Latin American Revolutions Overview

all right welcome back to unit three this today's gonna be talking about day seven over the next two days we'll be discussing kind of latin american revolutions and progression reminders to have had your history notebook so we're taking notes as you move through the video and make sure you complete the vocabulary for this video either highlighted in your notes or um written down each individual part key terms for the day haitian revolution tucson overture peninsulares mestizos creoles zombos mulatos augustin de inter interbude you Father Miguel Hidalgo, San Martín, Samuel B. Olivier, Gran Colombia, Rio de Plata, Don Pedro, Coldillos, Federalists, Centralists, Liberals, Conservatives, and Tupac Amaru. Key concepts for today are going to be causes of Latin American independence, major leaders in Latin American independent movements, generalizations about Latin America after independence, Mexico and Brazil in the mid-19th century, and political ideologies in Latin America. So let's kind of start off with the kind of first real like revolutions and resistances. This is going to be started by Tupac Amaru. Now this is technically before the start of this unit, but it is important to kind of see where the basis of a lot of... these revolutions come from um so tupac amaru he was the last incan leader uh the incan emperor he's going to lead a revolt against the spanish um it's ultimately going to fail um he is going to flee through peru in 1542 to 1547 um he will eventually be captured and executed but he will become a symbol of nationalism and resistance for both central and south america you Now, what are some of the causes of these revolutions in Latin America? Well, these are part of a wider late 18th, early 19th century ideas, especially the Enlightenment ideas, the French Revolution, and also the kind of Napoleonic conflicts that are happening. And most of these revolutions in Latin America are going to be based off the Creoles. Or the middle class, if you guys remember from earlier, last unit, Creoles are going to be the whites born in the new world, born in the Americas. And these were kind of the main leaders, and they wanted to take power away from the Peninsulares, who again were whites born in Europe. Now our first one that really kind of comes about, and is the first one that's actually successful, is the Haitian Revolution. Now, this is going to be a slave revolt started under Toussaint L'Ouverture. And they're going to turn on their white slaveholders. And they're successfully going to overthrow the colonial French government of Saint-Dominique. And they're going to establish the independent Republic of Haiti. They're going to invade Santo Domingo, defeat the Spanish, French, and English armies pretty much all at the same time. Now, Mr. Leverage, they were... A French colony, why are there Spanish and English armies there? Well, they're a big trade. There's just a lot going on. And so they're, of course, going to push them out. And this kind of becomes a... You know, this revolution really frightens the Creoles of Latin America, and especially frightens several of slave-holding areas in South United States, in South, in other places, especially Brazil, in places that still have slavery. Navinchi Toussaint Overture will be executed, but Haiti will have its independence. Now, starting, let's move on to kind of Mexico. We'll discuss more of this tomorrow or the next time. Now, the rebellion in Mexico is going to begin in 1810 under the leadership of Father Miguel de Hidalgo. He's going to call the support of mestizos and Indians, which the Creoles aren't really going to support. And eventually Father Miguel Hidalgo will be executed. But there will be a second revolutionary movement that's going to break out in 1820 with more Creole support. This loyalist Creole military officer, Augustin de Interbaid, will switch sides. This will gain a lot of Creole support. And they're going to seize Mexico City. And he's going to, in one year, he's going to kind of proclaim himself emperor. And kind of... kind of really gain that independence from Spain. By 1823, they will have established themselves as a republic and are no longer kind of a monarchy or empire. Mexico will initially maintain control over Central America, but by 1838, Central America will be separated from Mexico and then we'll have the other Central American states in the 1840s and 50s. Now, let's talk about South America. We're going to start with Northern South America and then move to Southern South America. Now, Simon Bolivier emerges as the leader of revolutionary forces. in this area of Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822. He will defeat the Spanish forces there. Now, he's going to combine them to create a new nation of Gran Colombia. And again, it's just Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador all together. That's going to last for about eight years, and then they're going to split back into their independent states. Now, in Southern South America, the revolutionary leader was San... jose de san martin now san martin mobilized resistance in his native country argentina then crossed the andes into chile by 1824 san martin will have carried a revolution into the most conservative colony of peru he will defeat the spanish there he will also just like um bolivier and interbide um he will try to create one giant like country called rio de plata so It will fail and kind of go back to being Argentina and Chile and Peru. But by 1825, pretty much all of Spanish South America had won its independence. So that basically means that Spain has been kind of kicked out of the mainland of the Central and South America. They still have some European holds. But by 1825, the Spanish are pretty much done. in the mainland Americas. Now let's talk about Brazil. That was the one thing we didn't talk about earlier. So now remember, Brazil is Portuguese. And independence in Brazil is actually achieved peacefully. There was no big revolution. The white population... the Portuguese population and Creoles feared slave uprisings. Now, during the Napoleonic invasions, the Portuguese royal family will flee Portugal and kind of... stay in brazil now um by 1820 um the king of brazil the king of portugal will return um to portugal and leave his son in charge and the son's gonna be like we're gonna be independent dad we're not gonna play with your get we're not gonna play by your rules anymore and um brazil becomes a monarchy under dom pedro the first and it will be the most stable government in south america for a while. Now, the problems with some of these new nations is that most of the independent nations will establish representative governments. They will create rights protecting private property and free trade. They don't really... agree on the position of Roman, the Roman Catholic church. Um, slavery will be abolished in all places except for Brazil. Um, in all of the Spanish colonies, except for Brazil. Um, now voting rights tended to be restricted by race and those are really going to favor the white Creoles. the women, Indians, poor, non-Creole, mestizo, zombos, they're all going to be kind of marginalized, and they're all going to be kind of discriminated against for a while. Now, some of the... Government policies, government philosophies that come up during this time are going to be Federalists. Federalists wish that regional governments, like smaller township governments, should be able to establish policies. Centrists want a more powerful central government. Now, Liberal and Conservatives, we talked about earlier. Liberals are going to support more federalist policies, limit the influence of the Catholic Church. Conservatives want centralized governments, corporate institutions such as Catholic Church. So conservatives want more Catholic intervention, liberals want less. Now the big problem comes up is that these governments are extremely unstable. And so many military generals who are strong and have a lot of power are going to overthrow the government. These are known as... called Dios. And again, this is a military general who overthrows the government and takes control. A big example of this is going to be Santa Ana in Mexico. Now, kind of ironically, Brazil... with its slavery and monarchy is going to be the most stable government in the region for a while now the united states kind of in great britain in the region the united states is going to give arms money and refuge to political leaders um they're going to have the monroe doctrine of 1823 which is really kind of empty because um even the United States isn't all that great right now in 1823. But it's kind of more of a symbolic gesture to kind of keep the Europeans from kind of reconquering Latin America. Now, Britain will support the new nations. Britain will replace Spain as the region's largest trading partner. Now, lastly, we're going to talk about the economy. After 1850, throughout Latin America, the economy will quicken through the export of raw materials. In Peru specifically, this is going to be known as the Guano era, Europe needs fertilizer. They need fertilizer to grow food for the rapidly growing population. They also need kind of fat and explosives for their gunpowders. And Peru is the best place because they find that... Peru can export large amounts of bird and bat dung, which is known as guano. And this is really going to be a super big boon for the Europeans. And Peru. Peru is going to use money to diversify its economy, build infrastructure, pay off debts, and education. So, that's all we have for today. I want to thank you guys for listening. Make sure you're taking notes as you move through the video. Make sure you're watching out the vocabulary. Thank you guys, and I'll see you guys in class.

