Transcript for:
AP Human Geography Unit 7 Review Guide

[Music] Heat. Heat. [Music] [Music] geographers, how are we doing. Woo, man. Unit seven. Holy cow. I mean, if you think about it, this is our seventh day in a row of live streaming. We've streamed seven days straight, and we've gone through now, we're about to seven units of the seven units of AP Human Geography, which for many of you, this is a year-long class. We're essentially reviewing a year's worth of content just in seven days. Man, it's crazy. It's crazy. We're like two days away from the exam and you guys are going to rock it. You're going to crush this exam. So, without further ado, we're going to be getting into unit 7. So, just as a reminder here, let me get it up on the screen quick. Um, we're focusing on the concepts that are in the CED. So, these are the things that College Board has said, hey, you might be tested on this. So, you want to have an idea of these concepts. So, if it's listed here, this is what you want to focus on. Uh, so this is in that ultimate review packet or the exam slayer. Um, I it's a spot where you could take notes and that's part of the free thing, but these are the like from the College Board exam description. This is the stuff that you could see on the exam. So, we're going to be going over all of it today. Just a reminder, if you do need some more help, um, there's also the guided notes for the stream. So, if you want to follow along, by all means, you can check these out, download them. They got up a little bit later, so I apologize for that, but they're up now, so hopefully that helps. All right, cool. Let's see where everyone's from, and then we're going to get started reviewing unit 7, industrial and economic development patterns and processes. One last kind of massive review. All right, we got people from North Carolina, Florida, Central Florida, Wisconsin, Texas, Virginia, uh Minnesota, Wisconsin, Texas. Um, shout out to Mr. Stakes, you're the GOAT. Iowa, South Dakota, Tennessee, Dallas, Texas, Wisconsin. Love the videos and your shirt. Keep it up. Thank you very much. Love you guys, too. You're awesome. Texas. Um, shout out there to the amazing AP Young teacher. I was going to read the name. It's gone. Florida, the Bay Cal area, Cali represent California, Houston, Texas. Woo. All right, we got people from all over. Um, we're going to get started though, so I want to make sure we're respectful of your time. We're going to be now getting into the notes just like all of our other nights. Remember, uh, we're going to start with doing the notes and then we'll do the cahoot at the second half. and I'll interact with the chat every once in a while during the notes, but most of this is going through the notes just to make sure that all these concepts are fresh in your mind. So, all right, let's get this started. Cahoots at the second half of it. Okay, here we go. Got to do the little intro for the YouTube people. Hello there everybody on YouTube land. This is Mr. Sin and we are about to review unit 7, industrial and economic development and patterns and processes for AP human geography. If you're watching this, that means you're either re-watching the live stream, or you missed it the first time, which no worries. We have two more live streams tomorrow, the day before the AP exam. We're going to have one at 6:15 p.m., which will go over FRQ tips and tricks, and then another one at 700 p.m. And that will go over multiplechoice tips, and then I'll also take a multiple choice test and kind of go over my thought process. So, check us out there. And then it's the AP exam. So, without further ado, let's get into unit seven here. one last massive review. Alrighty, here we go. So, without further ado, let's start off talking about the industrial revolution. So, we got some images here that you can see. Uh we have our industrial revolution here. Realize this had massive impacts on everything. We're talking about food s um surpluses being able to be created. A new globalized connected community starts to form. colonization is going to take off more imperialism. All of these different things. Uh we also started to see workers shift from primary sector jobs into the secondary. We start to see manufacturing take off. New social classes get take um get created. All of that. See in the chat a bunch of people the the low taper fade the ninja meme. So the massive but all right anyways getting back to this. So, one thing to note with the industrial revolution, it can connect to all of our different units. I mean, our ability now to be able to transport food, to transport goods across large regions and also the global community transformed economies. Now, one of the things that we can connect into two is into unit two here. So realize the industrial revolution and also the medical revolution is what transformed societies and to be able to go into stage two of that demographic transition model. Also to remember we can connect into unit five with our agricultural revolutions. That second agricultural revolution happened with the industrial revolution that led to the enclosure movement which then increased the amount of migrants moving from rural areas to urban areas. as the enclosure movement and these new processes came and farmers were kind of displaced. They were pushed out. The subsistence farmers were now mo relocating to urban areas. So right there we've connected unit two. We've connected unit 7. We've also connected into unit six because we're talking about urban areas and cities. And we've also now connected um into unit five as well with agriculture. So a lot of different things can connect back to this historical event. You don't need to worry about the dates um of when it happened and that stuff. It's more of understanding the impact that it had on these different areas and on our different places as well. Now, one aspect that I did mention for a change is the social changes. This is the British beehive. Um, you don't have to memorize the British beehive, but it it's a great graphic of showing this new class system that's started to get created. So in AP human geography we generally see some themes pop up throughout this whole course. We have political, we have economic, we have social, and then we also have environmental. And so a social thing that's happening here is some people are saying there's an echo. Hopefully there's not an echo. If there is, I can try to adjust it. But all right, that's fine. Uh the social theme though that's happening is as people started to move over to these urban areas we started to see like the urban poor we started to see a middle class form. We started to see an upper um economic class essentially get created. All of these divisions that start to happen now are because we now have different jobs and we have different structures in society forming thanks to the industrial revolution. So there's a lot of different changes that happened here. Now another thing that started to happen due to the industrial revolution and we could connect now into unit four is more and more interest in countries colonizing the world. So we can connect again back to colonialism and imperialism. So now we're making a connection to unit 4 which also led to the diffusion of religions and we saw assimilation and culturation and creoleization. So we could also connect into unit three and now we've pretty much connected into every single unit and we could use maps. So that would connect into unit one. But this process remember if we want we could connect back to like the Berlin conference so where Europeans came in and they started dividing Africa up trying to create their own boundaries that would then help them. That would be an example remember of superimposed boundaries. So those superimposed boundaries um that ended up shaping um the continent of Africa. So that again industrial revolution how does it connect? Well when we started seeing all this new demand for these raw resources materials and we also started seeing a lot of things like places needed people to sell their stuff to. Well, we saw that increase then in demand of trying to find new colonies, new markets around the world. All right, we're going to go on to our next thing which is a term that you want to be familiar with and it's cottage industries. It is in the CED. These operated a lot more frequently before the industrial revolution. It's a very smallcale business generally. It's out of someone's home and this is using a lot more traditional techniques. The tools here they're making things by hand. Now the industrial revolution realized kind of phased out cottage industries because it was more efficient um to produce things in mass and to make things in a factory uh that didn't take so much time. So cottage industries is in there. This is one of the things that the industrial revolution kind of moves away from as more people then go into um that actual factory setting and life there. All right, let's go on to our next term. Hopefully this stuff is making sense for you. All right. The next thing that we have to look at here when we're talking about is uneven economic development. Now, one of the things here that we're looking at is when talking about une economic uh development, realize this is across the entire uh globe. It is not just in one particular uh country. It's not in just one particular city. Now, that definitely did happen. by all means there was a lot of division that happened in these cities and in these regions but this was also a global thing that happened and we're going to see this come up too when we look at Wallerstein's world system theory when we talk about uh the dependency theory later in this unit um because we see the impact still today and it's arguably gotten worse where we've seen different countries and different regions of the world actually become dependent on others due to the exportation and exploitation of natural resources So the industrial revolution really started to see more and more kind of inequality um get created both socially both locally but also globally as well. So have an idea of that and that'll kind of help you out. All right, moving on to our next thing. We're going to look at the economic sectors and we'll interact a little bit more with the chat here. So uh first one we're going to talk about is the primary sector. What would be some jobs that are part of the primary sector? So what do we got? I'll try to pin some on the screen there. So, what do we got? What do we got? How are we going? Um, all right. Agriculture, minor, raw resources. Yes. Yes, that would work. Fishing, farmer. Awesome. Yeah. Yeah. All right. So, now what about the secondary sector? So as people are typing the secondary sector realize the primary sector these are jobs and activities that all involve the extraction of natural resources from the earth. So they're very specific to that. That would be the primary sector. All right. Secondary sector uh manufacturing making stuff factory um industrial jobs construction car manufacturing. Um, some people saying, okay, some people are saying tertiary, getting a little maybe ahead of themselves or mixing some stuff up there. So, remember tertiary are going to be services. So, now put down some tertiary examples and then I'll pin some of those. So, secondary sector, remember jobs and activities. We're taking those raw resources from that primary sector and then we are actually manufacturing it. We're producing it. Um, so we are creating something that's a greater value there. So, that construction worker and all that would work. All right. Uh for tertiary teacher, yeah, a teacher would work. Um schools, schools, a lot of schools, teacher, retail stores, McDonald's. Yeah, that could work. A clerk, banking, um doctors, nurses. Yeah. So, tertiary, remember, is jobs, activities that are services for other people. So, for example, right now you're getting a service. When you go to school, you're getting a service. That's a tertiary job. Now the last two are kind of parts of the tertiary sector but they're more specific and that's the quattinary and the quinary. So anyone an idea let's see uh for the quattinary sector what do we got quattinary sector uh so quatinary remember these are about so some people are saying CEO CEO is going to be more the quinary quattinary is jobs and activities that are revolving around acquiring or processing or sharing information. So for example like journalists uh research and development that could be um data analyst that could be sometimes a teacher could fall under this as well. Yes that could be as well. So there could be overlap. It depends on the context. Uh for the quinary sector that would be like your CEO of a company that'd be the president of the country. These are the jobs and activities that are the decisionmaking. So, for example, all of you wonderful people are about to take an AP human geography national exam in a couple days. Uh, and College Board is going to be that quinary sector, the decision, the Trevor Packer, the head of it. He's the one who's deciding this stuff. He's the decision person. So, that would be that quinary sector there. Um, quatinary then would be like the different teams that are researching, figuring out all this stuff, the information to share with it, and creating some of that CEO um, sorry, the CED stuff. So, uh, hopefully that makes sense for the economic sectors. I've used them a lot in the other streams because they connect into a lot of our different topics. Um, you're also going to hear those terms come up throughout the rest of this unit. So, make sure