here so let me put first two vpp okay and one kilohertz the frequency is one kilohertz so the value of number of equations from zero to peak is only 0.5 so here is 0.5 0.9 it's 0.5 okay 0.5 and the number of divisions is 10 almost 10. so almost 10 divisions okay 10 divisions into 0.1 uh so it is 1 millisecond and the number of dimensions is ok and the vrms that i'm getting here is not one it is 0.5 okay 0.5 now let's go to the next value which is forward from 2 kilohertz and the frequency is 2 kilohertz so this is the value and now for this one the number of divisions from 0 to p is yeah it's almost 1.5 from 0 to p is from here 0.5 so it's almost 1.5 and uh the time measured is how much is the time one two three four five blocks almost so here i will write it as five into 0.1 millisecond which is equal to 0.5 milliseconds okay uh so a number of divisions is 5 we have 1 2 3 4 five five divisions and the frequency you can get it from here 1.99 kilohertz 1.99 k and the vrms is almost one volt okay now the next one we are getting a 6 volt and 4 kilo hertz so amplitude is 6 vpp and frequency is 4 kilo hertz so this is a value number of divisions from 0 to peak is 1 to 2.2 almost up to 0.3 so writing it as 2.2 and i need you to write this from your uh multisim values okay these two columns and the t measured measure time is going to be one two almost two uh what do i say almost two point maybe one so two into point one okay two point this is almost 2.4 yeah because this is one this is the second 2.4 yeah so 2.4 it is 2.4 into how much is into okay into uh 0.1 milliseconds which becomes 0.24 0.24 milliseconds and the number of divisions is 1 to 2.2 here also i have number of divisions is 2.2 and the value here is 1.68 now 1.682.68 it is almost one point six eight now for eight volts six kilohertz eight uh kilo hertz is six kilohertz this is a waveform so the number of divisions from zero to peak if you can measure one two three three blocks okay and uh the number of divisions uh i want you to find out the t measured how much is the t measure you have um 1.6 okay so 1.6 into 0.1 which is equal to 0.16 milliseconds and then the number of divisions of time is how much how many number of divisions of time do we almost okay 1.6 and you can find out the frequency as 5.99 or 6 almost five point nine nine kilohertz okay and the vrms value is two point five nine now the same thing for ten volt eight kilohertz now let's make the amplitude as 10 vpp and frequency as eight kilohertz uh where is eight kilohertz okay so this is my waveform and number of divisions from 0 to p is 1 2 3 4.6 almost okay and then on the time measured i will find 1.2 so this is 1.2 into 0.1 um all right just move it a little to this side yeah 1.2 it is almost 0.12 uh milliseconds okay and then the number of divisions is how much how many number of divisions do we have on so we have only 1.2 divisions and the frequency is almost 7.99 and the vrms value is 3.74 so this is the value that we get from the multimeter okay so we finished with this one okay sorry you have to do all these steps on multisim and this one's on the oscilloscope so i've done this one on the oscilloscope you can write these values here this one is supposed to be done on multisim and this one is supposed to be done on the oscilloscope so make sure please write these values here in step five rather than step four okay now to find out the number of divisions we've done it and the voltage here everywhere was number of um okay so i hope you can fill this table in question number five because this was supposed to be in multisim not in the function generator okay so yeah and students also make sure that you have put these values here this is 0.5 this is one here and