what is going on wonderful people it's medicosis perfectionalis where medicine makes perfect sense welcome to my anatomy playlist which has more than 150 videos of pure joyful education today we'll talk about the most important anatomical terms we will talk about bones we'll talk about muscles and their tendons we'll talk about cartilage we'll talk about joints and the types of joints we'll talk about your largest organ which is the skin and we'll talk about about the underlying fashion click the like button click the Subscribe button and let's get started let me tell you how the anatomy playlist is structured in the beginning of this Anatomy playlist you'll find the review videos which are very condensed for example the subject of the anatomy of the head is covered on three videos part one is called quick review part two is called ultimate review part three is called clinically oriented anatom the thorax is the same there is part one quick review part two ultimate review of the thorax and part three clinically oriented anatomy of the thorax same for the abdomen same for the pelvis and perum same for the upper extremities and the lower extremities I even have embryology review videos and neuroanatomy review videos my favorite ever so here we have 8 * 3 is 24 videos just by watching them you will know more Anatomy than most doctors so make sure to click the save button on this Anatomy playlist so that you find it in your YouTube profile or account without hesitation what does the word anatomy mean Anna means up toy means to cut so Anatomy literally means to cut you up for the histology and pathology geks what is a microme micro means tiny Tomo means to cut oh so microme is a device that cuts into micro or small slices this is the same thing of course I will never cut you up because I love you so what what are we going to talk about today we'll talk about anatomical planes anatomical lines anatomical positions and the terms of movement we'll talk about the skin and the underlying fascia including superficial fascia and deep fascia we'll talk about muscles and the different types of muscles such as skeletal muscles smooth muscles and cardiac muscles we'll talk about the tendons of those muscles we'll talk about the cartilage and the types of cartilage we have three types of cartilage there is highin cartilage there is fibro cartilage and there is yellow or elastic cartilage then we'll talk about the bones the number of the bones and the types of the bones and we'll talk about the joints and the types of the joints and just like the cartilage has three types and the muscles are three types the joints also are divided into three types of joints fibrous joints cartilagenous joints and synovial joints so let's start with the first topic anatomical positions this is you standing in the anatomical position the palms of your hands are facing forwards not backwards you are facing forwards towards me not away from me your arms are by your side and you are in the standing position for the pros what is the anatomical position of the male copulatory organ the penis the penis in an anatomical position is the erect penis with the dorsal surface facing up and the ventral surface facing down and this is the urethra honestly the urethra should be a little lower like this because the ureth occupies the Corpus spongiosum and not the corpora cavernosa to learn more about the reproductive system please refer to my review videos on the pelvis and you can find them in this Anatomy playlist this is another position it's not the anatomical position this is the Supine position when you are lying like this facing up your belly is facing up your back is lying flat on the bed there are some medical conditions that are related to body position such as these what is the prone position the op is it you're lying down but your belly is facing down your back is facing up so you are lying on your belly if you have difficulty breathing your pulmonologist or internist or your doctor might put you in the prone position because it's easier to breathe that way next we have the decubitus position on your side if you're lying on your left side it's called the left lateral decubitus position if you are lying on your right side is is the right lateral decubitus position we also have the Fatal position or the knee to chest position there is the trend dillenberg position with your feet up and your face down this might be beneficial to patients who have Venus stasis in the legs or patients who have hypotension we put them in this position to allow more blood to go back to the heart and there is also the opposite of that the reverse trendelenberg position like this where your feet are in a lower position than your head more body positions include the dorsal recumbent position the standing position Le aomy position during labor and child birth sitting position Sims position and squatting position next topic anatomical planes and lines and terms of position there are many planes in anatomy there is the coronal plane also known as The frontal plane there is the horizontal plane and there is the median with an N not with an L plane otherwise known as the sagittal plane frontal plane is like this this is the frontal plane this will divide you into an anterior half in front and a posterior half behind there is a horizontal plane which will divide you into an upper half and a lower half and there is a median plane which will divide your right smack in the