that is making sense for you. Uh, for the people saying, "What's the CED?" That is the course exam description. You can check it out. I have a link to it in the description of this video. Uh you can also just Google AP human goce CED but that is what is actually college board this document that they made uh to show everyone what's actually on the test. All right our next term that we're going to go into is a value added product. So similar to value added crop what we're looking at here is a product. It's a little bit more broad but we're looking at something that's been processed in a way that increases the overall value. So essentially, we have raw resources coming in and that final good is worth more than the raw resources themselves. So there's a bunch of different things that that could be. Um, for example, generally if you go and get coffee from Starbucks, that coffee cup is going to be more expensive than the raw resource individually that went into it. Um, and that's because it's a value added product. So that final product there is worth more. So hopefully that helps with understanding a value added product. Don't get thrown off if you see it on the test. Uh some people were saying like jam. We gave that example. Yes. When we were looking um at unit five and we talked about like taking strawberries and then turning it into strawberry jam. You could sell strawberry jam for more money than you could just strawberries on their own. So that final product is worth more. Um and this can connect into bulk gaining and bulk reducing goods. We'll talk about that a little bit later in the stream. So I saw some people making that connection as well. Um but it could connect into those. All right. Another thing you might see um maybe is capital investment. And just realize this is talking about those resources that go into the activity or a project um or a business. Essentially, it's going into production to generate future profits. So, this could be you're getting money. It could be maybe we're getting raw resources or different infrastructure components. But this is the stuff where we're actually coming together to produce stuff. So like a lot of times businesses will get investors to donate money or essentially they'll sell uh they will sell equity in the business um and then that's how they'll fund it. So that would be capital investment. So don't get thrown off if you do see it there. Um the next thing I actually want to talk about is going to connect back to those sectors of the economy. So our primary, our secondary, our tertiary, quatinary and quinary, but we're also now going to connect into industrialization and de-industrialization. and realize when you're looking at what I'm going to show you right now that it also can connect to into that demographic transition model. Again, right now, unit seven, hopefully you're seeing all the different connections between these units because there's a lot now. So, what we're seeing here is as we're going through this um pre-industrial, this is going to be like your really early stages of that demographic transition model. But notice right here, primary sector because we're reading left to right. So like at this moment this is where our primary sector jobs are. This lots of primary sector jobs and that makes sense. The majority of people are working in agriculture. We're going to have a lot of more subsistence farming here. Now we might have some secondary sector jobs here which is great. Um but most of the economy is that primary sector. Now eventually we can see we see that our secondary and I'll make it full screen again. um that our secondary sector starts to increase. All of this is industrialization is occurring and so we're starting to see more and more factories open up. Our primary sector jobs, those raw resources, realize this is declining. This is going down. And so as economic development happens, as we're going through, we're going from pre-industrial to industrial to post-industrial, we see these changes in our primary sectors. Eventually, we hit this point where we see de-industrialization occur. Again, primary just continues to fall. Notice now though, these secondary jobs start to decrease as well. And at the same time, the tertiary sector takes off. And so, what's happening here is we are now becoming more and more economically developed. Now, some of you maybe are panicking a little bit here. Some of you maybe are not. I can see a little bit in the chat um where people are like, "What model is this? What model is this?" This connects into essentially the economic proportion of like the demographic transition model or Resto's uh stages of economic growth which we're going to talk about at the end of this stream. The reason why I'm using this graph, this is not a specific graph that you need to have like memorized. It just does such a good job of showing how our second or sorry, not our secondary sectors, but all of our economic sectors change as we're seeing industrialization occur. You do need to know what industrialization is and you do need to know what de-industrialization is. And you want to have an idea of these I like uh things that are happening here because what this is showing is this change. This is our demographic transition model to an extent. This is about some of the stuff that we're going to be looking at later in this course. So these changes happen. If we want, we could also connect this too into like opportunities for women. What we can see too is as we're seeing more industrialization occur, we're seeing more services, more people are getting out of agriculture, women would get more opportunities. Again, too, realize that when we're looking at this, and I can put it back up. Um, we can also see like those stage four countries. Uh, if we're looking here, like the United States, lot of talk in the news right now of what jobs should we have, what jobs should we not have. We have a lot of tertiary jobs in the US. Once you get to post-industrial with the which the US is we also start to see the quattinary sector start to rise and the quinary would follow but we have a lot more sec tertiary jobs. Our secondary jobs have continued to decrease our agricultural density connecting back to unit two which would be example of some primary sector jobs also has decreased. We're a much more service-based economy. And so these are things that we can see when looking at this kind of graphically. And that was the point of doing this. Don't worry about like memorizing that graph perfectly, but I was trying to show you how these concepts connect to um development, which is something that you do need to understand for the test. All right. Um someone was saying about industrializa or de-industrialization. De-industrialization is just when we start to see those secondary jobs start to decrease. Manufacturing is going down and we're now getting more tertiary and service jobs. All right. Next vocab term that you need to know is a break of bulk point. So we'll put this on the screen there. This is just a location where goods are transferred. We're going from one mode of transportation to another. That's it. But break of ballpoint. Have an understanding of that concept. It definitely could come up on the test. Um some people are asking about what is industrialization? This is the process of actually getting more factories, manufacturing. industrialization happens when we're seeing those secondary sector jobs take off, when we're getting a lot more of those. Cool. All right, we're going to go on to the next one. Also, I realized I missed some super chats. I will try to get to the super chats uh later. I just right now want to make sure I focus on the actual notes um since we're getting down there in crunch time. Okay, Weber's least cost theory. Here we go. Um all right, three things that you want to make sure you understand. You can see them on the screen right now. But elomeration, labor clo costs, and also transportation costs. These are the three factors that were used to kind of create the theory. Now, one thing you can see the definitions there and I can make it so people can quick take notes. Um, but a lomeration, this is that clustering. The reason why different businesses do this and why companies would do it because I already saw some people asking is because it helps them make more money. It reduces some of their costs. If we decide, for example, to look at a real life example, we could talk about the car industry. Uh if you're going to buy a new car, you're going to notice that all the car dealerships are generally right by each other. Conglomeration. They're also all clustered around highways or interstates. And that's because it allows for people to get in and out there really quick. It allows also because they have large vehicles that they're constantly shipping in. It allows product to come in easier and product to go out easier. So when we use elomeration, when companies do it, it's because they're trying to reduce their costs. Car dealerships know that generally people are going to actually shop around between different dealerships. And so by locating actually near each other, it allows them to get more customers because it makes it more convenient for the customers. And so they get the benefit then of that. Um it's the same thing like why malls work. Um you have all these different stores there. Like the Mall of America has all of these different stores that compete with one another, but because they're all located in the same area and they share some different resources and they're all clustered together, it brings in more customers. And so all the stores actually are better off and can make more money than if they were doing it by themselves. So that's what the llomeration and why that kind of happens. Labor costs, just remember, we're talking about the employees there and how much they're getting paid. And transportation costs is the shipping of different products. All right. So the important thing that is going to happen with Weber's lease cost is understanding where we're going to locate though our production. And so we can see a couple different things. One, we have bulk reducing goods. Now realize bulk reducing goods as production's happening, it's going to become easier to ship. It's going to become easier and cheaper. And so that's why production is going to be located farther away from our market. In this case, it's IKEA, so we're maybe building furniture here. But if this is our market, if this is our store, and I have a bulk reducing good, I'm going to then produce closer to my natural resources so that when I have my final good, which is lighter and easier to ship, I will ship that to the store. I'm saving money. Now, on the other hand, if it's a bulk gaining good, I'm going to want to then make sure that this is closer to the market. A bulk gaining good, remember, is a good that as production's happening, it gets heavier. it's harder to transport and that it's also going to be more expensive. In this case, the resources are actually lighter. They're easier to transport. So, it makes sense then for me to transport my resources a farther distance, create the product closer to the market and then I don't have to ship it as far. So, that is the kind of the important thing to understand Weber's lease cost theory when we're looking at is trying to figure out where should we actually locate our production. So hopefully this is making sense. Again, don't mix up bulk reducing and bulk gaining. Um the names kind of give it away a little bit like bulk gaining. As production happens, it's going to gain weight. Bulk reducing, it's going to reduce weight. Things that are uh lighter are easier to transport. So we don't need that to be right there. So things that are heavier are going to be more expensive. They're heavier to transport. So hopefully that kind of helps with Weber's lease cost theory. definitely make sure you spend some time on it. Um, oh, one other quick thing too. If depending So if you see it on the test, this this could theoretically be there. Um, but if you see where like the production is closer to one resource over another, what that's telling you is that that one resource is heavier and bulkier than the other one. So it makes more sense to locate the production near resource one over resource two because then that will make it so again we're saving money. It still could be a bulk producing good because the end product is cheaper. Um but we maybe locate it next to the heavier resource there. Again just trying to save more and more money there. So hopefully that makes sense. Um also too I realize this model is only looking at two resources. Um, in real life, many more resources go into the production of a product. However, if you understand this model, you could apply it to theoretically five resources, six resources, or seven. You don't have to do that for the AP test. We're just trying to understand the concept. So, you don't have to like go into all the other things um there. So, just focus on the core model. All right. Couple things here. Speaking of core, we have core countries, we have semi-p periphery countries, and we have periphery countries. These are looking at economic development. Core is going to be our most economically advanced and periphery is going to be the least economically advanced. This also can connect back into our different standard of living. We could connect back as well into the sectors of the economy. So core countries generally are going to have more tertiary jobs, more quattinary and quinary. Um core countries are going to have