Henry Clay's economic nationalism has personified by the American system and John Marshall's judicial nationalism as personified in his decision in the McCulloch vs Maryland case well this all those nationalisms were reinforced by efforts of diplomatic nationalism and that'll be the focus of this lecture uh when it came to diplomacy during the Era of Good Feelings we saw very clearly this sense of nationalism manifest itself and so I want to cover a couple of instances during this time in which this sense of nationalism uh played out and I want to discuss first the Transcontinental treaty as well and then later the Monroe Doctrine but this uh diplomatic nationalism was really all of the results of James Monroe's Secretary of State John Quincy Adams a little bit about Adams Adams was the eldest son of President John Adams uh he was a world traveler just like his father he accompanied his father everywhere that his father traveled when he was younger he spoke many different languages and he was a highly intellectual individual in terms of the best secretaries of State we've ever had in our nation's history John Quincy Adams certainly ranks in the top three he it's almost like he was born and bred for this job now of course later he'll be president and his time as president was nothing compared to what he was able to achieve as Secretary of State during the Era of Good Feelings now John Quincy Adams he aggressively as Secretary of State aggressively exercised America's Growing Power in order to clarify and eventually expand the borders of the United States as well as expand American influence in the world uh and as Secretary of State he also wanted Europeans to recognize and to respect America's growing dominance especially within the Western Hemisphere and so our story about diplomatic nationalism really begins with a discussion about Florida but specifically Spanish Florida Spain's control over Florida dated back to the colonial era right the 1500s but their control over Florida was more of a technicality than it was a reality and by the early 1800s Spain was now a power in Decline it was unable to enforce its claims to various territories uh in the Western Hemisphere to say nothing of enforcing its claims to the territory known as Spanish Florida and it was also incapable of policing the population of Florida for example there were Native American tribes such as the Sim the Seminoles who routinely launched raids from Spanish Florida into Americans uh sovereignty uh in Georgia uh rating uh settling settlements and villages in the process and between 1816 and 1817 skirmishes actually began to erupt between American settlers and Native Americans and the eruption of these skirmishes in 1816-1817 forced James Madison's Secretary of State John C Calhoun to to order the U.S military under the command at that point of Andrew Jackson to go into Florida in order to eliminate this Native American threat uh posed on the border between the United States and Spanish Florida now Jackson the soldier that he was uh was told to pursue the Native Americans into Florida if need be but we was ordered by Calhoun to take great care not to antagonize the Spanish military or to undermine the Spanish presence in the region uh but we'll see in a second that's something Jackson will be unable to avoid now in 1818 uh Andrew Jackson with a force of about 2 000 soldiers crossed into Spanish Florida and immediately began assaulting uh Seminole Villages um uh as well as Spanish forts that were protecting since Seminoles for example on this map you see where it says Saint Marks this was a Spanish Fort that were protecting some Seminoles that Jackson's Army was in pursuit of and Jackson uh you know laid Siege through the fort to try to oust the Seminoles and this was in direct violation of the orders that Calhoun and President Madison and later Monroe had given him um after Saint Marks he then moved along into the sawani river where he began attacking and burning Seminole Villages along the way now while out on the Suwanee River an incident occurred in which she he came upon two British soldiers that he suspected were provoking Seminoles to launch raids into Georgia and if you know anything about Andrew Jackson when he found British uh officials that were engaged in anything nefarious against the United States he was not going to handle it very well and what famously became an international incident Jackson had these two soldiers arrested he had a kind of a show trial uh to determine their guilt or innocence and after finding both of them guilty he ended up hanging uh executing both of them which created a a huge international incident as you can imagine the British were not happy about this and it also very much startled the Monroe Administration but Jackson didn't stop there um from there he then moved his army back into Georgia and across the panhandle of Florida where he finally attacked and seized the Spanish kind of headquarters in Florida known as Pensacola and after seizing Pensacola uh Andrew Jackson simply proclaimed a provisional American government there and there were some in Monroe's Administration that wanted to completely disavow Jackson uh because they knew this was going to of course alarm the Spanish and uh and possibly lead the conflict with them but it was John Quincy atoms that saw within what Jackson had done here and Jackson's pretty much capture a Florida it was John Quincy Adams that realized Jackson's Conquest had actually given the United