midline into a right half and a left half so this is anterior and posterior upper versus lower right versus left here's an important point you see this anterior most part of the head we call it anterior median line and behind your head is the posterior median line do not confuse the word line with the word plain now when you later study neuroanatomy there are famous slices in the brain when you slice the brain in the cornal plane you are slicing like this you can also slice the brain in a horizontal fashion like that or you can slice the brain in A sagittal manner like this and that's why the sutures of the skull are named after these for example there is a coronal suture in your skull there is also a sagittal suture the mid line is the median just like this with the N however right and left near it we have the medial medial with an L is close to the median but medial is not in the midline so this is the right medial this is median this is left medial if you wish to see more Anatomy videos like this in the future please drop a bone Emoji in the comments the median is known as the sagittal suture or the sagittal plane the medial is parallel to the median so we call it Paras sagittal so if something is close to the midline we call it medial but what if something is far away from the midline what do you call that you call it lateral so this hand is lateral to this shoulder and this shoulder is lateral to the vertebral column the anatomy lingo front means anterior back means posterior so this is anterior this is posterior upper has many names you can say upper you can say Superior you can say rostro or you can say cranial towards your skull up here not down here lower is also known as inferior or coddle closer to your tail end if something is related to your belly it's ventral if something is related to your back it's dorsal ventral dorsal the opposite of medial is lateral the opposite of proximal which is right here is distal this way the oppos of superficial is deep Think Like a Surgeon let's say that you are operating on the patient's chest for example what's the first layer that you will cut with your scalpel the answer is skin followed by superficial FAS followed by Deep FAS Etc so you're going from The Superficial to the Deep then if we have cavities for example the stomach inside the stomach is called internal outside the stomach is external whenever you see a CT scan of a patient like this anterior which is towards the patient's chest or belly is here but posterior which is towards the patient's back is down here here this side is the patient's right so this is the right lung and this is the left lung to make sense of this imagine that the patient is lying on his back with his feet pointing towards your face and you are looking up towards the patient's belly next terms of movement flexion versus extension abduction versus adduction so AB uction versus a uction superation versus pronation flexion get this side closer to that side by by making the angle narrower the oppos of that is extension extend your forearm make the angle wider the thumb is a special situation whose flexion is like this extension is the opposite next a deduction versus a deduction a deduction means close to so when you're getting your arm closer to your trunk this is a deduction but a deduction is going away from for the pros have you ever heard of the ad renal gland yeah why do you call it ad renal because it's next to the kidney oh it's just above the kidney so it's near the kidney it's adrenal how about the word abnormal what does that mean AB means far away from normal far away rotation there is internal rotation as in this arm it's internally rotated or medially rotated to the inside the opposite of that is external rotation like this to the outside as in this arm when your palm is facing forwards is called supination when you do the opposite and now your knuckles are facing forwards is called pronation the palm of your hand versus the Orum of your hand superation versus pronation when you actually do this when you are suating the radius is straight and the alna is straight these bones are parallel to one another but when you pronate the radius will actually jump over the alna like this which is very disrespectful if you ask me in life you got to stand up for yourself otherwise people will walk all over you here is a little Pearl for you during embryological development your upper extremities rotated in an opposite fashion when compared to your lower extremities and that's why when you flex your elbow your forearm is in front of you but when you flex your knee your leg is behind you and this is because of the opposite rotation of the upper extremity and the lower extremity during embryological development one of them rotated clockwise the other is counterclockwise you want to take it to the clinic in front of your elbow called the cubital fosa and behind your knee called the alasa can have a rash in a disease known as ecoma or atopic dermatitis what type of hyper sensitivity is atopy do you consider atopy to be type 1 type two type three or type four hypers sensitivity if you know the answer to that question please comment below if you want to feel your patient's pulse one of the easiest arteries to feel is the radial artery you are supposed to palpate it using three fingers the index finger the middle finger and the ring finger and you palpate it by pressing the artery against the bone underneath it what's the name of