higher labor costs generally because the standard of living is higher. Semi-p periphery generally these are developing countries. Um, and we're going to have more secondary jobs. Tertiary jobs are starting to come as well. Periphery is going to be the least economically developed. A lot of times they're going to be um exporting raw resources to more developed countries. And this is kind of connecting into Wallerstein's world system theory that we're going to talk about a little bit later. But have an idea of these terms. Realize it connects us into connects into economic development. And we can actually see all of these if we're looking at the world today and world trade. And again, we're going to go into the world system theory a little bit later to try and um connect everything together, but here you can see all of the different countries of kind of where they're at um for core, semi-p periphery, and periphery. So hopefully this makes sense. You don't need to memorize all the countries of where they are um and exactly what classification they are, but uh just wanted to show a visual so you could see it on the map. And yes, nice connection. Unit one, we got a global scale here and a national scale of analysis. So, great connection connecting it all together. Woo! Nice. Good job. All right, moving on to our next one. Um, you also might see multinational corporation. Now, this can come up with neoc colonialism, which is from unit 4. Um, it also could come up a lot in unit 7. Just realize this is a company that has business across the globe in at least one other country than its home country. So Tesla, Google, Microsoft, Apple, all of these are multinational or organizations, corporations, all of those are. So um just wanted to define that term. It could come up so that way you know what it is. All right. Speaking of the economy, we are now on formal and informal economies. So I'll put it up quick so you can see this. Realize the formal economy. There's a bunch of indicators that we're about to talk about in a little bit. Um, so we'll get to that. But formal economic activities, they're recognized by laws. They're overseen by the government. Um, informal, they are not regulated or protected by the government. So you can see I have examples here. Street vendors, domestic workers, unregistered small businesses, doctors, servers, teachers, um, would fall into formal. Um, so these are things that are unregulated over here and regulated over here. uh it is good to have a formal economy because that means workers get protection. So generally we see the informal economy um kind of flourish in like squatter settlements if we want to connect to unit six um or some like the favllas or these areas where people don't actually even own the land that they are residing on and so that has a variety of different issues that come up. All right, with our formal economy comes the next part which is going to be a GDP, GNP and GNI. Um, these are the indicators that you want to understand what they mean and you also don't need to worry about like calculating them. You do not need to have like the GDP formula me um like memorized. That's going to be like more AP macro, AP micro where you're looking at like calculating out GDP. you don't have to worry about calculating out inflation. So, there's no need that for you to have like a calculator on this test. They're not going to let you have one because you don't need it. Um, but let's go over these to help you out. I'll put the definitions just on the screen here because there is a lot. Um, we have starting off our gross domestic product. Realize when we're talking about the GDP, we're just talking about the goods and services that are produced within a country's boundaries. GNP though is the total economic output produced by a country's residents and business. Doesn't matter where they are actually located. So hopefully that makes sense kind of real quick between those. Um so again GDP if it was produced in the United States it is part of the United States's GDP. But if let's say something was produced in London it's not part of the United States's GDP. So, if Ford has a factory here in the US, that's part of our GDP. If Ford has a factory over in Hong Kong, then that factory in Hong Kong is not part of the US's GDP. However, because Ford is an American company, the Hong Kong factory that is a Ford, whatever, uh that would be part of our GMP. So, that would be part of the United States's GMP. So realize the difference there. Hopefully that kind of helps. I'll put it back up so people can take some notes there. Um, but the other thing then when we're going down gross national income, this is just looking at the total amount of income generated by a country's residence and business both domestically and abroad. So when you're hearing the word abroad, realize we're talking about overseas. We're not talking about um within our actual country. So just have an idea of those different components there. And these are all ones that are going to measure the actual formal economy. So generally we can see the higher the GNI per capita there and remember per capita is looking at per person uh the more economic opportunities we actually see uh in a society. So we want a higher GNI per capita because that means more economic opportunities. So which is great. It shows that the average income earned by each person is a little bit higher. All right going on to our next thing. We have our next measures. So, here we go. We got more. Um, we have gender inequality. So, that's the GI. We have the maternal mortality ratio. There we go. And we have the adolescent fertility rate. So, these are all kind of dealing with gender. Um, wanted to put the definitions up here. Realize when we're looking at these that a country's GI can range between zero and one. On the AP test, you're not going to have to calculate necessarily the GI, but you do need to understand how to interpret it. So, it can range from zero to one. And the higher the value, that generally indicates then more inequalities, more disparities between women and men. Now, don't mix that up with the HDI. We will talk about the HDI in a little bit. Um, the HDI is going to be the opposite. So, that's the one with the GI. Remember, the higher the value, the more inequalities. However, when we get to uh the HDI, the higher is going to be the opposite there. All right, cool. I'm going to move on to the next thing there. Um, if you do need more time copying down the definitions, by all means, you can. Um, hopefully this stuff is a little bit more of a review. Yeah, the closer you get to zero is going to be the better for the GI. Um, the higher then you're gonna have more inequalities. Now, no country is at a perfect zero. like there is no perfect society that has zero gender inequality um which we have seen um time and time kind of throughout this course here. All right, next couple things just as a reminder that kind of come back in parts of this unit um I just want to make sure we retouch on is one total fertility rate. So remember don't mix up on the test total fertility rate with the CBR. In the past, there has been some FRQs that have asked about the total fertility rate and students got questions wrong because they described CBR instead of total fertility rate. So remember, with total fertility rate, you have to talk about the average number of children a woman will have. CBR is just that crude birth rate. So we're just looking at the average amount of births. TFR is specific to the average number of children that a woman will have. And remember too a TFR when we're looking at that uh a replacement rate which would be 2.1 that's going to be how many essentially where we're getting that like zero population growth where we're able to maintain our current population. On the other hand too remember IMR that is different as well. That's looking at the number of deaths under one years of age. Um so one real quick just to take a quick pause. Uh I see some people in the chat are like the test leaked. The test leaked. There's no leak. Stop worrying about it. it's people trolling you. Um, just focus on studying and prepping for the test. We're a couple days out and the last thing you need is people just distracting you with nonsense. So, let's actually just focus on learning. Focus on reviewing and just getting ready for the actual test and focus on the things you can control. You can't control what other people are going to say. You can't control what all these other things online are, what the curve is, or what the actual test is going to have on it. Instead, what we can control is being able to rock this exam. You've prepped all year for this test. You've been putting the work in. You have been making sure that you're doing your homework. You're listening to your teacher. Last thing you need to do now is get distracted by some random people on the internet. So, lock it in, geographers. You've got this. I'm going to go back to this. I'm not going to acknowledge it again. So, that's just going to be my two cents on it. Um, and we're moving back. So, cool. All right. Um before we get into the next indicators, I do want to though kind of highlight again infant mortality rate. One thing that some students also get confused with or have in the past. So I'm trying to also highlight some of the things I've noticed in past tests here. But as economic development happens and the infant mortality rate falls, sometimes people think, oh that means the birth rate is going to go higher or our population is going to grow. Less children are dying, so we're going to get a bigger population like boom. But the opposite's actually true. remember going from stage two to three to four in that demographic transition model as infant mortality rates come down people realize that their families um the children aren't dying which is great and so we start to see then family sizes shrink that's also because of women getting more economic opportunities more urbanization and other things as well but just realize that in the back of your mind so you don't make that mistake there all right uh real quick looking at the world today we can also see that a little bit here's our gender inequality index for 2022 two. Um, again, I realize I kind of keep harping on it. Um, I don't want you to make the mistake on there. So, here is the lower is the better. There's no like true 100% zero. The higher means more inequality that we are going to have. The lower here is what we would want. This is less inequality um that's happening there. So, we can see different countries around the world. If I was to overlap this even with some other maps, we have a chloroplath map. I can see a bunch of people saying um but if I was to overlap this with like education, economic development, we would also probably see some trends here. So we can see a couple things um that overlap in this class. All right, our next index is the human development index. This is the one where it is ranging from zero to one. So again 0 to one. The big difference here is the higher the score the better. So don't make that mistake um where you flip it with the GI. So understanding this HDI really allows us to see um how different countries compare on the level of human development. So we're using this to track development over time and it's a great way to be able to see where we can improve in the future. If we wanted to look at the world today, we can actually see here's kind of our ranking. Um it's a little bit maybe outdated. Um this is from earlier in the year, but this is where we are. Again, the higher the HDI value we can see uh the better. So here we can see Switzerland right now is ranked number one. Iceland, Denmark, Germany, Singapore, Netherlands going all the way down. United States we are 20. So right here it goes one, two, three, four, five, six. So that's how you'd read this going back and forth there. Um hopefully this is kind of interesting for you. I just wanted to show it. You don't have to memorize this. This is just showing the data. So if you do see any of the data here again higher the better. All right. Another thing we can see we have another chloroplath map here global scale and we're looking at a national scale of analysis. Um this is looking at oil consumption as economic development occurs as industrialization occurs realize that we see more pollution generally happen more oil consumption more energy usage continues to occur. So I just wanted to include this. it is in the CD. There's a little thing about energy consumption and pollution and stuff. So, I want to be able to connect in to an example there. So, we can see on the map generally the more economically developed countries start to have some more consumption there. So, hopefully that kind of helps. All right, two more concepts and vocab terms. We have microloans and micro financing. So these are ways in which individuals or organizations, small businesses can actually help people out in other communities. So um particularly developing regions. So microloans, we have these smaller loans are provided to individuals and generally they're going to focus on people who are excluded from traditional banking services or from different parts of society. So a lot of times they help women get out of poverty in more economically challenged areas. Now micro financing is a little bit broader. This is a category there where we got these services um that are for an individual or these small businesses that are lacking. This might include a savings account, insurance money, um transfer services. Microloans is just