[Music] so till now we have seen what are all the various types of entities about which we can have knowledge and we have also seen what are the means by which we can have the knowledge so we can have knowledge via perception or by inference or by comparison or by testimonial accounts we can have but we have to answer the question why should we seek knowledge in the first place right so if something is already known then there is no scope for new knowledge in that area so what we are trying to find out in this lesson is what are what are all the various methodology that the Indian thinkers use to generate new knowledge so but if it is already known everything that is there to know about something is already known then the ah Prospect of new knowledge does not arise and in the on the other hand if it is completely alien let us say no no there is absolutely no groundwork done for that in that case also it is somewhat unlikely that some new knowledge will come it is only when there is some ambiguity is there that the scope for new knowledge increases so the recognition of this ambiguity in existing Bank of knowledge is the key to go and find for go and find new knowledge so the doubt whether light is a wave or is it a particle this kind of a doubt that you get is the beginning of any knowledge creation exercise so this the word Sanskrit word for doubt in the nyaya framework is so unless you have this doubt or some share you will not go ahead ah in getting knowledge so they understood the significance of doubt and they tried to give a classification or what are the various kinds of doubts that a person can have so they this after some analysis they said that doubt can be of Phi types firstly you can have a doubt because you find several common properties in something so you are not able to decide this way or that way so ah at a distance you see something which is vertical which is about five five say five foot eight inches or something like that you see and it looks like a post or a lamp post and it also looks like a human being so you are seeing all the common properties between the two this is also vertical that is also vertical a human being also is vertical this is also of the same height that is also of the same height so you are not that entity whether it is truly just a pole or is it a human being you are not able to ah say so a doubt which arises because of cognizing common properties between two entities two of the alternate two ah possible hypotheses that you have that kind of a doubt is one one type so by cognizing several common properties you have a doubt you are not able to decide this way or that way the second kind of doubt is you are not able to see any uncommon property so you have come to the conclusion that this is some new phenomena so for example you are doing some ah experiment let us say and you find out some new compound or something like that you have found out that this is a new compound that much you know it is not any of the compounds that you till now worked with but you are not able to ah find any distinguishing property which will set this apart from ah the other so the non cognition of the unique property also creates a doubt in the subject the other kind of doubt that you can have is contradictory opinions this is very common it happens to us so one news channel says something about a political event another news channel says something else about a political event so you are in your doubt in your mind whether this politician is honest or whether this politician is not honest because one news channel is reporting one thing another news channel is reporting another thing so because of this contradictory views you have doubt so similarly some religions say that the soul is transmigratory other religions say that soul is not a transmigratory so what is the final thing is it transmigratory or not so this kind of con contradictory testimonies that you have the doubt arising out of that is also identified by the the other kind of reason for which you can have because of which you can have a doubt is no consistent cognition so you are seeing some phenomena but then it is coming up in places where you did not expect it to come up with or it is coming up uh it is not coming up in places where you expect expected it to come so for example if you are traveling in on a very dry kind of a place let us say you suddenly see some watery body over there now you know that water exists nor water is not some imaginary ah thing ah so you are able to something which is looking like water but you know that this is a very dry place so a doubt comes inside your head whether it is water or is it a mirage that I am seeing so the lack of any consistent cognition also creates some doubtiness the last reason why we may have doubt is because of non-cognition of an entity so we may expect to find some ah the following our research we may expect to find some ah output over here but we do not find it so we get a doubt whether this our hypothesis is true or whether our hypothesis is false so some of the classical examples given for this kind of a doubt is whether the soul exists or not whether God exists or not because this is not like the previous example water is something that we have seen ah in various places it is just that I am getting a doubt here because I am traveling through a dry place so whether this water is really water or is it just a mirage whereas in the this case it is the non cognition of an entity you are expect you are not even you do not have any idea to begin with so if you do not know whether to believe that God exists or not whether the soul exists or not another very Charming example given is whether the water which is there in The Roots it really exists or not so you hear from people that the trees drink water from the roots Etc but we have never perceived these things so whether trees really take water from their roots or not of course this was a very ancient example so they didn't have the Advanced Techniques that we have maybe today to perceive such things but for the ancient philosopher this was also one of the examples of this kind of a doubt whether the water in the roots is really there or not so it happens because of a complete absence of knowledge in that particular domain so the doubt arising in those cases has also been identified by the voice now once that because of any of these reasons the doubt has come up inside the mind the person goes ahead to try and find out something about that particular thing using the pramanas that we had previously discussed either by perception or by anumana they try to get rid of this doubt [Music] foreign