States a unique opportunity to negotiate the purchase of Florida from Spain it was kind of the mentality of if you can't take care of this area Spain then why don't you sell it to us and you know we'll pay you for it uh and so John Quincy Adams as secretary of state began holding formal negotiations with the Spanish to try to um obtain from the Spanish uh Florida for the United States but he also wanted to use these negotiations as an opportunity to achieve a larger goal you know the acquisition of Florida was a foregone conclusion after Jackson had pretty much conquered the area but Jackson had a larger mission in mind or Adams had a larger goal in mind and his goal was to precisely Define a contested boundary between Spain and the United States involving the Louisiana Purchase and if he could achieve this he would in a single bold stroke extend the boundary of the United States all the way to the Pacific Ocean and after careful negotiations with the Spanish in which John Quincy Adams routinely gave ground on demands for example one of the demands Adams went into negotiations with is he wanted the Spanish to sell to the United States the province of Texas to which the Spanish said absolutely not so after careful negotiations and John Quincy Adams kind of giving ground on a lot of his demands an agreement was eventually reached in what was called the Transcontinental treaty which was signed in February of 1819. this treaty is also sometimes referred to as the Adam's onus treaty uh onus was the foreign or the Spanish foreign minister he's gave us kind of the counterpart to John Quincy Adams and so sometimes the treaty is is called the Adam's onus treaty named after the two principal negotiators but it's more commonly known as the Transcontinental treaty because of the effect it had so what did this treaty do well number one is the United States is going to have Florida seeded over to it the United States will assume all of Spanish Florida in exchange for five million dollars this is kind of standard operating procedure now for the United States whenever we take territory from somebody we usually just pay him for it that's that's what Jefferson told us we could do when he found his loophole in the Constitution to buy Louisiana in addition to Spanish Florida being seeded over to the United States an agreement was reached in this treaty to establish the Western boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase to clarify them right and to extend them uh on this map by this red line all the way out to the Pacific Ocean and so the Transcontinental treaty you know this was a a form of of nationalist diplomacy because it was it was all about projecting American influence on the continent and growing the country right because with this treaty the United States now spanned the entire North American continent now the second form of nationalist diplomacy I want to talk about is known as the Monroe Doctrine and it is by far the most important diplomatic policy crafted by John Quincy Adams and his uh his boss President James Monroe now the Monroe Doctrine involved an effort uh and a determined effort I should add to prevent future European colonization in the Western Hemisphere uh and the way this Doctrine came about concerns Spain you know one of the consequences of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe and later the French occupation of Spain was that Spain beginning with the War of 1812 began to very quickly lose a lot of its colonies in the Western Hemisphere um and as a result of this what we were seeing is Independence movements break out across Latin America America that were having the results of overthrowing Spanish Authority uh and establishing many of the independent Latin American nations we know today now all of these conflicts are referred to as the Spanish-American Wars of Independence which began roughly 1808 and lasted all the way until 1833. uh wrapped up in here by the way was the Mexican Revolution in which Mexico became an independent nation from Spain and so it was during the Spanish Wars of Independence that Spain ended up losing nearly half of its entire Empire during these conflicts and as these wars were raging during this time it's important to note that the U.S supported these movements mostly out of sympathy right for a colony that was rebelling against the monarchy but also the United States supported these movements uh because it was weakening the Spanish presence in the Western Hemisphere now during James Monroe's time in office rumors started to reach the United States that European monarchs were now conspiring with one another to maybe help Spain recover a lot of its lost Latin American Empire and as a result of this uh the United States became uh worried and anxious that we were now going to see large European Armies come into the Western Hemisphere and begin re-establishing monarchies across these now uh Democratic National governments in Latin America and so this these rumors about a conspiracy underway to reassert Spanish Authority in Latin America and reinstate monarchy and and and and the Crown's control over them uh cause a lot of fear and a lot of uh heartburn here in the United States now the United States got lucky here because we were approached by the British about um jointly opposing any new incursions by European nations into the Western Hemisphere and the reason the British were interested in this same as we were is that the British didn't want to see Spain re-emerge as a Potential