the money itself. Micro financing is broader. So it' be like, hey, you don't have access to a bank account. let's get you a bank account or you don't have a line of credit. So that's is it. Um just realize these are connecting back and a lot of times there is debate over how effective they are but the goal is to try and help like women or people in poverty be able to escape that. So uh have an idea for that. Um a line of credit would be I'm going to give you like hey you have a $5,000 line of credit which means you can take 5,000 of debt out. So I'm giving you access to money that's mine. you can take it out as loans and then you'll have to pay that back. Uh, cool. We're gonna go on to the next thing. I realize I am missing a couple of the different um super chats. I'll get to those at the end. I apologize. So, I want to go through that all of this stuff first. Okay. Gender parity. We've been talking about gender for a little bit. Gender parity is in the CD. It's mentioned, I think, once, maybe twice. Um, but it's one that students often like kind of skip over. And just in case it's on the test, let's make sure you know it. All this is talking about here is we're looking I can make it so you can see it better but we're really looking at inequalities. So economic development what we can see again is we're going to generally see this increase in the gender equality. So that parity we're getting closer and closer now where we're going to be equal there. So we're just talking here about gender inequalities. All right here we go. We are at some of the models that we need to get um all of the fun resto stages of economic growth. Um one of the things this model earlier in the stream when we were looking at um pre-industrial industrial and post and then we were looking at like the different sectors that's kind of this model. So if you can remember that connect back to those economic sectors. So, I'll put the model on the screen so you can see how it builds over time and then I'm going to kind of explain each of the stages and I'll try to highlight some of the different things that are happening with this model and at the end we'll talk about some critiques of it um because that is something you want to be aware of is some of the issues that people have put out here. So, one right away notice this builds off the previous stages. So, we can kind of see um it's not like you're starting at high mass consumption. You're starting down here at the bottom, traditional society, and we're going to kind of work our way up. So realize during that traditional society, the economy is mainly going to be subsistence. We're going to have a lot of jobs that are in the primary sector. We're going to have a lot of subsistence farmers. Um eventually we're going to start to see some new economic development happen. And that's what's going to lead us to these preconditions for takeoff. This is really where we start to see the economy grow. More investment comes in infrastructure. We start to see more focus in education. As time goes on, then more production starts to happen and we start to see new industries emerge here. And these new industries generally are opening up in that secondary sector. So that secondary sector again if we connect back remember earlier in the stream we saw primary sector jobs they started to decrease the secondary sector started to go up we started to see this shift happen so in his model if you can remember that chart that's what's happening right now as this happens we start to see more access to foreign states really they start looking like hey look at this developing country over here all of a sudden now they've got all these roads They have some factories that are starting to open up and other countries start to take in interest because all of a sudden now they're saying, "Hey, we kind of want some of their resources." So eventually as all this stuff starts to go, we start to move into this takeoff stage. This is going to be this next stage here. So we're going from preconditions for takeoff to takeoff. During this stage is when we see massive like rapid economic growth. This is where a lot of jobs are moving um out of that traditional agricultural based activities. So out of that primary sector and really we're moving now into that secondary sector. We have a lot more jobs coming right here into um the factories and this manufacturing and all of this new growth leads to more urbanization. More opportunities are opening up for citizens which is great. And as this continues to happen though, other states, they also start to see what's going on. And more and more states now are going to be interested in trying to actually take advantage of that. And so this is where we could start to see some exploitation happen if we connect into unit 4. Again, like some of those European powers got interested in some of the less economically developed areas because they're like, look at all these resources they have. All of a sudden, now we're able to kind of extract some of that and help ourselves out eventually. Then we go into this drive to maturity stage. Um this is where we start to participate more and more in global trade. Uh during this stage is we see a big shift from these heavy industries to a little bit more consumer goods. So we're starting to see this transition now into the tertiary that could be happening. So de-industrialization, a term we talked about earlier in this review, could start to happen here. Um a lot of influence from outside states is still happening here. So, the world economy is still kind of taking advantage of the state here. Um, but we're starting to slowly become independent. They're starting to be able to get their own needs covered. And then lastly, we get to the high mass consumption, which this is where we have a lot of tertiary jobs. You're pretty independent now from outside forces. Um, it doesn't mean everything. Remember, all of this stuff is connected. So, when we're looking at this high mass consumption stage, it's not like we are 100% on our own as a country here. Um, so this is this Rustto's model of economic growth. I realize I'm probably also mispronouncing his name a little bit, but um I've already said it. So, uh, we're going on to the next thing. Oh, uh, before I forget, one of the things remember for cons here, this doesn't factor in like historical economic growth factors. So, different things such as, uh, colonialism, imperialism, uh, things that would have prevented countries from moving up on this. So, that is a critique of this model. People have looked at it and said like, well, hey, scramble for Africa, the Berlin Conference, for example, kind of colonized all of Africa, created these superimposed boundaries that made states that were not efficient and created conflict. And so, they didn't have the opportunity to just progress through this. And other states were able then to essentially enrich themselves with other people's resources and labor. And so, that created some different issues there. And people critique this model for essentially oversimplifying this economic development that occurs because it didn't really factor in some of those other things. All right, our next model is Wallerstein's world system theory. This is where we start to see our core semi-p periphery and periphery concepts all come back. And again, we can also see interdependence here. Remember interdependence, we've talked about it in some of our earlier units. This is how places are connected and how they rely on one another. If you're interdependent, you depend on them. And so I'll make it full screen so you can see it a little bit better here. Um, but when we are looking at this, we can see core countries generally are going to get the most benefit. So what we're seeing here is this high profit consumption goods. They're going to sell stuff back, make money there, but they're going to get the advantage of the periphery, the semi-p periphery. These areas that have cheaper labor markets, that have more raw resources, they're getting shipped over to them. If we want to connect into the real world, the United States, whether you realize it or not, um the US, we have more access to a ver larger variety of goods, to cheaper goods than pretty much any country in the world. Um and that's because of this global trade and it does benefit the US in quite a few ways. Um we get the advantage of having cheaper goods because we use a lot of the cheaper labor from other countries and we I mean like the companies and the different production that happens. Um, we also too are going to extract a lot of natural resources from other countries as well. It's more expensive to produce stuff in the US. And so if we take advantage of the international division of labor, which we're going to talk about in just a little bit, uh, we're able to reduce costs, increase profits, um, and increase that standard of living. And there's a lot of debate that's happening today um, on this. Like, if you have been following the news at all, there's a lot of talks of tariffs and trade embaros and all these different things. Um, and should manufacturing jobs come back to the US? Should we have more secondary jobs? And we'll have to see what happens with all that. Um, and it's up for debate of where people side on that. We'll talk about tariffs in just a little bit because that is part of this course. But Wallerstein's world system theory just realized that this interdependence that is seen benefits more economically developed countries more. So that's one thing to realize about this model here. Um one thing too for critiques they people have pointed out uh this model does not actually take into account the fact that like other groups and organizations um could actually try and go against this and try to like help out those developing areas. So we could see like non-GMOs or micro financing, micro lending, all that stuff. Um even different individuals like I said in the exclusive live stream earlier today, but like Mr. Beast in Feastables. If you follow the Feastable story at all, he's doing a lot of work to try and remove child labor out of the cocoa production. And so Mr. Beast has spent a lot of time trying to make sure that he has a supply chain that's ethical. Um, and has tried to ramp it up so he could compete with the larger chocolate companies and making sure that his workers there are getting paid a fair wage and so they don't have to have children working in the fields um to produce the cocoa for festivals. So, it's kind of a really interesting um story there. Yeah, some people are saying like sponsored there. No. Uh definitely not sponsored at all by Mr. Beast. If Mr. Beast ever wants to talk AP human geography concepts and promote his brand at the same time, connect education there. Reach out to me, Mr. Beast. You guys tag him. Let me know. Uh we'll do a live with that. That would be cool. But I just want to give an example because it's probably relevant since you guys have probably heard of Fastables. Um, and it's something that can connect into a crit critique of here fair trading practices a little bit more um, and helping stuff out. So, all right, last theory and then we're going to go on to a couple other concepts and it's the dependency theory. I realize the AI art is kind of controversial, but this is kind of an interesting one. It's trying to highlight and show how connected things are and today how dependent the world is and it's imbalanced. Now what I mean by that is like more economically developed countries disproportionately benefit from a lot of the global trade. The US it's not really a question. We benefit a lot from it. Developing countries generally are getting the short end of the stick there. And that reason why is because their resources are being exported to other countries. We talked about in unit five when we're looking at countries that are struggling uh to have enough food to feed their population. This cycle that gets created because of the global economy where farmers there are producing cash crops which remember are crops that are going to be for sale. The whole point is to make money. It's not for consumption. And so farmers are producing those to then ship out to more developed countries to make profit. At the same time, their country needs more of their farmland to actually grow food for them, but they don't have enough money and resources to do it. So, we can see this dependency theory come up in some of our other units as well. Uh, one concept that can connect here, I have the term on there, it's decolonization. Just realize this is the process in which colonies become independent of the colonizing country. Now, the reason why I have it here is because oftenimes what we see is once we see a colony become free, they often are still dependent on the colonizing country. And that's because a lot of the systems were set up to support them. Um, and also that they don't have all the tools that they necessarily needed. So, they are kind of connected. We've seen that in the past like when Africa, a lot of the different countries inside the continent of Africa became independent. a lot of them still relied on European countries uh for trade and for support. So have an idea of those. Um hopefully that helps there for those theories. All right, here we go. Next term it did come up also in unit 5 and it is a commodity dependence. So I'm not going to spend too much time on here's an example of it. This is just when over 60% of um the country's total export are made up of like a commodity. So here we're looking at uh Venezuela right here. Crude