Unit 3: Day 7 - Latin American Revolutions and Progression

Key Reminders

• Have your history notebook ready for notes.
• Complete the vocabulary for this video:
  • Key Terms: Haitian Revolution, Toussaint L'Ouverture, Peninsulares, Mestizos, Creoles, Zombos, Mulatos, Augustin de Iturbide, Father Miguel Hidalgo, San Martín, Samuel B. Olivier, Gran Colombia, Rio de Plata, Don Pedro, Caudillos, Federalists, Centralists, Liberals, Conservatives, Tupac Amaru.

Key Concepts

• Causes of Latin American independence.
• Major leaders in Latin American independence movements.
• Generalizations about Latin America post-independence.
• Mexico and Brazil in the mid-19th century.
• Political ideologies in Latin America.

Early Revolutions and Resistances

• Tupac Amaru: Last Incan leader who revolted against the Spanish; failed but became a symbol of nationalism and resistance (1542-1547).

Causes of Latin American Revolutions

• Influenced by Enlightenment ideas, the French Revolution, and Napoleonic conflicts.
• Creoles (whites born in the Americas) wanted power from Peninsulares (whites born in Europe).

Major Revolutions

Haitian Revolution

• Led by Toussaint L'Ouverture; successful slave revolt.
• Overthrew French colonial government to establish Haiti.
• Frightened Creole and slave-holding regions (e.g., Brazil, southern USA).

Mexican Rebellion

• Began in 1810 with Father Miguel de Hidalgo; initially unsupported by Creoles.
• 1820 revolution with Creole support led by Augustin de Iturbide.
• Mexico became a republic by 1823.
• Central America separated from Mexico by 1838.

South American Revolutions

Northern South America

• Simón Bolívar: Led revolutions in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador.
• Created Gran Colombia (1817-1822), which later split.

Southern South America

• José de San Martín: Led revolutions in Argentina, Chile, and Peru.
• Attempted to create the Rio de la Plata, which failed.
• By 1825, Spanish South America mostly independent.

Brazilian Independence

• Peaceful transition; not a revolution.
• Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil during Napoleonic wars.
• Dom Pedro declared independence from Portugal, established a monarchy.

Post-Independence Latin America

• New nations formed representative governments.
• Disagreements on the role of the Catholic Church.
• Slavery abolished in Spanish regions, not Brazil.
• Voting rights limited to favor white Creoles.

Political Ideologies

• Federalists: Advocated for regional government autonomy.
• Centralists: Advocated for a strong central government.
• Liberals vs. Conservatives:
  • Liberals: Supported federalist policies, limited Catholic Church influence.
  • Conservatives: Favored centralization and Catholic Church's corporate institutions.

Instability and Military Influence

• Caudillos: Military generals who seized control (e.g., Santa Ana in Mexico).
• Brazil remained stable longer due to monarchy and slavery.

International Influence

• The U.S. issued the Monroe Doctrine to deter European colonization.
• Britain became a major trading partner.

Economic Developments Post-1850

• Economic growth via raw material exports.
• Peru's Guano Era: Major export of guano (bird and bat dung) as fertilizer.
• Economic diversification and infrastructure development.

Ensure you review these notes and understand the key terms and concepts for further discussions in class.