Threat and because there was probably a Hope by the British that they could maybe take over her former colonies in the future regardless we had a unique opportunity here to stand shoulder to shoulder with the British and make a major announcement uh to oppose these rumors that were swirling about uh some of the European monarchies wanting to re-establish Spanish rule now at first the Monroe agreed with the British uh only if the British would recognize the independence of these new Latin American nations which the British refused to do which is an indication they probably were hopeful they could take over these call these these uh former Spanish colonies one day and so as a result of the British not uh not agreeing to recognize these independent nations John Quincy Adams ended up convincing President Monroe to just go it alone and make a formal announcement to the world prohibiting European involvement in the Western Hemisphere um uh Adams actually stressed that I have a quote from him here that it would be more candid as well as dignified Adam said for America to ban further European intervention than to tag along with the British and to this sentiment James Monroe agreed and so in a State of the Union Address to the United States Congress in December of eighteen 23 James Monroe outlined a fundamental foreign policy of the United States that became known as a doctrine that bears his name uh and there were four points to this foreign policy announcement in December of 1823. in this announcement President James Monroe declared that future colonization of the Western Hemisphere was now going to be prohibited he essentially declared half of the globe to be closed to Future European colonization um this was a way for the United states to tell Europe that the Western Hemisphere was off limits that they were not to expand their influence here that they were not to grow their colonial empires that they were not to spread their political systems and to essentially stay out of the Western Hemisphere this is incredibly nationalistic if you think about it right it's cool you have to be feeling really proud about your country to stand on the world stage at such a young moment in your nation's history and declare half of the world to be closed to the rest of the world now in addition to declaring the Western Hemisphere close to Future European colonization the United States and Monroe made it abundantly clear that any attempt by the European powers to colonize or to you can see in in yellow there extend their system meaning their political system of monarchy to any portion of this hemisphere Monroe said in this in this State of the Union Address the United States would consider that dangerous to our peace and safety now this part of the Monroe Doctrine is key to understanding American foreign policy for the rest of the 19th century but also the 20th century this Doctrine which is a guiding principle hence the name of Doctrine this became over time a fundamental foreign policy of the United States and it was a foreign policy that beginning after the Civil War was fully implemented by almost every president since uh the end of the American Civil War um it's within this doctrine of the Monroe of Monroe's Doctrine that we've see the origins of such significant moments of American History such as the purchase of Alaska the Spanish-American War uh the Cuban Missile Crisis you know this was going to be the guiding foreign policy for the United States when it came to the Western Hemisphere um and I'll talk more about that in just a second but there were a couple of other points to the Monroe Doctrine that I want to mention here foreign to appease what was obviously going to anger some of the European powers the United States pledged that we would never interfere with the existing colonies they had here in the Western Hemisphere and that we would keep out of the internal affairs of Europe as well as their Wars um now at the time nobody really paid much attention to the Monroe Doctrine but that was the beauty of it John Quincy Adams was playing with a stacked deck he knew the British wanted this to happen as well and so in reality the British ended up enforcing the Monroe Doctrine until after the American Civil War force uh just genius when it comes to Secretary of State now the Monroe Doctrine itself I just want to say a few things about it and emphasize again what I've already said the significance of this Doctrine cannot be overstated although the doctrine has zero standing in international law okay that means no country has to abide by this Doctrine portions of it became and remained today The Guiding foreign policy of the United States when it comes to the Western Hemisphere uh the United States would oppose any attempt to colonize or extend political the uh uh they're in the U.S would oppose any attempt by any country to colonize or extend their influence or impose their political systems in the hemisphere and as I mentioned this is going to be responsible then for major historical events such as the purchase of Alaska the Spanish-American war and even the Cuban Missile Crisis in the 1960s this Doctrine is a major reason the United States has not had to deal with any external threats to its sovereignty on our own soil we've eliminated threats before they materialize as a result of this Doctrine and it is also worth noting that not a single Latin American Nation has lost its independence to an outside invader since the Inception of the Monroe Doctrine