petroleum 83.8%. Refined petroleum 12.2%. This right here is like their entire economy. So when anything happened and eventually it did, prices fell. When prices fell the entire economy collapsed this is one of the things that's an issue with commodity dependence. If a country has a commodity dependence, they are really susceptible for any price changes in the actual commodity that they depend on. So have an idea about that on the actual exam. Commodity dependence uh would be an issue there. A commodity I see some people saying like what is a commodity? Uh commodity is going to be like a raw natural resource there. Generally a lot of times talking about like food like corn is a commodity that can be traded. So we're talking about things that can be traded. Um oil we can trade um that could be a commodity. It can be traded. It can be exchanged for money. So that would be a commodity uh there. All right. Next one. Globalization. We've talked about this all class. So we're not going to spend a ton of time here. Uh realize this is that process by which countries, economies, cultures, businesses are all interconnected and interdependent on one another. Remember interdependence means we are reliant. We are connected on each other. So we both need to have um trade to exist. Okay, globalization again we're going to go over pretty quick. All right, free trade policies, neoliberal policies. So neoliberal policies, these are economic political ideology where we're focusing on individual freedom over government control. So this is going to be that free trade markets um and things of that nature. Right now in the news, if you're following again I mentioned earlier this is what's kind of being challenged. There's a lot of debate on the effectiveness of neoliberal policies. Many economists will argue that neoliberal policies are amazing. Some economists argue against it. Some politicians argue against, some are for. It's up to you which way you want to. I'm not going to take a stance. Um but just realize in general what we see free trade um means that there is not going to be tariffs or different things that are going to add extra cost to trade. So this is international trade that allows us to trade with other countries around the world without barriers. Um, some economists, for example, like Morgan, um, wow, I was gonna say Morgan Freeman, but it's not. Milton Freeman. Milton Freeman. There we go. Uh, he argued like free trade that we should have free trade. Um, because when we trade, we're always better off. And some people would put out like, oh, well, what if there's an imbalance in trade? So, like if country A and country B trade, but country A buys a lot more from country B, is that fair then? Is it lopsided? And some economists would argue like, well, of course it's fair because you've decided to trade and that was a deal that you made. Free trade, you're going into it, you're go like when you go to Target and you give Target money. This will be an easier example for you. You give Target money. In return, you get a good. You're not mad that Target never gives you money. Target's not mad that you don't give them goods. You are saying when you go to Target, take my money. I value that good more than the money. And Target's saying, I value your money more than the good. So you exchange, it all works out. Everyone's happy. So that's trade in a nutshell. Um, cool. Let's go on to the next thing here. Um, when we're talking about these, these are different organizations that are listed in the CD. So I'll put them up there. You can see um, all of these foster and promote greater globalization. These are things that are going to be focusing on trying to reduce trade barriers or to try and make sure that their particular organization or country is better off. So like OPEC for example um they do a lot of trying to OPEC sometimes gets called a cartel because of the amount of manipulating they do of oil and gas. They will try to reduce the supply to try and increase prices. So they change the supply for the globe to actually try and influence there. Um so have an idea of these. We're not going to go into all of them right now. Um don't worry about memorizing the countries that are in each one. Focus more of what they are. Um also remember a lot of these then are going to be those super national organizations which is a concept from unit 4. And that's going to be those um multiple countries all coming together. All right. Tariff. A tariff has been in the news a lot. Uh, one of the things with a tariff, and I'll make it a little bit bigger so you can just quick take notes, then I'll switch it back. But realize this tariff is a tax, a duty it's also called. It's imposed. The government puts it on goods, services that are coming into the country. So, a lot of times governments are going to do this when there's trade deficits. Um, the goal that they try to do is they're trying to promote domestic production. So they want to move production from overseas back to the actual country itself. So tariffs when we're looking at this um one misconception that does come up with tariffs is that the country pays it. So a tariff essentially like let's say Apple can produce this phone for I don't know maybe I should have picked something that's less expensive. I don't but Apple can produce the phone for like 50 bucks if we put a tariff on and let's say the tariff is going to equal like 10 bucks. Now when this comes in, it now costs Apple that 60 bucks to produce the phone. So Apple to business, they're gonna have to pay it. Now businesses are about making money. So generally what the businesses are going to do then is raise their price. So if we put tariffs on goods, the goods then that are tariffed are coming in. The country doesn't pay it. What's happening there then is that the company is going to have to take that cost. Then they pass that cost on to the consumer. So generally then it makes it so the prices go up which then balances the playing field per se um so that way more people would buy domestic goods like for the United States for example there's a lot of talk about tariffs um we're trying to favor Americanmade goods it normally costs more to produce stuff here so a tariff is supposedly balancing that so have an idea there uh the next thing with trade is complimentary index and comparative advantage so I'll put these back up here and you'll be able to see um the concepts here and then we'll kind of talk a little bit more in depth about comparative advantage. So all complimentary is looking at is just country A needs oil. Country B has oil. Let's trade. It makes sense. We both have the two things that we need. One's trying to sell it, one's trying to buy it. It works. That's complimementaryary. Comparative advantage is referring to countries focusing on what they are best at. So that would be a country that has a lower opportunity cost. Now you don't have to worry about understanding all the different components of calculating opportunity cost or calculating comparative advantage. That's going to be more macro or microeconomics. Um but when we're looking at a comparative advantage, the easiest way to think about it is like whatever you're best at. Every time you decide to do something in life, you're giving something else up. Right now we have over 3,350 people who are watching this stream right now. All of you could be doing something else. Like no one's forcing you to be here. So you're giving something else up. The reason why you are still here is because you have decided that this is what's worth your time right now. If you thought something else was better, then you would switch and go do that. You wouldn't keep listening to me yap on. You would go and switch and do something else. So opportunity cost is what we are giving up. If your next best thing to watching this live stream was sleeping, then you would be giving up sleeping. That'd be your opportunity cost. When countries are trading, they focus on their comparative advantage. The United States, we cannot make every single thing in the world because we only have so many people that can do the job. We only have so many resources. So we want to produce what we are the best at and then we will trade for other products. So for example, other countries around the world can make clothes a lot cheaper than we can in the US. But we make the world we make the most airplanes in the world. So we will focus on producing airplanes. They will focus then on producing clothes and then we will trade. Um that would be focusing on your comparative advantage. You're focusing on what you are best at specializing at becoming better at it and then you trade. So that's comparative advantage. Hopefully it makes a little bit more sense. Um, we're really just trying to make sure that we're making the best decision and then we have trade. So, comparative advantage and complimentary trade. All right, interdependence. We've already talked about this a lot, so I'm just going to kind of go to the next thing. Just realize it's this mutual reliance between groups and regions um that people depend on each other. So, have an idea of that. All right. So, as we continue to see this increase in international trade, we're going to see more de-industrialization happen and the world becomes more and more interdependent. We are more and more connected than ever before. And part of that is because of some of this economic restructuring that has started to happen. So, economic restructuring, if you see it on the test, this is this shift in production. We're talking about production, employment, investment, trade, all of this stuff. We're seeing this throughout the world today and partially because of that international division of labor where we're starting to see more and more people um for secondary sector jobs actually locate in periphery and semi-p periphery areas. So these are differences that are starting to happen and these are shifts. Now one of the things that comes with this is offshoring and outsourcing. So, two terms that are dealing with businesses that could come up here. Realize offshoring is this process of relocating a business to a different country. It's offshoring. We're moving it out. Outsourcing is when a business contracts a service to a different provider. So, for example, if we're looking at outsourcing, I have the example here, outsourcing their bookkeeping for a professional accounting firm to take advantage of their firm's experts. um or for offshore, a company A moves its manufacturing centers out of the core country and into a semi-pery country to take advantage of lower labor costs. So, two terms, easy to mix up. Hopefully, this makes sense. Um so, you can kind of see how these work. This has happened more and more. Uh and this is also where tariffs would come into a place. like countries that don't want companies offshoring their work might put tariffs in place to make that them more expensive to try and motivate them to come back. So, and outsourcing to the reason why companies do this. It's all about efficiencies. If I'm going to move my production overseas, it's because I'm trying to be more efficient. I'm trying to reduce my costs. Um, some people are saying Mackiladoras. Yeah, Mexico, that free trade area, that's where a lot of Mackiladoras are located. And a lot of we moved a lot of production down there to reduce costs. For better or for worse, you could argue. Cool. All right. Couple different things. Now, when we're talking about trade, I'll make this full screen because there's a lot of terms here. We have special economic zones, free trade zones, export processing zones. So, all of these are different things that countries can do to promote economic growth. So hopefully this helps out. So special economic zones, just realize these are different types of it. So this is a region where we're providing different economic incentives um to try and attract foreign investment. What this means, foreign investment is countries outside. We're trying to get people back in and we're promoting growth here. Free trade zone, this would be like NAFTA for example. We're creating a region where countries can import goods that can be stored there. And we're not putting tariffs, no trade barriers. We're trying to make it so that trade is easier. Export processing zones. These are going to be regions where we have a lot of kind different economic regulations, different incentives, and this is going to be to try and get goods produced for exports. So, for example, if we're starting to see stuff um with like China, a lot of people look at China as like a communist country, but they have a lot of variety to their economy. They have a lot of different special economic zones that they use to promote trade that they promote economic growth and they take advantage of that international division of labor. So our next concept here, I mentioned it already a lot in the stream. This is where we're looking at that comparative advantage. We're looking at different economic activities, resources, capabilities. Realize that this international division of labor, what we start to see is these core countries, they are losing a lot of their tert or sorry secondary jobs. They're going more and more over into the periphery and semi-p periphery. And so those developing countries have lower paying jobs and we're starting to see the core countries become a little bit more dominant. Speaking of that, woo, we have our next thing. I know this unit's long. We're getting towards the end of it. There is a lot of terms in there uh in this unit. Um so I want to make