these revolutions come from um so tupac amaru he was the last incan leader uh the incan emperor he's going to lead a revolt against the spanish um it's ultimately going to fail um he is going to flee through peru in 1542 to 1547 um he will eventually be captured and executed but he will become a symbol of nationalism and resistance for both central and south america you Now, what are some of the causes of these revolutions in Latin America? Well, these are part of a wider late 18th, early 19th century ideas, especially the Enlightenment ideas, the French Revolution, and also the kind of Napoleonic conflicts that are happening. And most of these revolutions in Latin America are going to be based off the Creoles.

Or the middle class, if you guys remember from earlier, last unit, Creoles are going to be the whites born in the new world, born in the Americas. And these were kind of the main leaders, and they wanted to take power away from the Peninsulares, who again were whites born in Europe. Now our first one that really kind of comes about, and is the first one that's actually successful, is the Haitian Revolution.

Now, this is going to be a slave revolt started under Toussaint L'Ouverture. And they're going to turn on their white slaveholders. And they're successfully going to overthrow the colonial French government of Saint-Dominique.

And they're going to establish the independent Republic of Haiti. They're going to invade Santo Domingo, defeat the Spanish, French, and English armies pretty much all at the same time. Now, Mr. Leverage, they were...

A French colony, why are there Spanish and English armies there? Well, they're a big trade. There's just a lot going on. And so they're, of course, going to push them out.

And this kind of becomes a... You know, this revolution really frightens the Creoles of Latin America, and especially frightens several of slave-holding areas in South United States, in South, in other places, especially Brazil, in places that still have slavery. Navinchi Toussaint Overture will be executed, but Haiti will have its independence.

Now, starting, let's move on to kind of Mexico. We'll discuss more of this tomorrow or the next time. Now, the rebellion in Mexico is going to begin in 1810 under the leadership of Father Miguel de Hidalgo. He's going to call the support of mestizos and Indians, which the Creoles aren't really going to support.