the bone under this radial artery it's called the radius oh that's why we say radial artery because it's related to the radius there is an opposite artery on that side it's called the Nar artery because it's related to the enna we are done with the first topic now let's talk about the biggest organ of your body the skin the word cus means skin and therefore cutaneous is related to the skin your skin is made of epidermis followed by dermis go even deeper is hypodermis epidermis is an epithelial tissue dermis is a connective tissue hypodermis also connective tissue tissue what is a tissue a tissue is a collection of cells a group of cells is called a tissue how many types of tissue isues do we have in the body only four types of tissue number one epithelium okay epithelial tissue that's number one number two connective tissue number three muscle tissue number four nerve tissue epithelium connective nerve and muscle epithelian connective nerve and muscle how about the bone mostly connective tissue how about the blood vessel connective tissue lined by epithelium how about lymphatic vessels connective tissue how about fat cells or ose tissue connective tissue tendons ligaments connective tissue but back to the skin your epidermis has thick keratin for protection under the epidermis there is a basement membrane then we have the dermis the dermis contains sweat glands hair follicles blood vessels and sensory nerve endings so we find the sensory nerve endings in the dermis and not the epidermis the sensory nerve endings are many including Merkel corosal Meer corosal pacinian corosal rafen corosal or or body what is a corpuscle well back in the good old days which were not so good when Isaac Newton was talking about the atoms or the photons of light he described them as a corple a corple is a sphere or something that it looks like a sphere your red blood cell could also be described as a corosal and that's my favorite type of corosal epidermis dermis hypodermis the epidermis has many Su layers including stratum corium stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basally which sits on top of the basement membrane basally basement as for the dermis it has a papillary layer and a reticular layer each one of these layers has a meaning and you can learn about this topic by watching my video titled the skin if you wish to download these doozy colorful notes go to medicosis Perfection addis.com I help you learn understand and pass exams if you want me to personally tutor you reach out to me on my website remember that the dermis of the skin has blood supply and nerve Supply blood supply has a deep plexus and a superficial plexus and arterior Venus and estos in between as for the innervation we have two types of inovation somatic and autonomic somatic means voluntary autonomic is involuntary for example touch sensation is a somatic sensation but telling your sweat glands to make more sweat or less sweat is an autonomic which means visceral which means involuntary function your skin has sweat glands and the sweat glands will help you evaporate water which will cool the temperature of your body evaporating water is an endothermic process and for the chemistry Buffs watching this video if it's an endothermic process do you think that Delta H for the system will be less than zero greater than zero or equ equal to zero if you know the answer to this question please comment below the sweat glands are the only part of the skin that can L water out of your body the rest of the skin is not peram to water allowing neither gain nor loss which helps keep the water inside your body to maintain your serum osmolality to learn more about the serum osmolality I have a separate video on this topic which you can find in my physiology playlist next the skin appendages or the accessories of the skin so to speak the appendages of the skin include hair nails sweat glands and sebacious glands hair of course you know the hair it has a long shaft and it has a root if you cut the shaft your hair will regrow again but if you cut the shaft and took the root out this particular hair particle is not coming back next the nails your nail has a root deep inside it has a body and it has a free border that you can see please do not confuse the root of the nail and the bed on which the nail lies down sweat glands have a duct which is just a conduit and coiled part the coiled part is what actually makes sweat where did you get the sweat from well I borrowed some fluid from your plasma which means from your capillary blood remember that capillary blood is in the dermis not the epidermis and the coiled part of the s land is also in the dermis not the epidermis so let me borrow some fluid or water from your blood and then I'm going to modify this water and make it into sweat and then push that sweat out it will evaporate and cool your body down sebaceous glands make sebum what is sebum it's an oily secretion commonly found in the scalp and other parts of the body we are done with this we are done with this now let's talk about the fascia Under the Skin we have two types of fascia superficial fascia and deep fascia skin is more superficial fascia is more deep remember when we said the skin has epidermis and then dermis and then we have hypodermis believe it or not the hypodermis is The Superficial fasion since this layer is Under the Skin we call it hypodermis since this fascia is more superficial compared to the deeper one we call the superficial