sure that it's making sense for you. But our next thing is the multiplier effect. This is a phenomenon. So where we see another company open up a factory. So let's say that um Apple opens up a phone factory or whatever in India and that new factory then has to employ people and so people start going to the factory to work. They now are getting a paycheck. Now when they have a paycheck they have more money in their pocket and when they're at work they want to also eat. So then they decide well I want to go look for local restaurants. So they walk around they don't see any meat. So someone opens one up. Now that money from the factory is going to a new business and that person now has employees and they start paying people and then those people are able to spend it on other businesses. So this is that multiplier effect. We have this original investment. Investment one comes in. Then those workers that are adv um are benefiting from it go out and they spend the money and that leads to new jobs being created and then that leads to new jobs being created. So it's this multiplier that kind of spreads throughout and some people that say like hey the dependency theory Wallerstein's theory that these uh core countries more economically developed countries are taking advantage of some of these different less economically developed areas. People who could um would say well no they're not would look at the multiplier effect. They would say, "Sure, Apple, if they have a factory there, maybe they're not paying the highest wages, but they're paying actually more wages than existed before, and that's leading to economic growth in that area." So, hopefully that makes sense for um the multiplier effect. Um yeah, I realize it's long. I realize a lot of people are saying I'm going too fast and then a lot of people are saying I'm going too slow. So, um I apologize for it. I'm just trying to be as thorough and we're going to make sure that we get through all the concepts that you need to. Again, if if you want, you can always go uh do something else. But the goal of this is just to make sure we get through that content and then we will get into the cahoot in a little bit. Um realize like these units, we're doing a whole unit and right now it's an hour, but um it's pretty short if you think about for how long these units are actually. All right, for production, here's the two differences. Um we've got fortism and post Fordism. So we're really looking at methods of production. I like this graphic here. So what you're looking at here is forism was very much this like we're going to produce our product. We are going to have our raw resources here. Manufacturing we're going to kind of bring it together. We don't have a lot of different types. Maybe we have a couple but it all connects into this one main production and then it comes out to our distribution area and we'll sell through our main stores. post forum is going to look more at um today. So remember post is always after. So you can think back this is before this is after. Think of today. Now we have all of our raw materials. Notice how manufacturing has gotten so much more complex. We have so many different stages. We have so many different outputs now too. Here we just had one. Notice the one line coming out. Our one product, our one type of product. Now we have one, two, three. And we have different sales distributions that are happening. This is looking at our world today. It utilizes things like just in time delivery and stuff. Um, with post Fordism, this is why when you go now to get a car, you can get different colors of the car. You can get different aspects put into the car. Um, you can get different types of a phone. So, we now have more variety in our products. So, post Fordism is a lot more of a flexible production style. It still is using the original idea of the foris method of mass production and emphasizing standard of goods, but now with postmortem, we're able to create more custom goods. So, it's kind of taking it to that next step. So, hopefully that helps there. All right, economies of scale is our next one. We've talked about this in past units, so we're not going to go too in depth in it, but it does come again here. Realize again, this is the per unit cost. So economies of scale, as a company grows, as they gain more capital and access to stuff, they are able to produce more products at a cheaper per unit cost. They're still going to spend more overall, but individually they pay less. So that's the one thing that students sometimes mix up on. They think, oh, economies of scale, the company's paying less money, but that doesn't make sense because they're making more goods. It still uses resource. How are they saving money? It is the per unit cost. And this is why like smaller businesses struggle to compete against a Nike and an Apple. I mean, if I wanted to try and create a phone, there's no way I could compete against Apple because Apple has a true economy of scale. They can produce that phone for very, very cheap individually. They'll spend a lot on it, but it's because they have the factories already created. They have the supply chains already created. They have all the infrastructure, the patents, the design. So, all of that has led to economies of scale. Okay, we're getting down there. We're like I think two slides away if I remember correctly. We're almost done. Um but these are the last kind of vocab terms. We've already talked about elomeration so I'm not going to spend a lot of time on that one. Um realize here when we're looking at this um just in time delivery a lot of times is because of this new uh international division of labor and our trade. This is where we're seeing our production happen kind of in stages. And so just in time delivery would be the factory is going to get the part right when it needs it instead of just having a bunch of inventory sit there. They'll wait to get it right before it's made. Now that can be really efficient. It can help keep cost down. It also allows it so that way you only are going to get things developed or sent to you when you're actually making the product. So you have a sale confirmed. The downside with just in time delivery, if there's any hiccups in the supply chain, which we saw in 2020 with COVID, uh then you run into massive delays, you run into shortages, and we run out of products. So, COVID, for example, um people thought that COVID was going to shut the economy down for a lot longer. And so, and they also thought we were going into like this massive recession. All of a sudden, companies then stopped all their orders. Well, it took like a couple months for that to impact. Remember, we're talking about global trade here. So, things take time to go into effect. So, there's always delays that happen. It's not instant ever. Um, and so that was one of the issues that comes with just in time delivery. If there is disruptions, then you're going to run out of product there. Um, growth poles. Um, we haven't talked about that yet. Just realize these are specific regions or cities generally focused on one economic thing and their goal like tech for example if it's a tech growth poll is to really promote that industry and it takes advantage of a lomeration because you'll start to see like Silicon Valley the reason why that's such a great spot for tech is because you have all this talent there. It's not just the infrastructure it's all of the labor. The people that are located now in Silicon Valley are all very techoriented. So there's a huge labor market for all of these different people um to be able to actually um produce different things for the tech sector. Last concept on there is going to be um our de-industrialization which is just going to be decline of industrial jobs. So that's all that one is. We talked about that earlier today. That secondary sector is decreasing. All right, here we go. Um this is our kind of last couple things that we're getting to. Um, these are just the UN sustainable goals. You do not need to worry about trying to memorize every single one of these. Realize a lot of these actually are the themes in this course. Education, gender equality, health, wellness, no poverty. These are things we've been talking about all year. But countries that follow the UN sustainable goals generally see more economic development happen. They see a higher um ability or to achieve a higher standard of living. So, um, hopefully these kind of help here. All right, speaking of sustainability, we do have I know you're all excited for it, but we do have a couple more terms that go with this. So, one, sustainability, we're just using the Earth's resources in a way that allows others to use it in the future. degradation. If you see that, that one came up a lot in unit five connected to like environmental degradation, but that's referring to where we start to see a deterioration of the quality of different natural resources or different things about like ecosystems um and like harm being done. And then resource depletion would be where we lose certain resources. So, we have exceeded that carrying capacity. We've seen a degradation in the actual land there. And all of this too can connect into ecourism which is our last concept. I know you all are going to be bummed about that. Um but ecoourism a form of tourism we're focusing on this responsible travel. The goal is to actually preserve the environment to protect the local people and to also try and promote local cultures. Now sometimes ecoourism can backfire a little bit if it becomes so popular in an area uh that more and more tourists come and it becomes overpop populated and then we run into some issues. So all right that's it. That's all we got. We just did a lot. That was a lot. Seven days, seven units. That's literally like a course worth in seven days. Um we're going to get the cahoot going. So if you want to do the cahoot by all means if you want to go by all means go study. Do what's best for you right now. If you are going to head out before the cahoot, all I want to say is I realize we got two days left and there's a lot of pressure on all of you. Um, it is just a test. At the end of the day, however you do, the test will be over. Life will go on. Just do the best you can. You have a lot more information than you probably realize. You're going to do a lot better than you probably realize. It's normal to be nervous, but you're going to rock this test geographer. Have faith in yourself. Have confidence in yourself. know that you can do it. Tomorrow we'll have two more live streams um that are going to go into some MCQ and FRQ stuff and maybe we'll do like a big pep talk to end it all out. But I'm going to post the Cahoot code now in the Discord server. So if you want you can head on over there. We're doing the dis um the cahoot now. If you're watching on YouTube, have a good day YouTube. See you later. Um join us tomorrow for the other live streams and then the AP test. All right, let's get the hoot going. Also too, we have like 24,000 people in the Discord server. you can join for free. Um, there's people reviewing, there's study groups in there, there's channels for every single unit, there's daily review questions, people are grading FRQs in there. So, it's a really cool community. Um, if you're interested in checking it out, um, by all means, feel free to join us over there. Um, let's get our Cahoot code posted. All right, it is 951. There we go. Copy that. All right. Yes. All right. Time to get the Google code up and then I'll get to the super chats and stuff. Um I realized I've missed those. All right. We already have a ton of people in the code. All right. Goo code on the screen now. There we go. Hop on in. We're going to get started in just a second. I'm going to get a drink of water cuz I've been talking for nonstop. Alrighty. If you want to get in the coot, you still can. Coot code on the bottom of the screen. Here we go. Unit seven. Let's get ready to review. Woo! Hopefully all of you guys are doing well. Hopefully things are going great. Yes. All right. Here we go. Countries that are in the traditional society stage in Russo's model of development are more likely to see what what do we got here? So, here we go. It's red. It's blue. It's yellow. Who knows? all the joys. So again, this is one of the models that is in the unit. So there's this one, there's Wallerstein's world system theory, the dependency theory. Have an idea of those. Always good to have an idea of the models there. Yes, majority of people got it. So that is awesome. Yeah, jobs in that primary sector. So remember, as economic development happens, we're going to go more from the primary to the secondary to the tertiary, quatinary and quinary and all that stuff. All right, the daring dog is in first place. Congratulations, daring dog. There you go. All right, switching over to the chat. Uh, okay. I think I'd got that one. Um, so going through some of the super chats, uh, Tortoise says, "Save me." I hope you save. I'm sure you don't need saving. You're going to do great. Uh, you've got this. Um, Odd Apple said, "Can this be related to bulk gaining products?" I'm not sure what you're connecting to. I have a feeling you were talking about value added products. So, if you're talking about value added products, sure. Yeah, that definitely could connect to, so this is what I'm referencing right now. Um, but that could connect to um, bulk gaining products, but it could also connect to bulk reducing as well. So value added is just anytime we have production happening, we're seeing then the final product is able to sell