And eventually Father Miguel Hidalgo will be executed. But there will be a second revolutionary movement that's going to break out in 1820 with more Creole support. This loyalist Creole military officer, Augustin de Interbaid, will switch sides. This will gain a lot of Creole support. And they're going to seize Mexico City.

And he's going to, in one year, he's going to kind of proclaim himself emperor. And kind of... kind of really gain that independence from Spain. By 1823, they will have established themselves as a republic and are no longer kind of a monarchy or empire. Mexico will initially maintain control over Central America, but by 1838, Central America will be separated from Mexico and then we'll have the other Central American states in the 1840s and 50s.

Now, let's talk about South America. We're going to start with Northern South America and then move to Southern South America. Now, Simon Bolivier emerges as the leader of revolutionary forces.

in this area of Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822. He will defeat the Spanish forces there. Now, he's going to combine them to create a new nation of Gran Colombia. And again, it's just Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador all together.

That's going to last for about eight years, and then they're going to split back into their independent states. Now, in Southern South America, the revolutionary leader was San... jose de san martin now san martin mobilized resistance in his native country argentina then crossed the andes into chile by 1824 san martin will have carried a revolution into the most conservative colony of peru he will defeat the spanish there he will also just like um bolivier and interbide um he will try to create one giant like country called rio de plata so It will fail and kind of go back to being Argentina and Chile and Peru.

But by 1825, pretty much all of Spanish South America had won its independence. So that basically means that Spain has been kind of kicked out of the mainland of the Central and South America. They still have some European holds. But by 1825, the Spanish are pretty much done.

in the mainland Americas. Now let's talk about Brazil. That was the one thing we didn't talk about earlier. So now remember, Brazil is Portuguese. And independence in Brazil is actually achieved peacefully.

There was no big revolution. The white population... the Portuguese population and Creoles feared slave uprisings. Now, during the Napoleonic invasions, the Portuguese royal family will flee Portugal and kind of...

stay in brazil now um by 1820 um the king of brazil the king of portugal will return um to portugal and leave his son in charge and the son's gonna be like we're gonna be independent dad we're not gonna play with your get we're not gonna play by your rules anymore and um brazil becomes a monarchy under dom pedro the first and it will be the most stable government in south america for a while. Now, the problems with some of these new nations is that most of the independent nations will establish representative governments. They will create rights protecting private property and free trade.

They don't really... agree on the position of Roman, the Roman Catholic church. Um, slavery will be abolished in all places except for Brazil.

Um, in all of the Spanish colonies, except for Brazil. Um, now voting rights tended to be restricted by race and those are really going to favor the white Creoles. the women, Indians, poor, non-Creole, mestizo, zombos, they're all going to be kind of marginalized, and they're all going to be kind of discriminated against for a while. Now, some of the... Government policies, government philosophies that come up during this time are going to be Federalists.

Federalists wish that regional governments, like smaller township governments, should be able to establish policies. Centrists want a more powerful central government. Now, Liberal and Conservatives, we talked about earlier.

Liberals are going to support more federalist policies, limit the influence of the Catholic Church. Conservatives want centralized governments, corporate institutions such as Catholic Church. So conservatives want more Catholic intervention, liberals want less.

Now the big problem comes up is that these governments are extremely unstable. And so many military generals who are strong and have a lot of power are going to overthrow the government. These are known as...

called Dios. And again, this is a military general who overthrows the government and takes control. A big example of this is going to be Santa Ana in Mexico.

Now, kind of ironically, Brazil... with its slavery and monarchy is going to be the most stable government in the region for a while now the united states kind of in great britain in the region the united states is going to give arms money and refuge to political leaders um they're going to have the monroe doctrine of 1823 which is really kind of empty because um even the United States isn't all that great right now in 1823. But it's kind of more of a symbolic gesture to kind of keep the Europeans from kind of reconquering Latin America. Now, Britain will support the new nations.

Britain will replace Spain as the region's largest trading partner. Now, lastly, we're going to talk about the economy. After 1850, throughout Latin America, the economy will quicken through the export of raw materials.

In Peru specifically, this is going to be known as the Guano era, Europe needs fertilizer. They need fertilizer to grow food for the rapidly growing population. They also need kind of fat and explosives for their gunpowders.

And Peru is the best place because they find that... Peru can export large amounts of bird and bat dung, which is known as guano. And this is really going to be a super big boon for the Europeans. And Peru.

Peru is going to use money to diversify its economy, build infrastructure, pay off debts, and education. So, that's all we have for today. I want to thank you guys for listening.

Make sure you're taking notes as you move through the video. Make sure you're watching out the vocabulary. Thank you guys, and I'll see you guys in class.

Transcript for:Latin American Revolutions Overview

Transcript for:
Latin American Revolutions Overview