fascia and this one deep fascia make no mistake about it all the fascia is nective tissue this deep fascia will become investing fascia what do you mean by investing Bitcoin and rubbish like this no by investing I mean wrapping around oh it's the fascia that will wrap around this deep fascia will wrap around your viscera we call it fascia visalis sometimes called internal fascia and the Deep fascia will wrap around some muscles called the investing fashion of the muscles our next topic is muscles and their tend let's talk about muscles first some questions to test your knowledge how many muscles are there in the human body what's the strongest skeletal muscle in the human body what is the longest muscle how about the biggest muscle or the thickest muscle which skeletal muscle is essential for survival and roughly what percentage of the total body weight is made of muscles please pause the video and let me know the answers to all of these questions comment below here are the answers how many muscles will it's about 620 some people have more muscles than others for example when you study the upper extremities you will learn about the palaris longest muscle not every person has it what's the strongest skeletal muscle it's the masseter the strongest smooth muscle I think it's the uterus I mean the uterus can push an entire baby out what is the longest muscle sertorius for sure the thickest or biggest muscle the gluteus maximus and that's why you need to get your head out of your gluteal region the skeletal muscle that is essential for survival is the diaphragm most students unfortunately think of the diaphragm as a smooth muscle not true the diaphragm is a skeletal muscle somatic muscle supplied by a somatic nerve known as the frenic nerve what is the root value of the frenic nerve c345 to keep the diaphragm alive c345 keep the diaphragm alive what percentage of total body weight is muscles it depends on the person if you are a very muscular dude maybe 40% of your body is muscles types of muscles striated and non-striated or smooth striated means what it has these transverse striations these black lines striated muscles include skeletal muscles which are attached to the skeleton these are voluntary and cardiac muscles involuntary the smooth muscles are nonstriated you do not find any transverse striations here smooth muscles are involuntary including the uterus including the muscles in the wall of the colon and the rectum and the muscles in your broni and the muscles in your blood vessel skeletal muscles are multinucleated each muscle cell has many nuclei cardiac muscles only have one nucleus mononucleated smooth muscles same one nucleus per cell the cardiac muscles are branched but skeletal muscles are not each muscle is made of a bunch of muscle fibers also known as know as myofibers the word myo means muscle each myofiber is made of myofibrils and each myofibril is made of myofilaments the myofilaments could be thin actin or thick myosin so we have muscle fibers we have myof fibr and myofilaments which one of these is the actual muscle cell and the answer is it's the muscle fiber which means that one muscle fiber equals one muscle cell the ends of the muscles are tendons the tendon is going to help the muscle attach to a bone for example your biceps muscle is attached to Bones on both ends triceps muscles attached to Bones as well a tendon is a tough cord like structure made of what made of collagen in bundles bundle upon bundle upon bundle upon bundle the tendon is attached to a skeletal muscle on one end and to bone or fascia or the dermis of the skin on the other end and just like the bone is surrounded by per oium Perry means around or outside osteum means bone by the same token the tendon is surrounded by a pendini the pendini of the tendon is continuous with the parium of the muscle what is the parium of the muscle the parium of the muscle surrounds a bunch of muscle fibers creating bundles so this is a bundle this is a bundle another bundle another bundle of muscle fibers this is one muscle fiber or one muscle cell surrounded by endom mesum until you form a bundle of fibers the entire bundle is surrounded by parium and then you add lots of bundles together and Surround all the bundles by an epimysium the tendon of the muscle could be rounded like a cord such as this one or could be flat like a ring ribbon sometimes called aerosis aerosis is a flat tendon next let's talk about cartilage and the types of carage there are three types of carage Highland carage fibro carage and yellow elastic carage you see this is a bone this is a bone this is the articular surface of the bone and this is the articular surface of the bone why do you call it articular surface because the surface at which the bone will articulate with another bone to articulate is to form a joint this artic surfaces of the bones are covered by carage what type of cartilage holin carage this is your bone this is the shaft of the bone and these are the ends of the bone the shaft is known as the diaphysis DIA means true so it's the true fos The End is called the epiphysis because on top EP means on top between the epiphysis and the diaphysis you have the metaphysis the metaphysis has a Carthage plate made of hyolin Carthage and this is how you grow taller because this cartilage will aify and become bone this way and this way so that you get taller and taller and taller and this is known as indoc condal oifc condro means cartilage so