for more money. So sometimes that could be a lighter object, sometimes it could be heavier. So we go both ways there. All right. Uh Joseph wants to shout out. Are we able to Maybe I need to just move my chair over. I won't keep getting cut off. Uh but Joseph wants to shout out uh Miss Charlesworth's class. Miss Charlessworth, shout out to you. You're an awesome teacher. So shout out there. from Joseph. Yeah, there you go. All right. Um, cool. Majority of people are getting this. Again, periphery countries are seeing more production and it's due to those labor costs. And also too, to be fair, a little bit of it as well is probably because they have access to a lot of those um raw resources and have a little bit less regulation. So, it's reduces the cost of production. Yeah. Um, shout out to Miss Davey. Shout out to Miss Davey. Um, shout out to Mr. Edgar. Shout out to Mr. Edgar. See, there's some super chats that I can't see a message, so I apologize. I I'll try to go and look at it. It just Yeah. Um, how's the glass ceiling? Another one from Odd Apple. How does the glass ceiling relate to inequality? Um, the glass ceiling is normally a metaphor for someone being able to like break through this barrier that has kept like women down. So shattering the glass ceiling would then be removing inequality. Having the glass ceiling would be like keeping inequality. So like you're stuck. You can't move up because there is inequalities. So that could connect there. All right. Again, when we're looking here, I'll make it full screen. So we're looking here at our HDI. Remember, don't mix up the HDI with the GI when interpreting the data. So that is important um to make sure we There we go. I was trying to minimize that. So remember, countries there with this um score near one are going to have more economic development. The lower the HDI, the less economic development. And this is the opposite of the GI. Lower the better. The higher the worse. So don't make that mistake on that AP exam. You're smart. You've got this geographer. You're not going to do that. All right. Here we go. Next question. Which country has the least gender inequality? Let's see who is paying attention. All right. Um, going down there. Um, what do we got? Shout out to Miss Rodriguez. Shout out to Miss Rodriguez. Um, from Madura High School. So, Madura High School. Shout out to Miss Rodriguez. Um, Dolly says, "Mr. Sin the King, thank you. Thank you for being here. Very kind. All right. Um, yes. So, good. When we're looking at this again, the lower that number, so 038 is going to be lower than.204. So, the lower that number, the least or the less inequality there is. Theoretically, if anyone was at like a perfect zero, there's no inequality. But no country has that. So, just understand that we're talking there. Um, we're looking at the GI. All right. Here we go. Oh, big changes in the leaderboard. We got the alpaca moving up. There we go. What is the benefits? What benefits do microloans offer? What do we got? All right. Um, uh, shout out to Mr. Larkin. Thank you so much. I have to respond to your email. Um, thank you very much for emailing me again. So, um, I'll respond there, but hopefully you are doing well. Um, and shout out also to all of the AP human geography students at Hemstead High School. Keep up the great work, geographers. You can do this. You're going to rock that AP National Exam. You've got this. You're going to crush it. Your teacher's proud of you. We're all proud of you. You can do this. So, yes, all of these are correct. Majority of people got it. So, we're going to go on to the next thing there. Again, proud dog. We got a lot of changes in our leaderboard. It's anyone's game tonight. It's anyone's game. All right. Here we go. Next one coming up. The industrial revolution transformed societies in a number of ways. Which industry did it end up destroying? All right. Uh, shout out to Miss Ste. Period. C. an amazing AP human geography teacher. I apologize if I mispronounced your name, but shout out to period C. You are an awesome teacher and an awesome class. So, shout out to all of you. All right. Uh, yes, it is Cottage Industries. So, Cottage Industries, remember that's where a lot of the production was done actually at home. Family farms, they still existed, but cottage industries really got kind of decimated there. Um, and that's because cottage industries focused on that individual production by hand. industrial revolution came and now all of a sudden we're able to produce things in factories and massroduce stuff. Um so kind of got rid of that industry there. So the country has more urbanization jobs in the secondary sector and is seeing countries exploit their resources and labor. What's going on? What do we got? What do we got? [Music] All right, we have a shout out from the best AP student. Shout out to Browen um Pullen and uh Katherine Tom. So from Woodsland High School, you're all going to get fives. Yes, you are. All of you are going to get fives. You're going to rock this exam. You've got this. Keep up that good work. Um also, shout out to Mr. McDonald from Blue Valley West. So, shout out to Blue Valley West. All right, there we go. Takeoff. Yes. Awesome. You guys are getting the stages down. That's really good. So, you're getting the stages down. Question nine to 27. Um, couple more questions on this one. I think I have one more the super chat there. Um, let's see [Music] here. Uh, shout out to Mr. uh Kado. um from PIS uh D. He is the goat. So, shout out to you the goat. Congrats. You're awesome. All right, here we go. All right, I think I got through all the super chats. I'll try to come back to like the other chat now. If there's more, I'll try to also get back to there um and bounce back and forth there. All right, let's see here. When looking at countries today, we can see that their economies are interdependent. Yes, majority of people got that. We've talked about this a lot. Um good. People are paying attention. Um, I'm glad that is making sense. So, all right, let's go into our next question. Uh, let me know, too. Are there questions people have? So, the shout outs are fun, but I also want to make sure that I'm able to help you guys with questions. So, if you have questions, let me know. I'll try to pin some of those and answer those. The goal right now is we're trying to like review and prep for everything here. So, woo, so many people, which is awesome. Uh, some people are asking about AP psychology. Um, if you're in AP psychology and you're here, uh, hang tight. I'll have more stuff for that a little bit later on. I actually just filmed another AP psych video and I've uploaded three AP psych videos into that exam slayer for the AAQs, EBQs, common questions, and I'm working on some more stuff right now, too. So AP psych stuff is coming. So uh hang tight on that and I'll be able to have some stuff in a little bit. But all right. Yes. So special economic zones great people are getting it. These are going to promote that kind of foreign trade. Tariffs, quotas, isolationist polities, those are all going to hinder it. I realize too um a quota is going to be like a limitation on like how much other people can bring in or ship out. So um that would kind of hinder that. So some countries actually put restrictions on how much foreign trade can happen because they're trying to promote their own production. So that would reduce foreign investments. Isolationist policies too are the opposite of neoliberal. They're the opposite of like free trade. They are going to be we're going to try to just focus on our own country and prevent some of this um globalization from occurring. So we didn't talk about that before. So just want to kind of highlight that again. All right, here we go. Question 11 of 27. What do we got here coming up? All right. Um, how strict are the AP readers when grading FRQs? Um, so I've graded the FRQs. Um, and I can tell you from talking to other readers, from being a reader, uh, they want you to get the points. The readers do want you to get the points. Um, it's not fun when the students don't. What the readers do, they're going to look through the questions. They get trained on it. They're going to actually see different examples. They try to have very consistency and then they're going to look like, did you actually answer the question correctly? So like for an explain task for did you have enough detail there? Are you correctly explaining it? Um are you if it's um an identify, did you correctly identify the topic? They're they're not going to grade you on grammar. They're not going to focus on your spelling. They're just going to see like, do you understand the topic that's being asked about? Um, there's multiple ways to answer some of the questions. And so, as long as you get one of them, you'll be right. You'll be good. Um, you can actually look at rubrics from past AP tests. If you Google AP human geography past FRQs, you'll see the rubric in the notes there. And so, you can see, and it it helps to study this way. Look at some of the examples because that can help you kind of see how to word maybe some of your answers or see what the readers are looking for. The readers are teachers though and the teachers they want you to do well. So um they're not trying to be strict but you do have to know what you're talking about. All right. So when we're looking at this, which of the following explains why countries would trade um they maximize their comparative advantage? They'll be more efficient. Um so for here they can reduce trade deficits um and offer more jobs for their citizens. That's not going to come from trading. Trade deficits normally happen because of trade. So the question here is talking about why would countries want to trade? Um trying to get more jobs back for your citizens away from the global community. That is going to be kind of going against trade. So maybe we're going to use tariffs or more isolationist policies there. Um at the bottom there, citizens in we'll put it back up quick for green. Citizens in MDC's have more jobs in the primary or secondary sector. This is nothing to do with trade right now. This is just a statement. This one's actually talking about trade. This is talking about why people would trade. It's saying that, hey, your comparative advantage is going to make you more efficient. And if you're more efficient, you're going to be able to produce more goods. You're going to have more economic growth. So, green really didn't have anything to do with trade. It was just a statement. Blue, we can see, is actually kind of the opposite. And so, then red would also not be correct. So, hopefully that makes sense for you. All right, let's go on to our leaderboard there. Big changes coming. The alpaca is back. And here we go. Question 12 coming up. Alrighty, here we go. Got the wonderful F FRQ or F FRQ um the music from Coot. I don't know if you guys can hear it, but I can hear it. Um some people asking about review material. Um the Princeton review practice test. Are they easier or harder than the actual test? Um, I haven't taken the updated ones, so maybe, maybe not. Um, honestly, whatever you're using to take practice tests right now, awesome. The more practice tests you can take, the better. Not only is it really beneficial now, because it's a great way to kind of see what are you missing, then you can kind of quick review a little bit, take another one, quick review, this back and forth, but it's a great way to just test yourself and build some of your confidence and help you with the time component. So, if Princeton's working for you, great, do that. You can use AP classroom. I have my exam slayer if you want. There's a bunch of stuff in there. Although, if you're going to use my exams later right now, just take those full practice AP tests and so that way you can see and get a practice and a feel for the actual test. So, those are digital, too. All right, majority of people got this. Yes, we're going to move on. Um, again, remember here, bulk gaining, bulk reducing is also going to be a factor with this. So, closer we are down here, it's a bulk reducing. Closer it is over here, it's a bulk gaining. So, just some concepts to remember when we're looking at these models here. All right, question 13 coming up. Alrighty. Um, some people saying the Discord link. Let me Whoops. I realize I just pulled the Discord up there. Here to get the I'm g try to get a new Discord link. I don't know why it was expired. I'll put that back now. All right. Yeah, if you want to join the Discord, you can right now. Let's see. It says we have currently 13,000 AP human geography students on the server, 4,000 psych students. Um, that's crazy. Um, we got a lot of people on there studying. So, super exciting. Yes, majority people got this one. Awesome. Remember tariffs? These are going to be things that will go against neoliberal policies. So, neoliberal policies are promoting more free trade. They're promoting more um globalization, interdependence throughout countries. So, it's making trade easier. Tariffs do the opposite of that. So, they are not making trade easier. All right. Um let's get this pinned here. All right, I'm going to post the Discord link. So, if you do want to join, you can join. Although, it's probably moving too fast for me even to keep up. Oh, there we go. All right. I tried to pin it at the top. So, that way if you want to join the Discord, by all means, you can. All right. Yes, majority of people got it. So, we see people who follow those UN sustainability goals, higher economic development, more um gender equality, less