The story of Granada is all about the Islamic Moors. In the year 711, these North African Muslims crossed the Straits of Gibraltar and quickly conquered the entire Iberian Peninsula, eventually converting most of its inhabitants. Throughout the Middle Ages, for over 700 years, Spain was a predominantly Muslim society living under Muslim rule. And that age shapes today's sightseeing agenda.
Granada's dominant site is the Alhambra, the last and greatest Moorish palace. Nowhere else does the splendor of that civilization, Al-Andalus, shine so brightly. For two centuries, until 1492, Granada reigned as the capital of a dwindling Moorish empire. As Christian forces pushed the Moors further and further south, this palace was the last hurrah of a sophisticated civilization.
While the rest of Europe slumbered through much of the Middle Ages, the Moorish civilization was wide awake. The math necessary to construct this palace would have dazzled Europeans at that age. The Moors made great gains in engineering, medicine, even classical Greek studies. In fact, some of the great thinking of ancient Greece had been forgotten by Europe, but was absorbed into Islam and actually given back to Europe via scholars here in Spain.
The culture of the Moors was exquisite, artfully combining both design and aesthetics. Facing a reflecting pond, the hall of the ambassadors was the throne room. It was here that the sultan, seated Oz-like, received foreign emissaries. Its wooden ceiling illustrates a command of geometry. With 8,000 pieces inlaid like a giant jigsaw puzzle, it symbolizes the complexity of Allah's infinite universe.
Arabic calligraphy, mostly poems and verses of praise from the Quran, is everywhere. Muslims avoid making images of living creatures. That's God's work.
But decorating with religious messages is fine. One phrase, only God is victorious, is repeated 9,000 times throughout the Alhambra. Like the sultan, we can escape from the palace into what was the most perfect Arabian garden in Andalusia. This royal summer retreat, lush and bursting with water, was the closest thing on Earth to the Quran's description of heaven. In fact, its name, the Henna-Ralife, meant essentially that, the Garden of Paradise.
Water. so rare and precious in most of the Islamic world, was the purest symbol of life. Whether providing for its 2,000 thirsty residents, masking secret conversations, or just flowing playfully, water was integral to the space the Alhambra created. For centuries, Europe struggled to push the Moors back into Africa. This campaign was called the Reconquista.
Finally, in 1492, the Moors were defeated. The victorious Christian forces established their rule with gusto, here in this last Muslim stronghold. This victory helped provide the foundation for Spain's Golden Age.
Within a generation, Spain's king, Charles V, was the most powerful man in the world. After the reconquest, Charles built this Renaissance palace incongruously right in the middle of the Alhambra grounds. It's what conquering civilizations do, build their palace atop their foe's palace. This circle-in-a-square structure was the finest Renaissance palace in all of Spain.