picking up with that lightbulb moment in greek depiction of the human form with the figure of the Critias by standing and contrapposto wait shift in perfect proportion so we're going to want you to be able to utilize the vocabulary of art history to describe the innovations that is the progressive changes in depiction of the human form as we move to the classical and Hellenistic periods we want you to be able to recognize the key structures on the Acropolis and the important sculptures and reliefs that are found there will also introduce you to a sculpture known as the Lackawanna that has been influential across time so this obsession with perfection is one of the things that moves Greek sculpture forward this Canon this artistic rule and the artistic rule fits both nature as you see here in the nautilus shell this perfect two-to-one proportion and then they apply it to the human form and even to individual parts of the human body and it is a cannon of proportion that can be expanded or contracted so it can fit different people it could fit children teenagers women whatever and so that is I'm going to apply as well to architecture the Pythagorean theorem of two-to-one and we're going to see these ideas brought up and remembered during the Renaissance so on the right is a very famous image of the Vitruvian Man by Leonardo he is referring to a drawing by the ancient mathematician Vitruvius and he's trying to think about ways to pick the human form in these perfect proportional ideas so as we look at this sculpture by Myron and notice now we're going to have a lot of attributions we're going to know the artist name and that's something you're going to be responsible for moving forward this of course shows us one of our Olympic weeks and he is in this cannon of proportion but what's very important here is the text in red and this is something you'll see in different text books as well roman copy after Greek bronze original so you're gonna hear me say a hundred times the Romans copy everything Greek so there was a beautiful bronze of this figure that was created by the original artist Myron and the Romans then are going to have marble sculptors make multiple copies and one of the ways that you know is a copy is you're gonna see like a tree trunk or a piece of ceramic is something that could stand up as a hollow bronze cannot necessarily stand up in this marble form the demand for bronzes is going to exceed the supply and so these Roman marble copies are going to be cheaper and quicker to fabricate which is hard to believe what we're interested here in is this vigorous sense of action all of the tension in the muscles catching that moment at the peak of the action right before the discus thrower releases the discus so if you can recall the Olympic Games in your mind watching the discus thrower he just sort of a wind-up a set of peper ation steps that help him build momentum and so this is what Myron has done he has caught him at this height of movement evidently he Myron created a sculpture of a sprinter in full flight meaning he was completely elevated in the air and notice how this sculptures has no emotion on his face so let's go now to one of the most important sets of buildings and sculptures from the ancient Greek world and that is everything found on the Acropolis so here is a modern-day photo this Hill is called the Acropolis and it has many important buildings up on top of it but what's interesting to know is that this building kind of had the equivalent of a contractor or a developer and that's this fella on the Left Pericles Pericles was a well-known and successful general in the Greek army and after the many trials and tribulations of the Greeks he wanted to make sure that everyone knew that Greece was the most important and finest city Athens in particular he wanted to make a big statement and so what he did was he was sort of like helped them with gather the tax money and - oh and this is tax money not just from from Athens but from all over the Greek world to help fund this project so Pericles is the developer contractor he's not the architect per se we've got many different structures on top of the Acropolis and we're going to ask you to focus on four the Parthenon the entrance structure called the propylaea the erect Seon with the very important porch of the maidens and the little temple Nike in the front because of one of the important reliefs that are found there so the Parthenon then also with this 4:40 date is not only the story about just the building itself it's about everything that we find there of course this is a classical Greek temple where we've got full utilization of ant ASUS with the columns wider at the center and tapered to the top each piece of marble was carved to a precise set of schematic drawings which took a lot of time and money and mathematical sophistication to complete you will notice that the front of the Parthenon has both Doric and ionic columns suggesting that athens is the leader of all the greeks we know that the Parthenon is in a tremendous state of disrepair and decay and it reflects combination of problems neglect misuse being overtaken by other groups in the fifth century AD it becomes a Christian Church in the 15th century AD it's taken over by the Turks converted into a mosque later on it has gunpowder stored in it and it is going to be blown up and shelled by artillery by 1687 most of the interior sculptures have been destroyed and it was just the victim of centuries of vandalism and looting and air pollution now today it's still in pretty rough shape but there's a tremendous amount of effort being put forward to take care of it so the classical Parthenon a piece of monumental marble architecture designed by Iike Tino's and callek radies which has both Doric and ionic elements to it and it's example of one of these perfect mathematically designed buildings I kind of like this painting here this is a painting that was done centuries later but it shows us what this might have looked like and I they've got scaffolding up all right and they're looking at these painted relief sculptures this is the frieze the pan theatric frieze of all the gods marching up to the Parthenon because that was the purpose the purpose was to every year have this big procession and this sort of is like they finished the building and they want everybody to be able to go up and see it before they take down the scaffolding because these sculptures weren't made for humans look at this little schematic down here can you see the scale and look at how big the humans are that you would never be able to see this clearly so this is sort of like an artist rendition of the the saw the opening if you will and I've always really enjoyed that image this schematic also shows us the double set of columns and the fact that we've got a frieze on the inside and a frieze on the outside as well that it's going to become an important part of the story going forward