inequality, all of that good stuff. Um, excellent question. I do I do like Chipotle. Chipotle is good. Although, I will say the only downside now is Chipotle is a little bit more inconsistent. But Chipotle is great. I've always been a fan of Chipotle. I remember getting Chipotle when I was in high school. Oh, the good old days. Here we go. Tiny portion sizes. Yeah, there was that debate there. Yeah, it depends. It really depends on um where you going. Sushi. I like sushi, too. Sushi's good. All right. Yes, the multiplier effect. So, cool. Majority of people got it. Multiplier effects can sometimes throw people off. So spend a little time understanding it. Again, we're just seeing that investment and it's going to like spread um which will lead to more economic growth. Theoretically, the opposite's true. Like if that investment gets pulled out, then we could see a shrinking of the economy. So like in the review before I pointed out that um Apple opened a like a factory there in India and then that led to more job creation. If Apple closed that, it could reduce jobs then. So that would be an issue there. That'd be the opposite there. Alrighty, here we go. Wallerstein's world system theory. Okay. Um, going to back I'm going to try to go back to the super chats. So, focusing on the super chats there. Um, we have a shout out to Mr. Nose. No noise. No noise. That's a misprononunciation. I apologize. You deserve better. But shout out also to Lincoln High School. So Lincoln High School there. Thank you. You guys are awesome. You're going to rock this AP test. Get that five. You've got this. So yes. Cool. Majority people also got this question right. We're going to move on to the next one there. All right. Um also shout out to Mr. Remy. You are all of your students are going to be cheering. They're going to be so excited. They're going to be clapping and they're all excited because they're going to rock that AP test. Um I see there instead of crying, you're not going to be crying. You're going to be celebrating. You'll be good. You've got this. All right. Um, I got a question here. Do they mark off points for grammar and spelling errors? And also, what's the difference between ethnic groups, ethnicity, nationality? Um, so when we're looking at I'll make this bigger so people can see. Um, for grammar and spelling errors, no, they are not going to take points off for that. The big thing though when you're doing the test interesting. All right, we got our order. There's the order of the stages. So yes, economic development, remember over time we're making more money. Um, so here is our correct order of the stages. Um, but going back to that with the FR big changes. All right, the raccoon takes the lead. We've had a lot of shifting of this um, leaderboard there. All right. So, uh, they aren't going to take off grammar or spelling things for the FRQ. But do realize that if they don't understand what you're saying, like if you are really butchering it for some reason, they can't grade it. So, if the reader has no idea what you're talking about, you're not going to get the points. Now, I'm sure your grammar and spelling won't be that bad. So, you don't really need to worry that much, but that is something just to keep in mind when you're writing the FRQs. just pay attention to make sure that you are um explaining what you're trying to say. So after you write it, it's a good thing to just reread your answer just to make sure it makes sense. So there's no spelling though or grammar issue that you're going to run into. But uh yes, break up bullet points. That would definitely be it. Remember, we're transferring between modes of transportation here. So yeah, cool. Um, also with the FRQs, um, you're going to have a lot of time, but also it goes quick. So, when you're thinking of it, I think actually the digital FRQs will be a little easier because you can probably type more, um, then you can handwrite. So, that kind of reduces some of that stress of like you don't have to worry about your handwriting and stuff like that now. Um, which hopefully makes it a little bit easier for you. So, hopefully that helps there. Um, shout out Uh let me see. All righty. Um yes. So when we're looking at these indicators for the standard of living. So we have our gross national income per capita. So um this is the one that shows the standard of living. Again per capita we're talking about like the individual people there. So this is higher people have more access to money. Um wealth higher standard of living. again. The alpaca is back. Lot of changes in the leaderboard tonight. Uh shout out to Dylan, Ethan, and Logan from Miss uh RSback's class. So, shout out to you guys. You're all going to get a five. Keep up that great work. Um also too, real quick as people are answering this, don't forget to tell your teachers tomorrow how much you appreciate them. Thank them for all the hard work that they have done this year. your teachers tomorrow are going to be stressed and your teachers on Tuesday are really going to be stressed. Anytime my students are taking the AP test, I'm just like sitting in my classroom. All I think about is like, I hope they're doing well. I hope they're rocking this. So, your teachers want you to succeed. So, make sure that you're appreciative to them and that you're letting them know how happy you are for the work that they've put in and helped you out. So, yes, when we're looking at this elomeration, the benefit then they reduce their cost. concepts connected. There we go. Question 21 of 27. Uh here we go. All right. Uh we have a shout out from Sophia. Um shouting out Sophia. Uh Leila Laya. Laya. Laya. Um Laurel. Laurel. L'Oreal. Again, I'm so sorry. I'm terrible at pronouncing names. Uh, you are amazing students. Um, and Milan, Melind, um, fives. You don't even have to say please. You're going to get fives. If anything, just because I butchered your names, you're going to get fives. Maybe that's like a right of passage now. Have Mr. Sin um, butcher your name, but all of you are going to get fives. You're amazing students. Keep up that great work. You can do this. So, yes, we're looking here though. Primary sector again, extraction of those raw resources. That's going to be that primary sector. So, woo. All right. Um, almost done with the super chats there. Okay. Uh, shout out to Mr. Pants and Anash. Um, uh, big fans. So, thank you. Thank you very much. Shout out to all of you guys. You are awesome. So, thank you very much. All right, let's All right, any other questions? Also, shout out to Mr. Miller from Jefferson High School in South Dakota. Shout out to you. Um, South Dakota. Hey, right by Minnesota. Minnesota might be a better state. I don't know. I would say the same about Wisconsin. The wonderful Midwestern rivalries. All right. Um, perfect. Majority of people got this. Yes. Realize these secondary these tertiary sectors. Um, all this stuff shifts when we're looking at the International Division of Labor and when we're looking at where jobs are located. All right. Question 23 of 27. Here we go. All right. Um, there is a couple I think super chats that didn't have text or something, so I can't see it on my software, but I will go back and look at it. So, I do apologize if I missed something there. Um, one thing some people are saying is, can you use local? I I saw this in the normal chat. Uh, can you use local examples on the FRQ? It's a great question. We'll talk more about that tomorrow when we look at the FRQs and MCQs. Um, but for local examples, you can. Um, but and there's only but just make sure it's very clear what you're explaining. So, make it very relevant. Make sure the reader because realize whoever's reading your answer, they don't know where you live. They don't know who you are. So, it has to be very clear that you're answering the question in a correct way. So, I always tell my students it's better to use larger examples, so more well-known ones just to reduce the risk. Now, having said that, the reader really wants you to get the point. If you know the concept and you're putting the correct answer there, they want you to get it. Um, so you can use local things, but you just want to make sure it's very, very clear that you're correctly answering it and using that example to correctly support it. So, that would be all I'd say for that. Um, just keep that in mind there. But, all right. Yes. Which of the following would use for tariffs? We're trying to promote more local jobs. We're motivating companies to return. Um, for red to create new jobs for their country and get more goods and services. Generally, tariffs actually could reduce some of that um like for there because you're actually going to restrict trade or you're going to hinder it a little bit because you're making it more expensive. So, all right, here we go. Question 25 of 27. This is definitely our longest stream. Holy cow. It's good though. It's good. It's good. All right. Um, shout out to Miss Thompson. Shout out to Miss Thompson. Um, super chat there from Yeah, shout out there. Um, hot apple. Can I check the server when this is done? Um, I will check the Discord server. Um, there's a lot going on in the Discord server. Um, we have study groups right now while you guys are studying. Uh, we got people in study groups right now. Um, studying stuff, too. So, I I'll check it, but I can't promise I'm going to respond to anything tonight. I'm already getting pretty tired here, but um, yes, we're looking at the different methods of production. So, realize post foris is going to be more current. We're going to have more custom goods that are able to be created compared to foris methods of production. All right, the raccoon is in the lead. We're on question 26 of 27. We also have a shout out to Mr. or sorry, not Mr. Miss uh Donaldson from BHS. So, shout out to you and shout out to BHS. Um you are all going to get fives. You're an awesome teacher. Keep up that great work. Finish strong, geographers. All right, here we go. Um, how should you practice? Let's see here. Okay, we had some panicking question. How should I practice for an FRQ if I haven't done any specific FRQ writing practice? Um, now is the time to practice writing some FRQs or for sure tomorrow. Um, just if you want you, you don't even need to use mine. Just Google past AP human geography FRQs and then you can find it online, pull it up, take one, just try to answer it the best you can and then look at the rubric because the College Board posted the rubrics for it so you can self-grade it for yourself. Once you're done with that, even if you got zero out of seven, don't panic. Just take another one and do it again. But when you're reading the rubric, the thing to focus now on is notice how they're wording things. What are they looking for? How are they trying to see um what answers work and how much you need to put for it? That'll help you figure out what you should do on the AP exam. Also, make sure for FRQ practice, you look at the task verbs. So, that's going to be really important, too. I posted on my YouTube channel another video that goes over the task verbs. Um, if you do want more video help, I do have more in that exam slayer, but you don't have to get that. You could do other things as well. So, there is though a lot of resources for FRQs in there. All right, question 27 of 27. Here we go. The last one. What do we got? Um, some people asking about FRQ. Okay, we have a lot of tomorrow. Remember, for FRQs, we're going to do a live stream where we go into um FRQ. So, at 6:15, we're just talking about FRQs. I'm going to go over the task verbs. I'm going to talk about some different strategies, and then we'll answer some questions. And then after that, at 7, we're going to go into the multiple choice. So, we'll have that as well. All right, there we go. Majority of people got this. Remember, commodity dependence. We are looking at a country 60% of their ex exports are in like that one commodity. All right, let's check out our leaderboard here. What do we got? All right. The alpaca was in first a lot. Ended up in third. That's all right. No issues there. All right. Yes, the raccoon got the lead. Way to go. Um, if you are looking for some more help here. Um, again, you could check out the all well, you could check out those resources, but you could check out the Discord server. One of the things you can see here, this is like all practice questions people have been posting. And then they have answers. People are studying. Um, we have a lot of people in here. This is all free. So, if you're interested, it's a great community. Um, just make sure when you're there, you're respectful of other students. So, we have a lot of other people around the country studying there. So, all right, that is it for today. Um, this is the longest live stream, so we're going to wrap this up. Um, get some sleep tonight. Tomorrow, make sure you get some sleep. We do have our two live streams tomorrow. One will be at 6:15, one will be at 7:00. One's gonna be F FRQ, one's gonna be MCQ. So, both of those are posted already. Um, you can find the links on the YouTube channel. But, as always, geographers, thank you so much. I know I'm not doing all the questions, the Q&A, and stuff right now. It's because we're almost on two hours and you guys need to go to bed. So, all right, that's all we got for tonight. As always, keep your spirits high. You're going to rock this exam. You're amazing. You can do this. And geographers, I'm Mr. Sin, and you're almost done listening to me. But that's all for today. I'll see you tomorrow. Have a good night everybody.