the cartilage will die and on top of that we will build new bone oifc means bone formation and that's why let's say as a child someone traumatized me in my metaphysis which contains the epiphysial C plate then I'll have deformity for example if the trauma was on my right leg but not the left then the left leg will continue to grow but the right will not so there will be discrepancy between the height of both legs let's compare between bone and Carthage bone is hard but cartilage is firm which means less hard bone is made of type one collagen but cartilage has type two collagen bone is vascular but Carthage is avascular or nonvascular bones are made of sites cartilages of condr sites The Matrix of the bone is calcified that's why it's hard but the cartilage Matrix is not calcified that's why it's not hard with cartilage remember the Four A's cartilage is avascular a lymphatic a neural and a calcified Carthage is without blood vessels without lymph vessels without nerves and without calcification the cartilage and the bone are made of what they are made of Matrix cells and minerals in the cage The Matrix has water type two collagen not type one glyos Amino glycans or gags for short and proteoglycans you know what the word proteoglycan mean prot means protein glycan means carbohydrates glyos sugar oh carbohydrates and proteins hey what's the difference between proteoglycans and glycoproteins if you know the answer to this question please comment below the cells of the Carthage are condr sites who made them condr blasts the mineral in the Carthage is not calcified here is a cool pneumonic to remember the different types of collagen collagen is part of the connective tissue type one collagen is found in bone this is the pneumonic type two is in cage type three look at how flexible this is type three collagen is in flexible structure such as blood vessels type four is under the floor what do you mean by the floor I mean the basement membrane type five look at this coily action you find in the hair and the placenta the types of Cartage are three Highland Cartage fibro Cartage and yellow or elastic Cartage where can we find hyolin Carthage remember the epiphysial growth plate of the bone this is hin Carthage remember the articular surface of the bones hin cartilage the cartilages of the laryn are highin cartilage the trachea and the bronchi Highland Carthage the Carthage of the thoracic wall in the costle carage remember that you ribs are mostly bone but the last part has Carthage this is Highland Carthage your nose has Highland Carthage the second type of Carthage is fibro carage to make it easy think of fibro carage as in the midline what do we have in the midline there is the vertebral column oh so you need intervertebral discs in the midline they are made of fibro Cartage how about the syis pubis the syis pubis is in the midline made of fibro carage the temporal mular joint is not in the midline but close enough also fibro Cartage and there are other examples discussed in great details in my video titled carage third we have yellow or elastic Cartage for flexible support you find this in the ear pen or the Oracle of your ear the OST tube is also yellow elastic cartilage the tip of the nose yellow elastic cartilage and the epig Lotus of the Lings yellow elastic cartilage next bones remember Bones have the word one in the name so they have type one collagen there is a video in my anatomy playlist titled you have 206 bones speaking of adults of course because children have more in that video of told you the name of each one of the 206 bones and we counted all of them in biology there's an exoskeleton humans are not like this and and endoskeleton humans are here what's the difference X skeleton covers the whole organism from the outside but Endo means on the inside Endo means into inside your endos is like the chassis of the car it's the foundation on top of which you put the rest of the car similarly your endoskeleton is the foundation upon which we're going to put the muscles and the tendons and the ligaments and the fascia and the skin Etc your skeleton is made of an XL skeleton in the midline and a pin pendicular Skeleton on the right and on the left the appendicular skeleton on the both sides has upper extremities and lower extremities the upper extremities have a shoulder girdle made of the scapula and the clavicle whereas the lower extremities have a pelvic girdle which is made of the hip bone remember that the hip bone is made of three pieces the ilium the isum and the pubis let's see if you still remember what type of cartilage is the symphsis pubis please let me know in the comments here's another question for you how many bones constitute the skull let me know your answer in the comments what is the building unit of the human body it's the cell a bunch of cells gather together form a tissue a bunch of tissues combine together to form an organ a bunch of organs will make a system and a bunch of systems will make your entire body look at the thrill in his face he's excited to learn Anatomy there are many types of Bones and many classifications for bones here is one classification compact bone versus spongy bone compact bone is known as cortical bone very tough spongy is less tough It's called traic bone what is tabic tabic mesh work is something that looks like canet oh okay something squishy or squishier than the compact bone make no mistake about it both of them are hard if you compare them to the Carthage however compact bone is more compact meaning harder than the spongy bone because spongy bone or tabular bone is made of tabula you can see a bunch of cavities in the middle so yes this has cavities but compact bone does not compact bone is denser and harder unlike the spongy or the traic bone where do I find compact bone on the outer crust of the bone oh the outer crust has to be compact to make it tough the outer shell compact bone the diaphysis this compact bone but you find the Spong orbicular bone in the Medill which is at the core of the bone this is where you find the bone marrow and the bone marrow needs what needs cavities because Within These cavities we will make your blood cells including your red blood cells white blood cells and platelets yes indeed your blood cells come from your bone marrow from the core of the bone there is blood the inner shell of the bone has tbic mesh work the epiphysis of the bone has lots of tripic bone why do I need compact bone for structure for rigidity for weight bearing why do I need traic or spongy bone it has a greater surface area it allows bone remodeling and reshaping and of course you need greater surface area to allow articulation with another bone and that's why you find it at the ends of the bone that's the story of tabic bone your bone cells are osteocytes who made them osteoblasts will build up osteocytes how about Osteo class nuh they cut down bone remember that bones are hard they have typon collagen they are vascular they have osteocytes and the Matrix is calcified and last let's talk about joints the anatomical joints I mean not the jogan type of joints the study of joints is called arthrology Aly means the study of arthro means joint because joints articulate what is arthritis inflammation of joints arthro joint itis inflammation what's the definition of a joint the meeting or joining of two or more bones of the skeleton what are the types of joints remember that cares had three types we had Highland cage we had fibro cartilage and we had yellow elastic cartilage similarly the types of joints are three fibrous joints cartilagenous joints and synovial joints fibrous joints allow minimal or almost no movement whatsoever such as the sutures between your skull bones I mean can you move your parietal bone from your temporal bone nuh-uh it's not going to happen fibrocartilagenous joints allow for limited movement better than fibrous but not as robust as synovial we find fibrocartilagenous joints in the pubic symphsis or syis pubis which moves a little during child labor and birth to allow for the baby to come out the intervertebral dis limited move and the Costo condal Junction what is this well this is the sternum or the breast bone and these are ribs the first part of the rib is made of cartilage like this and then it's bone so cartilage then bone what's the name of this Junction it's going to be called Costo condal Junction this costochondral Junction has a joint because it's an articulation between two bones or in this case it's a bone and a cartilage but you get the idea The costochondral Junction is fibrocartilagenous joint last we have synovial joints they give you the widest range of movement possible such as your shoulder joint for example cost to vertebral between the rib and the vertebral column behind temporal mandibular joint are synovial joints sacral ELC joints are synovial joints this is a synovial joint what does it have well it has a cavity all right what's in the cavity fluid what do you call the fluid inside the synovial joint synovial fluid and then what else we have we have ligaments such as the cruciate ligaments cruciate means shape like a cross one is in front of the other then we have a joint capsule as you see the joint capsule is lined by a synovial membrane this is the membrane that creates synovial fluid so you have a joint capsule lined by synovial MBR and the sovial membrane will secrete synovial fluid within the cavity of the sovial joint this is the articular surface of the upper bone and this is the articular surface of the lower bone and of course they are covered by cartilage what is the type of cartilage that you see at the articular surface of the bone please comment below take it to the next level by watching the next videos in this Anatomy playlist especially my famous review videos I have review videos for the head and neck for the thorax for the abdomen pelvis and perum upper extremities lower extremities neuroanatomy and even embryology these are some of the best videos that I've ever created out of 2,400 videos en counting once you master Anatomy why not take care of surgery I have a surgery high yields course on my website medicosis per fiction.com which comes with videos notes and cases it will teach you about cardiothoracic surgery neurosurgery trauma surgery pre-operative care care postoperative care general surgery opthalmological surgery pediatric surgery and much more if you value what I do help me make more videos by supporting the channel go to buy meac coffee.com medicosis there are more than 600 premium videos available on this channel when you click the join button and chose the highest tier Please Subscribe hit the Bell smash like support my channel on patreon PayPal or venmo go to my website to download my courses notes and cases or if you would like me to personally tutor you be safe stay happy study hard this is medicosis 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